9,9’-螺双芴的光电性能

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)-B3LYP/6-31G(d)方法对9,9'-螺双芴低聚物[(SBF)n(n=1-4)]体系进行全优化, 得到各分子的最高占据轨道(HOMO)和最低空轨道(LUMO)能量及HOMO-LUMO能隙, 结果表明各分子整体表现出很好的共轭性质. 并在分子的阳离子和阴离子状态的优化结构基础上, 计算得到电离势(IP)、电子亲和势(EA)、空穴抽取能(HEP)、电子抽取能(EEP)和重组能等相关能量. 利用单激发组态相互作用(CIS)/3-21G方法优化得到9,9'-螺双芴单体的S1激发态的几何构型. 用含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)方法计算得到了分子吸收光谱和荧光光谱的相关数据. 随着聚合长度的增加, 能隙变窄, 空穴注入和电子转移的能力都相应提高, 吸收光所需能量减小, 吸收强度(f)增大, 光谱红移. 采用线性外推法, 利用低聚物分子的各种性质与聚合度n之间的关系, 得到高聚物的相应性质.为考察9位螺芴化的影响, 将(SBF)n的相关性质与母体芴的低聚物[(FL)n(n=1-4)]进行比较, 由两者的计算结果对比显示, 在芴的9位螺芴化可以提高电子和空穴的传输能力, 并同时保留芴优良的发光性质.     

给、吸电子基团封端对低聚9,9 -螺双芴光电性质的改进

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)-B3LYP/6-31G(d)方法研究了给、吸电子基团对称和不对称封端对9,9 -螺双芴光电性质的影响. 全优化得到了9,9 -螺双芴封端前后各分子的稳定构型, 分析了各种封端系列的HOMO-LUMO能隙. 结果表明, 以给电子基团噻吩和吸电子基团噁二唑不对称封端作用于9,9 -螺双芴, 能使LUMO能量大幅降低, HOMO能量略有升高, 能隙明显变窄. 不对称封端低聚9,9 -螺双芴分子[T(SBF)_nO, n＝1～4]在相同计算水平下的全优化结果表明吸、给电子基团的电荷比随n的增大而递增, 揭示了给、吸电子基团间存在分子内电荷转移(ICT), 且这种电荷转移在低聚物中得到加强. 计算得到的电离势、电子亲和势、空穴抽取能、电子抽取能和重组能等相关能量, 证明了在主链上形成的载流子传输通道提高了空穴和电子传输的能力. 用TD-DFT和ZINDO方法计算了T(SBF)_nO (n＝1～4)的吸收光谱, 随着n的增大而激发光所需的能量减小, 光谱红移, 吸收强度增大|用CIS/6-31G(d)方法优化得到了不对称封端9,9 -螺双芴S₁激发态构型, 结果表明, 激发态的平面化程度比基态高.     

3,9-咔唑聚合物基态和激发态性质的理论研究

用密度泛函B3LYP方法对3,9-咔唑低聚物[(3,9-carbazole)n(n=1,2,3,4,6,8)]体系进行了全优化, 计算得到电离能、电子亲合势、空穴抽取能及电子抽取能等相关能量, 用ZINDO和TD-DFT方法计算得到吸收光谱; 分析了各种能量的变化及光谱规律. 用外推法由低聚物分子的各种性质与聚合度n相联系得到高聚物的性质, 将所得结果与2,7-咔唑(2,7-carbazole)及类似聚合物进行了比较分析. 结果表明, 3,9位聚合的咔唑整体共轭程度降低, 光谱蓝移, 其IP值和聚芴相近, 可以作为空穴接受材料应用于多层电子荧光器件的空穴传输层. 用CIS方法进行优化得到部分分子的S1激发态结构, 用ZINDO和TD-DFT方法得到对应的发射光谱.     

芴基张力半导体结构和光电性质的理论研究（英文）

通过对模型化合物环四-9,9'-二甲基-2,7-芴及其系列的环芴衍生物[n]CFs(n=3-8)的结构、张力能以及光电性质的研究来进一步探讨空间张力对材料光学及电学性质的影响。研究结果表明,随着化合物中芴基数量和直径的增加,张力能减小,能隙增大。具有相同芴基数目的环芴分子,随着分子中张力能减少,分子电离电势逐渐增加,而电子亲和能逐渐减小。通过对模型化合物的空穴和电子重整能研究发现,其数值很接近,说明该类材料是一类潜在的双极性传输材料。同时还发现[n]CFs中,随着张力的减少,其第二发射峰的波长发生了蓝移。综上所述,空间张力为设计多功能有机半导体材料提供了有力工具。     

基于苯并噻二唑和硅芴的一系列红光材料的载流子传输性质及荧光性质(英文)

用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法研究了基于苯并噻二唑和硅芴的一系列聚合物的基态和激发态结构、传输和荧光性质.聚合物的能隙、电离能、电子亲和势、最低激发能以及吸收光谱通过外推法得到.结果表明空穴、电子注入和传输性质受苯并噻唑在硅芴上的位置以及正丁基在噻吩上的位置影响很大.(SiF2-DHTBT1-m)n和(SiF1-DHTBT1-m)n(SiF和DHTBT分别代表硅芴和4,7-二(2-噻吩基)-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑)表现出较好的空穴和电子注入性质,而(SiF1-DHTBT1-o)n和(SiF1-DHTBT1-p)n的电荷注入性质较差.除(SiF1-DHTBT1-o)n外,聚合物的荧光光谱处于红光范围.     

基于螺(芴-9,9'-氧杂葸)和芴的共聚物蓝光材料的合成与表征

通过控制缩合反应物中溴取代基的位置,得到了3种基于螺(芴-9,9'-氧杂蒽)的单体.利用Suzuki 偶联反应得到3种蓝光聚合物CSSFX,USSFX和DSSFX.聚合物USSFX和DSSFX具有较高的玻璃化转变温度和热分解温度.3种聚合物表现出较低并且相近的最高占有轨道能级(-5.80 eV至-5.93 eV)和最低未占有轨道能级(-2.80 eV至-3.01 eV).螺(芴-9,9'-氧杂蒽)单元的引入可降低聚合物DSSFX的最低未占有轨道能级到-3.01 eV,同时降低聚合物USSFX的最高占有轨道能级到-5.93 eV,聚合物USSFX较低的最高占有轨道能级使其具有较好的空穴注入性能.不同气氛下的高温退火实验表明,聚合物USSFX即使在空气中长时间高温退火以后,仍能保持稳定的蓝光发射.不同拓扑结构螺(芴-9,9'-氧杂蒽)单元的引入,可以有效调节蓝光聚合物的综合发光性能.     

芳基喹啉取代螺二芴化合物的合成

2-溴联苯格式试剂与9-芴酮生成的叔醇中间体在酸性条件下环合形成螺二芴,再经Friedel-Crafts酰基化得到2-乙酰基螺二芴(3)和2,2-二乙酰基螺二芴(4);3或4与2-氨基二苯甲酮衍生物在酸催化下经过Friedlander缩合,制备了一系列具有荧光性的2-(4-取代苯基)喹啉-9,9'-螺二芴或2,2'-二(4-取代苯基)喹啉-9,9'-螺二芴,其结构经UV-vis,荧光光谱,1H NMR和元素分析表征.     

螺芳基钙钛矿太阳能电池空穴传输材料研究进展

近10年, 第三代光电能源转换技术钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)正迅速崛起. 基于有机-无机杂化钙钛矿材料的本征半导体特性以及PSCs平面多层器件架构特点, 采用有机小分子空穴传输材料(HTMs)作为PSCs的p-型层, 不仅实现了PSCs器件的全固态化, 且大幅提升了器件效率及稳定性. 以当前通用的标准空穴传输材料spiro-OMeTAD (2,2′,7,7′-四[N,N-二(4-甲氧基苯基)氨基]-9,9′-螺二芴)为模板, 研究人员开展了众多结构剖析和改进工作. 分子spiro-OMeTAD中, 三维螺二芴(SBF)核能以较小的空间集成更多的空穴传输单元; 而芳胺优异的p-型特性, 使其成为高效的电活性单元. 经典螺芳核SBF制备成本高, 可修饰位置单一; 因此, 基于spiro-OMeTAD的结构改进主要围绕芳胺单元的修饰开展. 随着HTMs分子设计以及合成方法学的进展, 近5年来, 一系列低成本、高性能的类SBF螺芳基单元逐渐兴起, 并迅速进入空穴传输材料领域, 如: 螺[芴-9,9′-氧杂蒽]、螺吖啶、螺硫杂蒽等. 螺芳基核结构的日益丰富, 大大拓展了HTMs分子的设计空间, 从而推动了PSCs效率和稳定性的不断提升. 因此, 本综述聚焦含螺芳烃骨架的HTMs分子, 根据其器件性能表现, 分析高性能材料的结构要素. 按照螺芳烃核结构对高性能HTMs进行分类归纳, 总结了结构设计思路和构效关系. 期望通过较为全面的评述, 为HTMs分子构建提供可参考的策略, 从而推动PSCs继续向高效率、长寿命的实用化方向发展.     

2 ,2’,7,7’-四碘-9,9’-螺二芴的简便合成方法

2,2',7,7'-四碘-9,9'-螺二芴具有特殊的螺形结构,它是合成空穴导电材料OMeTAD和TAD及其它一些导电高分子的关键中间体.我们发展了一种条件温和简便的方法,高产率地合成了目标分子.     

芴-含氮芳杂环共聚物的载流子注入特性

为了改善聚芴的载流子注入特性,采用密度泛函理论B3LYP/6-31G*方法计算比较了芴、芴-联吡啶和芴-菲咯啉低聚物的几何结构、电子结构、最低激发能及重组能等,并外推到相应聚合物.结果发现:联吡啶/菲咯啉含氮芳杂环的缺电子性质能够诱导聚芴的最高占据轨道(HOMO)和最低空轨道(LUMO)能级分别下降0.45/0.47eV和0.32/0.38eV,提高电子注入能力的同时,调控载流子注入平衡;联吡啶单元的引入导致电子和空穴重组能升高(降低聚芴的载流子迁移率),而芴-菲咯啉共聚物显示了与聚芴相似的迁移性能.     

Theoretical studies of the modulation of polymer electronic and optical properties through the introduction of the electron-donating 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene or electron-accepting pyridine and 1,3,4-oxadiazole moieties

One serious problem associated with polyfluorene and derivatives (PFs) as blue luminescent polymers is the significant energy barrier for hole or electron injections; thus they usually face charge injection and transport difficulties with the currently available cathode and anode materials. The incorporation of an electron-donating or -accepting unit is expected to improve the recombination of the charge carriers. In this paper, we apply quantum-chemical techniques to investigate three fluorene-based copolymers, copoly(2,5-ethylenedioxythiophene-alt-9,9'-dimethylfluorene) (PEF), copoly(2,5-pyridine-alt-9,9'-dimethylfluorene) (PPyF), and poly[(fluorene-2,7-diyl)-alt-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyl)] (PFO), in which Delta(H)(-)(L) [the energy difference between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), when n = infinity], the lowest excitation energies (E(g)), ionization potentials (IP), electron affinities (EA), and lambda(abs) and lambda(em) are fine-tuned by the regular insertion of electron-donating unit 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) or electron-withdrawing units pyridine and 1,3,4-oxadiazole. The results show that the alternate incorporation of electron-donating moiety EDOT increases the HOMO energy and thus reduces the IPs, and consequently the hole injection was greatly improved. On the other hand, even though both kinds of charge carriers will improve the electron-accepting ability, the results show that electron-withdrawing moieties greatly facilitate the electron-transporting. Especially in PFO, the highly planar structural character resulted from the strong push-pull effect between the fluorene ring and the 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring and a weak interaction between the nitrogen and oxygen atoms in 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring and the hydrogen atom of the fluorene ring, significantly lowering the LUMO energy levels and thus improve the electron-accepting and transporting properties by the low LUMO energy levels.     

Theoretical studies on the electronic and optical properties of two new alternating fluorene/carbazole copolymers

Poly(fluorene)-type materials are widely used in polymer-based emitting devices. During operation there appears, however, an additional emission peak at around 2.3 eV, leading to both a color instability and reduced efficiency. The incorporation of the carbazole units has been proven to efficiently suppress the keto defect emission. In this contribution, we apply quantum-chemical techniques to investigate two series of alternating fluorene/carbazole oligomers and copolymers poly[2,7-(N-(2-methyl)-carbazole)-co-alt-2,7-m(9,9-dimethylfluorene)], namely, PFmCz (m = 1,2) and gain a detailed understanding of the influence of carbazole units on the electronic and optical properties of fluorene derivatives. The electronic properties of the neutral molecules, HOMO-LUMO gaps (Delta(H-L)), in addition to the positive and negative ions, are studied using B3LYP functional. The lowest excitation energies (E(g)s) and the maximal absorption wavelength lambda(abs) of PFmCz (m = 1,2) are studied, employing the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The properties of the two copolymers, such as Delta(H-L), E(g), IPs, and EAs were obtained by extrapolating those of the oligomers to the inverse chain length equal to zero (1/n = 0). The outcomes showed that the carbazole unit is a good electron-donating moiety for electronic materials, and the incorporation of carbazole into the polyfluorene (PF) backbone resulted in a broadened energy gap and a blue shift of both the absorption and photoluminescence emission peaks. Most importantly, the HOMO energies of PF1Cz and PF2Cz are both a higher average (0.4 eV) than polyfluorene (PF), which directly results in the decreasing of IPs of about 0.2 eV more than PF, indicating that the carbazole units have significantly improved the hole injection properties of the copolymers. In addition, the energy gap tends to broaden and the absorption and emission peaks are gradually blue-shifted to shorter wavelengths with an increase in the carbazole content in the copolymers. This is due to the interruption of the longer conjugation length of the backbone in the (F1Cz)(n) series.     

DFT study of conjugational electronic structures of aminoalkyl end-capped oligothiophenes up to octamers

The molecular geometries and electronic properties of a series of bis(aminoalkyl) end-capped oligothiophenes (BRnTs) were investigated by means of the density functional theory (DFT). The calculations were performed on dimers up to octamers in the neutral and ionic species using the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. The results obtained show that the conjugated systems in the p- and n-doped oligomers had more aromaticity, with expanded and planar chains. The calculated energy gap values between the frontier molecular orbitals for the end-capped oligomers were larger than those for the unsubstituted oligomers, in which with increase in the oligomer chain length, the conduction band gap decreased. The calculated first excitation energies of BRnTs at the TD-B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level indicated that both doped oligomers (p- and n-type) had lower excitation energies than the neutral states, and that they displayed red shifts in their absorption spectra. Moreover, the results obtained for the natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis showed that closing the end-side oligothiophene chains with the aminoalkyl groups eased the hole or electron transfer, owning to better charge delocalization through the backbone structures of BRnTs.     

Theoretical study on electronic structure and optical properties of phenothiazine-containing conjugated oligomers and polymers

The application of polyfluorenes in polymeric light-emitting diodes has been hampered because of the charge injection difficulties and the troublesome formation of a tailed emission band at long wavelengths (>500 nm) during device fabrication and operation, leading to both a color instability and reduced efficiency. The incorporation of the phenothiazine units has been proven to significantly enhance the hole injection and charge carrier balance and at the same time efficiently suppress the keto defect emission. In this contribution, we apply quantum-chemical techniques to investigate poly[10-(N-(2'-methyl)phenothiazine-3,7-diyl) and its fluorene copolymer poly[10-(N-(2'-methyl)phenothiazine-3,7-diyl)-co-alt-2,7-(9,9-dimethylfluorene)] (PFPTZ) and gain a detailed understanding the influence of phenothiazine units on the electronic and optical properties of fluorene derivatives. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT approaches are employed to study the neutral molecules, HOMO-LUMO gaps (Delta(H-L)), the lowest excitation energies (E(g)'s), positive and negative ions, as well as the IPs and EAs, focusing on the superiority of the electronic and optical properties attributed to the introduction of electron-donating moiety phenothiazine (PTZ) through comparing with pristine polyfluorene. The outcomes show that the highly nonplanar conformation of phenothiazine ring in the ground state preclude sufficiently close intermolecular interactions essential to forming aggregates or excimers. Furthermore, the HOMO energies lift about 0.4 eV, and thus, the IPs decrease about 0.3 eV in PFPTZ, suggesting the significant improved hole-accepting and transporting abilities, due to the electron-donating properties of phenothiazine ring by the presence of electron-rich sulfur and nitrogen heteroatoms and highly nonplanar characters, resulting in the enhanced performances in both efficiency and brightness compared with pristine polyfluorene. In addition, even though the introduction of electron-donating moiety PTZ onto fluorene leads to a slight bathochromic shift in absorption and emission spectra, the copolymer still exhibited strong blue emission.     

Theoretical investigation of optical and electronic property modulations of pi-conjugated polymers based on the electron-rich 3,6-dimethoxy-fluorene unit

Poly(fluorene)-type materials are widely used in polymer-based emitting devices. One of the drawbacks of light-emitting diodes based on polyfluorene derivatives is the injection of holes from the anode due to the high ionization potential (IP) of most derivatives. Substitution by electron-donating alkoxy substituents or by adding charge carriers on the conjugated polymer's backbone produces a remarkable influence on its electrical and optical properties. In this contribution, we apply quantum-chemical techniques to investigate a family of pi-conjugated polymers with substituted dimethoxy groups at the 3,6 positions of the fluorene ring, namely, poly(2,7-(3,6-dimethoxy-fluorene)(PDMOF), poly(2,7-(3,6-dimethoxy-fluorene)-co-alt-fluorene (PDMOFF), and poly(2,7-(3,6-dimeth-oxy-fluorene)-co-alt-2,5-thiophene (PDMOFT). The electronic properties of the neutral molecules, HOMO-LUMO gaps (Delta(H)(-)(L)), in addition to the positive and negative ions, are studied using the B3LYP functional. The lowest excitation energies (E(g)) and the maximal absorption wavelength lambda(abs) of PDMOF, PDMOFF, and PDMOFT are studied by employing time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and the ZINDO semiempirical method. The IP, EA, and E(g) values of each polymer were obtained by extrapolating those of the oligomers to the inverse chain length equal to zero ((1)/(n)() = 0). The influence of the presence of methoxy groups on the fluorene moiety on the ionization potential is especially emphasized. The outcomes show that the HOMO energies of these systems under study increase by about 0.4 eV and the IP values decrease by about 0.3 eV compared to those of the corresponding polyfluorene. Both effects result in a reduction of the energy barrier for the injection of holes in related polymeric light-emitting devices and should contribute to the enhancement of their performances. Because of the cooperation with thiophene in PDMOFT, which results in a good planar conformation, both the hole-creating and electron-accepting abilities are improved.     

Electronic structure and optical properties of an alternated fluorene-benzothiadiazole copolymer: interplay between experimental and theoretical data

The donor-acceptor copolymer containing benzothiadiazole (electron acceptor), linked to functionalized fluorene (electron donor), [poly[9,9-bis(3'-(tert-butyl propanoate))fluorene-co-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (LaPPS40), was synthesized through the Suzuki route. The polymer was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, gel permeation chromatography, NMR, thermal analysis, cyclic voltammetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis spectrometry, and photophysical measurements. Theoretical calculations (density functional theory and semiempirical methodologies) used to simulate the geometry of some oligomers and the dipole moments of molecular orbitals involved were in excellent agreement with experimental results. Using such data, the higher energy absorption band was attributed to the π-π* (S(0) → S(4)) transition of the fluorene units and the lower lying band was attributed to the intramolecular (ICT) (S(0) → S(1)) charge transfer between acceptor (benzothiadiazole) and donor groups (fluorene) (D-A structure). The ICT character of this band was confirmed by its solvatochromic properties using solvents with different dielectric properties, and this behavior could be well described by the Lippert-Mataga equation. To explain the solvatochromic behavior, both the magnitude and orientation of the dipole moments in the electronic ground state and in the excited state were analyzed using the theoretical data. According to these data, the change in magnitude of the dipole moments was very small for both transitions but the spatial orientation changed remarkably for the lower energy band ascribed to the ICT band.     

Comparison of DFT methods for molecular orbital eigenvalue calculations

We report how closely the Kohn-Sham highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) eigenvalues of 11 density functional theory (DFT) functionals, respectively, correspond to the negative ionization potentials (-IPs) and electron affinities (EAs) of a test set of molecules. We also report how accurately the HOMO-LUMO gaps of these methods predict the lowest excitation energies using both time-independent and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT). The 11 DFT functionals include the local spin density approximation (LSDA), five generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functionals, three hybrid GGA functionals, one hybrid functional, and one hybrid meta GGA functional. We find that the HOMO eigenvalues predicted by KMLYP, BH&HLYP, B3LYP, PW91, PBE, and BLYP predict the -IPs with average absolute errors of 0.73, 1.48, 3.10, 4.27, 4.33, and 4.41 eV, respectively. The LUMOs of all functionals fail to accurately predict the EAs. Although the GGA functionals inaccurately predict both the HOMO and LUMO eigenvalues, they predict the HOMO-LUMO gap relatively accurately (approximately 0.73 eV). On the other hand, the LUMO eigenvalues of the hybrid functionals fail to predict the EA to the extent that they include HF exchange, although increasing HF exchange improves the correspondence between the HOMO eigenvalue and -IP so that the HOMO-LUMO gaps are inaccurately predicted by hybrid DFT functionals. We find that TD-DFT with all functionals accurately predicts the HOMO-LUMO gaps. A linear correlation between the calculated HOMO eigenvalue and the experimental -IP and calculated HOMO-LUMO gap and experimental lowest excitation energy enables us to derive a simple correction formula.     

Impact of replacement of the central benzene ring in anthracene by a heterocyclic ring on electronic excitations and reorganization energies in anthratetrathiophene molecules

The impact of changing the central benzene ring on the electronic excitations and reorganization energies (λ) of the anthratetrathiophene (ATT) molecules is studied by density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT (TD‐DFT) quantum chemical calculations. The effect of changing the position of the sulfur atom at the periphery of anthracene on the optical and charge transfer properties is also studied. The calculated results suggest that the HOMO, LUMO, HOMO–LUMO energy gap, ionization potential (IP), electron affinity (EA), hole extraction potential (HEP), electron extraction potential (EEP), and reorganization energies (λ) are affected by replacing the central ring with different heterocyclic rings and the position of the sulfur atom. In addition, all molecules show good hole‐ and electron‐transport properties. This work may be helpful for future design and preparation of high‐performance charge‐transport materials.     

Comparative study of the semiconducting properties of benzothiadiazole and benzobis(thiadiazole) derivatives using computational techniques

Recent literature reports indicate that derivatives of benzothiadiazole (BT) and benzobis(thiadiazole) (BBT), which differs from BT by an extra thiadiazole ring, exhibit good semiconducting properties, such as high electron mobility and low-lying lowest unoccupied molecular-orbital (LUMO) levels. In this study herein, computational techniques like density functional theory (DFT), spin-flip DFT and valence-bond methods are used to analyze the semiconducting properties of these molecules. Calculations at the B3LYP/cc-pVTZ level reveal that all the BBT molecules, including the bare BBT ring, have lower lying LUMO energies (3.70-4.11 eV) compared to the BT derivatives (2.56-3.41 eV) with similar substitution. The reorganization energies (λ(+)/λ(-)) obtained at this level of theory of the BT derivatives are around (225-333)/(246-315) meV, while BBT derivatives have much smaller reorganization energies and these are in the range of (129-259)/(150-230) meV. We observe that the different behavior of BBT is due to the inherited biradicaloid character from the parent molecule tetramethylenebenzene (TMB), a disjoint non-Kekule biradical having non-bonding molecular orbitals (NBMOs) as the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and LUMO. Additionally, the perturbation of the orbitals of the biradical TMB to obtain BBT is the major cause for the BBT derivatives to have a larger electron affinity (EA) and a smaller HOMO-LUMO gap (HLG) compared to BT derivatives.