Diffusion of Gold Nanoparticles in Inverse Opals Probed by Heterodyne Dynamic Light Scattering

The diffusive behavior of nanoparticles inside porous materials is attracting a lot of interest in the context of understanding, modeling, and optimization of many technical processes. A very powerful technique for characterizing the diffusive behavior of particles in free media is dynamic light scattering (DLS). The applicability of the method in porous media is considered, however, to be rather difficult due to the presence of multiple sources of scattering. In contrast to most of the previous approaches, the DLS method was applied without ensuring matching refractive indices of solvent and porous matrix in the present study. To test the capabilities of the method, the diffusion of spherical gold nanoparticles within the interconnected, periodic nanopores of inverse opals was analyzed. Despite the complexity of this system, which involves many interfaces and different refractive indices, a clear signal related to the motion of particles inside the porous media was obtained. As expected, the diffusive process inside the porous sample slowed down compared to the particle diffusion in free media. The obtained effective diffusion coefficients were found to be wave vector-dependent. They increased linearly with increasing spatial extension of the probed particle concentration fluctuations. On average, the slowing-down factor measured in this work agrees within combined uncertainties with literature data.

     

Circumferential temperature distribution during nucleate pool boiling outside smooth and modified horizontal tubes

In the work an approach to avoid a circumferential temperature distribution existing during nucleate pool boiling on a horizontal cylinder within low heat flux densities is presented. The idea of the approach is local heat transfer enhancement by a porous layer application on a part of the heating surface. An experiment on nucleate pool boiling heat transfer from horizontal cylinders to saturated R141b and water under atmospheric pressure is reported. Experiments have been conducted using stainless steel tubes with the outside diameter between 8 mm and 23 mm with the active length of 250 mm. The outside surface of the tubes was smooth or partially coated with a porous metallic layer. In particular, measurements of inside circumferential temperature distribution have been performed.     

Evaluating cavitation regimes in an internal orifice at different temperatures using frequency analysis and visualization

Experiments on a water cavitating orifice were conducted to investigate the influence of pressure and temperature on flow regime transition due to cavitation. The thermal effects could be important in cases with cryogenic cavitation or hot fluid injection. The investigations were based on CCD observations and a pressure fluctuations frequency analysis.The high-speed photographic recordings were used to analyze the cavitation evolution and individuate the frequency content of the two-phase flow by processing the pixel-intensity time-series data.The cavitating structures showed different behaviors and characteristics with variations in operating conditions, as the pressure inside the orifice and the flow temperature .The flow regime map for the cavitating flow was obtained using experimental observations to analyze the occurrence of the different two-phase flow regime transitions at various operating conditions.As the pressure at the orifice inlet increased, at the same downstream pressure, cavitation inception occurred. The decrease of the cavitation number brought a significant increase in cavitation zone extension. As the pressure drop inside the orifice increased, the cavitation was characterized by an evident increase in cavitation zone length to the outlet of the orifice. With a further cavitation number decrease, the transition to jet cavitation was evident.The temperature influenced both the cavitation intensity and the cavitation number at which different two-phase flow regime transitions occurred, which tended to increase with temperature.The vapor fraction was estimated using an image processing algorithm.The frequency content given by the pressure fluctuations was analyzed and compared with the frequency spectra obtained from the visual observations. The behavior of the different cavitating flows could be correlated to the frequency spectrum of the pressure fluctuations measured upstream and downstream of the orifice. The cavitation number reduction and consequent increase in cavitating area width were related to a corresponding significant increase in the amplitude of typical frequency components. The transition to jet cavitation was characterized by a significant increase in the first peak in the frequency spectrum; weaker spectral peaks were also present at high cavitation numbers.     

Minimum fluidization velocities for supercritical water fluidized bed within the range of 633–693 K and 23–27 MPa

Supercritical water fluidized bed is a new reactor concept for biomass gasification. In this paper, an experimental study on the hydrodynamics of a supercritical water fluidized bed was conducted. The frictional pressure drops of a fixed bed and a fluidized bed were measured for a temperature ranging from 633 to 693 K and pressure ranging from 23 to 27 MPa. The results show that the Ergun formula for calculating the frictional pressure drop of a fixed bed can still be applied in supercritical water conditions. The average deviation between Ergun formula and experiment results is 13.3%. A predicting correlation for the minimum fluidization velocity in a supercritical water fluidized bed was obtained based on the experimental results of a fixed bed and the fluidized bed pressure drop. The average error between the correlation and experiment results was about 3.1%. The results in this paper are useful for the design of SCW fluidized bed.     

Flow structure and bubble dynamics in supercritical water fluidized bed and gas fluidized bed: A comparative study

Supercritical water (SCW) fluidized bed is a new reactor concept for hydrogen production from biomass or coal gasification. In this paper, a comparative study on flow structure and bubble dynamics in a supercritical water fluidized bed and a gas fluidized bed was carried out using the discrete element method (DEM). The results show that supercritical water condition reduces the incipient fluidization velocity, changes regime transitions, i.e. a homogeneous fluidization was observed when the superficial velocity is in the range of the minimum fluidization velocity and minimum bubbling velocity even the solids behave as Geldart B powders in the gas fluidized bed. Bubbling fluidization in the supercritical water fluidized bed was formed after superficial velocity exceeds the minimum bubbling velocity, as in the gas fluidized bed. Bubble is one of the most important features in fluidized bed, which is also the emphasis in this paper. Bubble growth was effectively suppressed in the supercritical water fluidized bed, which resulted in a more uniform flow structure. By analyzing a large number of bubbles, bubble dynamic characteristics such as diameter distribution, frequency, rising path and so on, were obtained. It is found that bubble dynamic characteristics in the supercritical water fluidized bed differ a lot from that in the gas fluidized bed, and there is a better fluidization quality induced by the bubble dynamics in the supercritical water fluidized bed.     

Convective heat transfer to CO2 at a supercritical pressure flowing vertically upward in tubes and an annular channel

The Super-Critical Water-Cooled Reactor (SCWR) has been chosen by the Generation IV International Forum as one of the candidates for the next generation nuclear reactors. Heat transfer to water from a fuel assembly may deteriorate at certain supercritical pressure flow conditions and its estimation at degraded conditions as well as in normal conditions is very important to the design of a safe and reliable reactor core. Extensive experiments on a heat transfer to a vertically upward flowing CO₂ at a supercritical pressure in tubes and an annular channel have been performed. The geometries of the test sections include tubes of an internal diameter (ID) of 4.4 and 9.0 mm and an annular channel (8 × 10 mm). The heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and Nusselt numbers were derived from the inner wall temperature converted by using the outer wall temperature measured by adhesive K-type thermocouples and a direct (tube) or indirect (annular channel) electric heating power. From the test results, a correlation, which covers both a deteriorated and a normal heat transfer regime, was developed. The developed correlation takes different forms in each interval divided by the value of parameter Bu. The parameter Bu (referred to as Bu hereafter), a function of the Grashof number, the Reynolds number and the Prandtl number, was introduced since it is known to be a controlling factor for the occurrence of a heat transfer deterioration due to a buoyancy effect. The developed correlation predicted the HTCs for water and HCFC-22 fairly well.     

Two-phase flow instabilities in a silicon microchannels heat sink

Two-phase flow instabilities are highly undesirable in microchannels-based heat sinks as they can lead to temperature oscillations with high amplitudes, premature critical heat flux and mechanical vibrations. This work is an experimental study of boiling instabilities in a microchannel silicon heat sink with 40 parallel rectangular microchannels, having a length of 15 mm and a hydraulic diameter of 194 μm. A series of experiments have been carried out to investigate pressure and temperature oscillations during the flow boiling instabilities under uniform heating, using water as a cooling liquid. Thin nickel film thermometers, integrated on the back side of a heat sink with microchannels, were used in order to obtain a better insight related to temperature fluctuations caused by two-phase flow instabilities. Flow regime maps are presented for two inlet water temperatures, showing stable and unstable flow regimes. It was observed that boiling leads to asymmetrical flow distribution within microchannels that result in high temperature non-uniformity and the simultaneously existence of different flow regimes along the transverse direction. Two types of two-phase flow instabilities with appreciable pressure and temperature fluctuations were observed, that depended on the heat to mass flux ratio and inlet water temperature. These were high amplitude/low frequency and low amplitude/high frequency instabilities. High speed camera imaging, performed simultaneously with pressure and temperature measurements, showed that inlet/outlet pressure and the temperature fluctuations existed due to alternation between liquid/two-phase/vapour flows. It was also determined that the inlet water subcooling condition affects the magnitudes of the temperature oscillations in two-phase flow instabilities and flow distribution within the microchannels.     

Investigation of the flow in a circular cavity using stereo and tomographic particle image velocimetry

The turbulent flow over a circular cavity with an aspect ratio of D/H = 2 is investigated by multi-planar stereoscopic particle image velocimetry and with tomographic particle image velocimetry (PIV). The main aim of the study is the flow topology and the turbulent structure of the asymmetrical flow pattern that forms inside the cavity at these specific conditions. The flow field is measured in the vertical symmetry plane to describe the overall recirculation pattern in the cavity and the turbulent shear layer developing from the separation point. In this specific regime the shear layer fluctuations are recognized as those caused by instabilities together with the effect of the incoming boundary layer turbulence. Additional observations performed at several wall-parallel planes at different height inside the cavity allow to further evaluate the secondary flow circulation generated by this asymmetric regime. The observed flow pattern consists of a steady vortex, occupying the entire cavity volume and placed diagonally inside the cavity such to entrain the external flow from one side, capture it into a circulatory motion and eject it from the opposite side of the cavity. The spatial distribution of the turbulent fluctuations also reveals the same structure. The tomographic PIV measurement returns a visual inspection to the instantaneous three-dimensional structure of the turbulent fluctuations, which at the investigated height exhibit a low level of coherence with slightly elongated vortices in the recirculating flow inside the cavity.     

Hydrodynamic and Thermal Fields in a Porous Medium with Injection of Superheated Steam

The plane one-dimensional and radially symmetric problems of injection of superheated steam into a porous medium saturated with gas are considered. Self-similar solutions are constructed on the assumption that in this case four zones are formed in the porous medium, namely, a gas flow zone, superheated and wet steam zones, and a water slug zone formed due to steam condensation. On the basis of the solution obtained, both the effects of the boundary pressure, mass flow rate, and temperature of the injected superheated steam and the effect of the initial state of the porous medium on the propagation of the hydrodynamic and thermal fields in the porous medium are studied.     

Numerical Simulation of Pulverized Coal MILD Combustion Using a New Heterogeneous Combustion Submodel

The scope of this investigation is the application and analysis of a recently developed submodel (Schulze et al., Oil Gas Science Technol, 2013, doi:10.2516/ogst/2012069) for char particle combustion and gasification. The distinguishing feature of this model is a detailed representation of the diffusion and convection processes as well as the homogeneous reactions in the boundary layer around the char particle. These processes are fully coupled to the heterogeneous particle kinetics. The model was implemented into the CFD code ANSYS-Fluent. The coupled solver is used for simulating the IFRF full scale pulverized coal combustion MILD furnace, for which detailed experimental data are available for model evaluation (Orsino et al., IFRF Doc. No F46/y/3, 2000) The new model yields improved agreement with measured data as compared to the standard modeling approach. This can be directly related to the prediction of the char burnout rate. For further analysis, the mixing field in the IFRF furnace is investigated in detail by introducing four mixture fractions for pyrolysis products, char burn-off gases, primary and secondary air, respectively. The solutions of the respective transport equations are used to define the local stoichiometry both in the gas phase and on the particle surface in such a multi-stream system. The conditions in the particle surrounding gas phase as well as on the particle surface are used to define the regime of particle-gas interaction based on the simulations with the new submodel. It can be shown that for certain conditions the homogeneous reactions in the particle boundary must be accounted for.     

PIV, 2D-LIF and 1D-Raman measurements of flow field,composition and temperature in premixed gas turbine flames

Several laser diagnostic measurement techniques have been applied to study the lean premixed natural gas/air flames of an industrial swirl burner. This was made possible by equipping the burner with an optical combustion chamber that was installed in the high-pressure test rig facility at the DLR Institute of Combustion Technology in Stuttgart. The burner was operated with preheated air at various operating conditions with pressures up to p = 6 bar and a maximum thermal power of P = 1 MW.The instantaneous planar flow field inside the combustor was studied with particle image velocimetry (PIV). Planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) of OH radicals on a single-shot basis was used to determine the shape and the location of the flame front as well as the spatial distribution of reaction products. 1D laser Raman spectroscopy was successfully applied for the measurement of the temperature and the concentration of major species under realistic gas turbine conditions.Results of the flow field analysis show the shape and the size of the main flow regimes: the inflow region, the inner and the outer recirculation zone. The highly turbulent flow field of the inner shear layer is found to be dominated by small and medium sized vortices. High RMS fluctuations of the flow velocity in the exhaust gas indicate the existence of a rotating exhaust gas swirl. From the PLIF images it is seen that the primary reactions happened in the shear layers between inflow and the recirculation zones and that the appearance of the reaction zones changed with flame parameters. The results of the multiscalar Raman measurements show a strong variation of the local mixture fraction allowing conclusions to be drawn about the premix quality. Furthermore, mixing effects of unburnt fuel and air with fully reacted combustion products are studied giving insights into the processes of the turbulence–chemistry interaction.     

甲烷/煤尘复合爆炸火焰的传播特性

为揭示甲烷/煤尘复合爆炸火焰的传播机理,利用气粉两相混合爆炸实验系统,在低于甲烷爆炸下限条件下,采用高速摄影机记录火焰传播图像,通过热电偶采集火焰温度,研究了煤尘种类以及甲烷体积分数对甲烷/煤尘复合火焰传播特性的影响。结果表明:挥发分是衡量煤尘燃烧特性的主导因素;随着煤尘挥发分的升高,燃烧反应增强,火焰传播速度升高,火焰温度升高;挥发分含量差异较小时,水分含量越低,燃烧反应越剧烈;在相同条件下,焦煤的燃烧反应强度最高,其次为长焰煤,最后为褐煤;随着甲烷体积分数的增加,煤尘颗粒的燃烧可由释放挥发分的扩散燃烧转变为气相预混燃烧,燃烧反应增强,火焰传播速度和火焰温度显著升高;热辐射和热对流作用促进煤尘颗粒热解,释放挥发分进行燃烧反应,维持复合火焰的持续传播;随着混合体系中甲烷体积分数的增加,混合爆炸机制由粉尘驱动型爆炸转为气体驱动型爆炸,燃烧反应增强;甲烷/煤尘复合爆炸火焰可由未燃区、预热区、气相燃烧区、多相燃烧区和焦炭燃烧区5部分组成,湍流扰动导致燃烧介质空间分布存在差异,使得燃烧区无规则交错分布。     

Motion of a porous sphere in a spherical container

The creeping motion of a porous sphere at the instant it passes the center of a spherical container has been investigated. The Brinkman's model for the flow inside the porous sphere and the Stokes equation for the flow in the spherical container were used to study the motion. The stream function (and thus the velocity) and pressure (both for the flow inside the porous sphere and inside the spherical container) are calculated. The drag force experienced by the porous spherical particle and wall correction factor is determined. To cite this article: D. Srinivasacharya, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).     

Fluidization of particles in SCW fluidized bed: Voidage distribution of emulsion phase

Supercritical water (SCW) fluidized bed reactors convert biomass to fuels without pollutants emission. In this work, experimental studies were carried out to investigate voidage distribution in an SCW fluidized bed by capacitance probes. Quartz sands with different particle sizes were fluidized by SCW under system pressure of 20–27 MPa and temperature of 410–570 °C. The effect of operation conditions on voidage distributions of the emulsion phase (e.g. averaged voidage and probability density) is discussed. A predicting correlation between voidage and superficial velocity in emulsion phase is proposed. The relative error of the correlation is within ±25%. These research results provide useful guidance for the optimization of supercritical water gasification technology.     

固-液两相流黑水管道冲蚀磨损的数值模拟研究

煤气化黑水处理系统管道由于其流体介质高含固体颗粒和腐蚀性介质,且工作在高温、高压差环境中,极易受到冲蚀磨损和腐蚀的耦合作用而失效,影响其服役寿命. 采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法数值模拟研究了煤气化黑水处理系统固-液两相流管道的冲蚀磨损行为和机理,以及流体介质速度和固体颗粒粒径对管道冲蚀磨损的影响规律,并分析了盲通管和涡室结构对弯管冲蚀磨损行为的优化改善效果. 研究结果显示,煤气化黑水处理系统管线的冲蚀高危区主要分布在弯管外拱和变径管等结构突变区域;管道冲蚀磨损行为与其内部流体的运动和颗粒冲击特性有关;管道的冲蚀率均随着流体速度的增加而加剧,而粒径对弯管和变径管冲蚀率的影响并非单调关系,这与颗粒受力作用有关;弯管优化分析显示,涡室结构可以降低弯管的最大冲蚀率,减缓弯管的冲蚀磨损.      

Numerical simulation of flow boiling for organic fluid with high saturation temperature in vertical porous coated tube

A semi-analytical model is developed for the prediction of flow boiling heat transfer inside vertical porous coated tubes. The model assumes that the forced convection and nucleate boiling coexist together in the annular flow regime. Conservations of mass, momentum, and energy are used to solve for the liquid film thickness and temperature. The heat flux due to nucleate boiling consists of those inside and outside micro-tunnels. To close the equations, a detailed analysis of various forces acting on the bubble is presented to predict its mean departure diameter. The active nucleation site density of porous layer is determined from the pool boiling correlation by introducing suppression factor. The flow boiling heat transfer coefficients of organic fluid (cumene) with high saturation temperature in a vertical flame-spraying porous coated tube are studied numerically. It is shown that the present model can predict most of the experimental values within ±20%. The numerical results also indicate that the nucleate boiling contribution to the overall heat transfer coefficient decreases from 50% to 15% with vapor quality increasing from 0.1 to 0.5.     

Shear flow over a porous particle

Linear axisymmetric Stokes flow over a porous spherical particle is investigated. An exact analytic solution for the fluid velocity components and the pressure inside and outside the porous particle is obtained. The solution is generalized to include the cases of arbitrary three-dimensional linear shear flow as well as translational-shear Stokes flow. As the permeability of the particle tends to zero, the solutions obtained go over into the corresponding solutions for an impermeable particle. The problem of translational Stokes flow around a spherical drop (in the limit a gas bubble or an impermeable sphere) was considered, for example, in [1,2]. A solution of the problem of translational Stokes flow over a porous spherical particle was given in [3]. Linear shear-strain Stokes flow over a spherical drop was investigated in [2].Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 113–120, May–June, 1995.     

Investigation of porous media combustion by coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy

High efficiency, marginal pollutant emissions and low fuel consumption are desirable standards for modern combustion devices. The porous burner technology is a modern type of energy conversion with a strong potential to achieve these standards. However, due to the solid ceramic framework investigation of the thermodynamic properties of combustion, for example temperature, is difficult. The combustion process inside the ceramic structure of a porous burner was experimentally investigated by coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS). In this work, we present measurements using dual-pump dual-broadband CARS (DP-DBB-CARS) of temperature and species concentrations inside the reaction and flue gas zone of a porous media burner. Improvements to the setup and data evaluation procedure in contrast to previous measurements are discussed in detail. The results at varied thermal power and stoichiometry are presented. In addition, measurements at a range of radial positions inside a pore are conducted and correlated with the solid structure of the porous foam, which was determined by X-ray computer tomography.     

Migration of settling particles in a horizontal viscous flow through a vertical slot with porous walls

Particle migration in a horizontal flow of dilute suspension through a vertical slot with porous walls is studied using the two-continua approach. The lateral migration is induced by two opposite effects: an inertial lift force due to particle settling and directed toward the slot centre-line, and a drag due to leak-off entraining particles toward the walls. An expression for the inertial lift on a settling particle in a horizontal channel flow found recently is generalized to the case of a low leak-off velocity. The evolution of an initial uniform particle concentration profile is studied within the full Lagrangian approach. Four migration regimes are found differing by the direction of particle migration and numbers of equilibrium positions. Conditions of the regime change and a critical value of dimensionless leak-off velocity for particle deposition on the walls are obtained analytically. Suspension flows with zones where the particle concentration is zero or increases infinitely, are studied numerically.     

Gas temperature in the trace of water droplets streamlined by hot air flow

In order to obtain the knowledge necessary for developing new effective fire extinguishing technologies, we determined experimentally the gas temperature in the trace of water droplets streamlined by hot air flow. It was important to establish how much the temperature in the droplet trace decreases and how fast it recovery to the initial temperature field after the droplet evaporation. The following parameters were varied: droplet size from 1.3 mm to 1.7 mm, velocity from 1 m/s to 5 m/s, initial airflow temperature from 473 K to 773 K, number of droplets (one or two), and the arrangement of droplets relative to the hot inflow (serial or parallel). The study proves the theoretical hypothesis about a significant influence of evaporation on the temperature in the water droplet trace. When a temperature trace of water droplets is formed, irrespective of their arrangement, the role of the evaporation process strengthens with the gas flow temperature rising. Furthermore, the study specifies typical longitudinal dimensions of the aerodynamic and temperature traces of water droplets. It has been established that when droplets are located in series and in parallel, their combined impact on the temperature and velocity of the gas flow in the medium differs rather considerably.