卸压开采损伤煤岩气体渗透率试验研究

我国煤系地层的煤岩体渗透率普遍较低,直接影响煤矿瓦斯抽采效果。卸压开采使采场围岩受采动应力作用具备了峰后力学行为,其渗透率也大幅度增加,有助于瓦斯的高效抽采。本文基于MTS815.02型电液伺服岩石渗透试验系统,对卸压开采后损伤煤岩的气体渗透率进行了测试。研究表明:(1)卸压损伤煤岩石的渗透率在10-5～10-4 m2之间,较受采动影响前要大107～108倍;(2)卸压过程中,煤样的气体渗透率与围压近似呈线性关系,与岩样呈双曲线关系;(3)卸压损伤煤岩逐渐加围压,气体渗透率近似为线性下降,卸压阶段,其渗透率增加;(4)加卸围压对煤岩的气体渗透率有很大影响。研究结果可为卸压瓦斯高效抽采提供理论依据。     

Mathematical modeling of methane flow in a borehole coal mining system

Safety in coal mining is greatly increased by the drainage of the methane content of coal seams through boreholes, simultaneously producing significant energy. The design of suitable drainage technology is based on the mathematical modeling of methane flow in coal seams. In the calculation of the methane pressure, the new mathematical model presented in this paper considers both the sorption phenomenon of methane depending upon the methane pressure and the fact that the variation in methane pressure can create a change in the stress condition of the rock and, as a consequence of this, a change in the permeability of the coal. The new mathematical model can be used for the numerical simulation of the flow processes in coal seams and methane drainage technology can be designed more accurately.     

考虑蠕变效应的页岩气水平井控压生产增产机理研究

页岩储层具有基质渗透率低、天然裂缝发育复杂等特点,主要采用多段压裂水平井的方式进行开发.页岩气井的生产分为放压生产和控压生产两种方式,目前学者们普遍认为控压生产能够增加EUR,且应力敏感性是控压生产效果优于放压生产效果的主要原因.文章在考虑基质和裂缝应力敏感的基础上,进一步考虑基质岩石的蠕变效应,建立变压蠕变影响的嵌入式离散裂缝模型,通过数值模拟方法分析应力敏感和蠕变效应对不同生产方式生产效果的影响.结果表明,只考虑应力敏感时,放压生产优于控压生产,只有考虑蠕变效应时,控压生产效果才会优于放压生产,抑制页岩的蠕变效应是控压生产提高气井EUR的机理之一.随控压时长的增加,气井EUR呈现先增加后降低的趋势,控压生产存在一个最优值;基质蠕变参数越大、人工裂缝导流能力越高、基质渗透率越小、吸附体积越小、控压生产增产的效果越好.本研究从机理上解释了控压生产的增产机理,为页岩气井的生产制度优化奠定了基础.     

高瓦斯综采面顶板覆岩卸压抽放瓦斯试验研究

针对我国高瓦斯低透气性煤层瓦斯预抽效果差的特点，在分析煤炭回采过程中顶板覆岩卸压移动规律基础上，提出了利用采动煤层顶板覆岩卸压裂隙发育特征，实施覆岩卸压区走向长钻孔抽放瓦斯。实践证明，顶板走向长钻孔覆岩卸压瓦斯抽放是解决低透气煤层瓦斯抽放率低的有效方法，回采面的瓦斯抽放率在20％以上；分析了顶板覆岩结构及关键层层位对覆岩移动规律的影响，给出了顶板走向长钻孔卸压抽放的合理布置区域。     

The Evolution of Parameters During CBM Drainage in Different Regions

Draining while mining is an important method for preventing gas outburst and achieving clean energy, and understanding the evolution of the parameters (gas pressure, strain and permeability) during coalbed methane (CBM) drainage while mining is important for improving extraction efficiency (which is very low at present). Physical simulations of CBM drainage were conducted, and the gas pressures were achieved. The values of the permeability and strain could be calculated. The parameters (gas pressure, permeability and strain) trends were achieved during the drainage process. In terms of timing, during the initial stages of CBM drainage, the gas pressures declined quickly, the permeability decreased sharply, and the volumetric strain increased quickly. During the later stages, the gas pressures decreased slowly, the permeability recovered slowly over time, and the volumetric strain increased slowly. In terms of space, the gas pressure declined more quickly nearer the effective borehole. The permeability initially declined more quickly nearer the effective borehole and then increased during the later stages. During CBM drainage in the stress relief region, the volumetric strain of the stress concentration region was the largest. The volumetric strain of the stress relief region was larger than that of original region I, but this trend reversed as time progressed. The volumetric strain of original region II was the smallest. The relationship between the total strains during CBM drainage in different regions was as follows: the total strain during CBM drainage in the stress concentration region > in the stress relief region > in original region I > in original region II.     

Coal Permeability Evolution and Gas Migration Under Non-equilibrium State

Laboratory test of coal permeability is generally conducted under the condition of gas adsorption equilibrium, and the results contribute to an understanding of gas migration in the original coal seams. However, gas flow under the state of non-equilibrium, accompanied by gas adsorption and desorption, is more common in coalbed methane (CBM) recovery and \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) geological sequestration sites. Therefore, research on gas migration under the non-equilibrium state has a greater significance with regard to CBM recovery and \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) geological sequestration. However, most permeability models, in which only one gas pressure has been considered, cannot be used to study gas flow under the non-equilibrium state. In this study, a new mathematical model, which includes both fracture gas pressure and matrix gas pressure, and couples the gas flow with the coal deformation, has been developed and verified. With the developed model, the spatial and temporal evolution of gas flow field during gas adsorption and desorption phases has been explored. The results show that the gas pressures present nonlinear distributions in the coal core, and the matrix gas pressure is generally lower than the fracture gas pressure during adsorption, but higher than the fracture gas pressure during desorption. For gas flow during adsorption, the main factor controlling permeability varies at different points. At the initial time, the permeability is dominated by the effective stress, and at the later time, the permeability in the part close to the gas inlet is mainly controlled by the matrix swelling, whereas that in the part close to the gas outlet is still dominated by the effective stress. For gas flow during desorption, from the gas inlet to the gas outlet, the permeability deceases at the initial time, and when the time is greater than 10,000 s, it shows a decreasing and then an increasing trend. The reason is that at the initial time, the permeability is dominated by the increased effective stress caused by the sharp decrease of the fracture gas pressure. Later, desorption of the adsorbed gas results in matrix shrinkage, which further leads to an increase of the permeability.     

密闭空间煤粉的爆炸特性

利用ISO6184/1和IEC推荐的20L球型爆炸测试装置,对4种规格的煤粉进行了系统的粉尘爆炸实验,探讨了煤粉的爆炸规律。得到了样品的爆炸下限浓度、最大爆炸压力,最大爆炸压力上升速率变化规律;分析了浓度、粒径、点火能量对煤粉爆炸猛烈度的影响。结果表明,粒径越小的煤粉,爆炸下限越小,而且在指定浓度下爆炸越猛烈。随着浓度的增大,最大爆炸压力和上升速率先增后减。样品3,峰值爆炸压力对应的浓度为400～1000g/m3,爆炸压力最大值为0.54MPa;点火头能量的增大在一定程度上促使反应更充分,从而爆炸强度更强。由于煤粉组成的特点,实验数据一定程度上说明了爆炸过程中气相燃烧的重要作用。 更多还原     

A New Mathematical Model for Force Gravity Drainage in Fractured Porous Media

In force gas/oil gravity drainage process in fractured porous media, gas is flowing in both matrix and fractures leading to produce a finite gas pressure gradient. Consequently, viscous force plays an important role for displacing matrix oil toward fractures in addition to gravity force that is required to be modeled appropriately. A new analytical model for estimation of steady state oil saturation distribution with assumption of fixed gas pressure gradient throughout the matrix is presented. Moreover, based on some results of this analytical model a different numerical formulation is developed to predict the performance of oil production process. Comparison of the results obtained from this numerical model with the results of a conventional simulator demonstrates that the newly developed model can be applied with satisfactory accuracy. Numerical simulations show that the viscous displacement in fractured porous media can reduce the capillary threshold height, and thus it suggests the force gravity drainage as a favorable production mechanism when the matrix length is close to the threshold height.     

Modeling of Coal Fine Migration During CBM Production in High-Rank Coal

During CBM (coalbed methane) production, the interaction of coal fracture surface with water flow commonly generates and starts coal fine flow. Part of flowing coal fines deposit in coal fracture system due to water production reduction and methane production increase. The fine sedimentation results in the reduction of coal permeability and well productivity. Despite the increasing awareness of the importance of fine migration, limited research has been carried out on the flow model of coal fine coupled with water and gas. In this paper, a flow model of coal fine is established coupled with water and gas flow, taking coal fine generation, migration and sedimentation process into consideration. Then, case simulations are conducted to illustrate effects of water production schedule, permeability performance and gas content on production performance in flow model. The simulation results indicate that methane rate with the lowest initial water rate is observed to have the highest production in late production period. This is mainly due to the reason that the low water flow cannot generate and start the flow of coal fine. Further, the case with high initial water production has faster gas and water flow rate, thus higher coal fine generation rates, which can improve well productivity at earlier production period. As water production declines quickly, both permeability and production performance decrease, which leads to the loss of well productivity. Meanwhile, higher gas content will lead to a faster water production decline at late production period. This indicates that a portion of coal fines plugged in the fracture as water production deceases and the CBM reservoir with high gas content should not adopt a high initial water production schedule.     

THE IMPACT MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COAL CONTAINING GAS1)

为得出含瓦斯煤体的冲击力学特性,采用类单轴压缩试验方法,对吸附瓦斯压力在0 MPa, 2 MPa, 4 MPa, 6 MPa等情况下的煤样力学特性进行了研究。研究得出：随着吸附瓦斯压力的增大,煤样的抗压强度、弹性模量、冲击能指数均近似线性降低,峰值应变近似线性增大。随着吸附瓦斯压力的增大,煤体的破坏类型由脆性向延性破坏转变,破坏的分选性增强。吸附瓦斯的作用加速了煤体失稳破坏的进程,并使煤岩瓦斯动力灾害类型呈现由冲击地压主导型向煤与瓦斯突出主导型转变的趋势。     

CFD–DEM simulation of the pneumatic conveying of fine particles through a horizontal slit

Fine particles play a significant role in many industrial processes. To study the dynamic behavior of fine particle and their deposition in rock fractures, the pneumatic conveying of fine particles (approximately 100 μm in diameter) through a small-scale horizontal slit (0.41 m × 0.025 m) was studied, which is useful for the sealing technology of underground gas drainage in coal mining production. The CFD–DEM method was adopted to model the gas-particle two-phase flow; the gas phase was treated as a continuum and modeled using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), particle motion and collisions were simulated using the DEM code. Then, the bulk movement of fine particles through a small-scale horizontal slit was explored numerically, and the flow patterns were further investigated by visual inspection. The simulation results indicated that stratified flow or dune flow can be observed at low gas velocities. For intermediate gas velocities, the flow patterns showed pulsation phenomena, and dune flow reappeared in the tail section. Moreover, periodic flow regimes with alternating thick and sparse stream structures were observed at a high gas velocity. The simulation results of the bulk movement of fine particles were in good agreement with the experimental findings, which were obtained by video-imaging experiments. Furthermore, the calculated pressure drop versus gas velocity profile was investigated and compared with relative experimental findings, and the results showed good agreement. Furthermore, the particle velocity vectors and voidage distribution were numerically simulated. Selected stimulation results are presented and provide a reference for the further study of fine particles.     

瓦斯煤尘共存条件下的煤尘云爆炸下限

近年来瓦斯煤尘共存条件下的爆炸事故呈多发趋势。运用20 L爆炸特性测试系统,对瓦斯煤尘共存复合体系的爆炸特性进行实验研究,得到了瓦斯在不同点火能量、静止及湍流状态下的爆炸下限,以及不同条件下煤尘的爆炸下限。结果表明:随着瓦斯浓度的增加,煤尘的爆炸下限呈指数衰减;瓦斯浓度存在某临界点,高于此临界点,复合体系爆炸过程中瓦斯起主导作用,表现为"强瓦斯"性,反之,煤尘起主导作用,表现为"强煤尘"性。研究结论为有效预防煤矿井下瓦斯煤尘共存爆炸事故提供重要的理论依据。     

超临界CO_2作用后煤微观结构与渗透率变化规律实验研究

在宏观超临界CO_2增透实验基础上进行微观成像实验,提取煤微观孔隙特征,自编Matlab程序,计算孔隙率,得到煤各微区孔隙率和渗透率矩阵,绘制孔隙率和渗透率等值线图。结果表明:增透实验前后煤微观结构差别显著,经超临界CO_2作用后,煤微观孔隙充分发育,孔隙的数量、尺寸明显增加,孔隙率是增透前的9.11倍;随着孔隙压力的增大,煤中粒间孔隙数量增多,孔隙之间的连通性增加,孔隙率呈指数增大的趋势,煤体各微区孔隙率等值线密集程度增加;煤体的渗透率随着孔隙率的增加呈正指数递增的趋势,且随着孔隙压力的增加,渗透率呈指数递增的变化规律,渗透率等值线的密集程度增加,宏微观实验结果是一致的,随着注入超临界CO_2孔隙压力的增加,煤微观孔隙结构的发育程度提高,为煤层气的运移提供更多的通道,有效提高了煤体的渗透性。     

Explosion characteristics of coal gas under various initial temperatures and pressures

Explosion limits data are essential for a quantitative risk assessment of explosion hazard associated with the use of coal gas. The present work is to investigate the influence of various initial temperatures and pressures on explosion characteristics of coal gas/air mixture. The explosion limits and the minimum ignition energy of coal gas/air mixture are obtained experimentally at various temperatures ranging from 20 to 80°C and pressures ranging from 0.1 to 0.2 MPa. An empirical equation is established from the experimental results for the effects of initial temperatures and pressures on explosion limits. By adding diluent (nitrogen) into coal gas/air mixtures, the dilution effects on the explosion limits have been explored as well, and a critical flammable concentration of coal gas is determined to be at 7.4–9.0% by volume. By means of a high-speed digital video camera, the flame front development is recorded and analyzed. The tests are carried out with lean, stoichiometric and rich mixtures of coal gas in air under the conditions of initial pressure and nitrogen addition. Furthermore, the influence of the initial pressure and the concentration on the explosion pressure is measured and compared against theoretical results, where a good agreement is observed.     

The elimination of severe slugging-experiments and modeling

Severe slugging can occur in a pipeline-riser system operating at low liquid and gas rates. The flow of gas into the riser can be blocked by liquid accumulation at the base of the riser. This can cause formation of liquid slugs of a length equal to or longer than the height of the riser. A cyclic process results in which a period of no liquid production into the separator occurs, followed by a period of very high liquid production. This study is an experimental and theoretical investigation of two methods for eliminating this undesirable phenomenon, using choking and gas lift. Choking was found to effectively eliminate or reduce the severity of the slugging. However, the system pressure might increase to some extent. Gas lift can also eliminate severe slugging. While choking reduces the velocities in the riser, gas lift increases the velocities, approaching annular flow. It was found that a relatively large amount of gas was needed before gas injection would completely stabilize the flow through the riser. However, gas injection reduces the slug length and cycle time, causing a more continuous production and a lower system pressure. Theoretical models for the elimination of severe slugging by gas lift and choking have been developed. The models enable the prediction of the flow behavior in the riser. One model is capable of predicting the unstable flow conditions for severe slugging based on a static force balance. The second method is a simplified transient model based on the assumption of a quasi-equilibrium force balance. This model can be used to estimate the characteristics of the flow, such as slug length and cycle time. The models were tested against new severe slugging data acquired in this study. An excellent agreement between the experimental data and the theoretical models was found.     

不同变质程度煤尘爆炸压力特性变化规律实验研究

为研究不同变质程度煤尘爆炸压力特性变化规律,以最大压力pmax和最大压力上升速率(dp/dt)max表征压力特性,使用近球形煤尘爆炸装置对褐煤、长焰煤、不黏煤和气煤的爆炸压力特性变化规律展开分析。研究发现:在4种煤尘样品中,褐煤的pmax和(dp/dt)max均最大,分别达0.71 MPa和65.69 MPa/s。随变质程度增大,长焰煤、不黏煤和气煤的pmax和(dp/dt)max均明显减小,说明以爆炸压力特性为标准,4种煤尘爆炸强度由高到低依次是褐煤、长焰煤、不黏煤和气煤。通过对比爆炸前后煤尘挥发分含量,得出参与爆炸的挥发分含量所占质量分数为46.28%~68.19%。在喷尘压力 p0=2.0 MPa,点火延迟时间t0=100 ms时,4种煤尘pmax值均达最大,分别为0.71、0.60、0.55和0.47 MPa。褐煤、不黏煤和气煤在 p0=2.0 MPa,t0=80 ms时(dp/dt)max达最大,而长焰煤则在 p0=2.0 MPa,t0=100 ms时(dp/dt)max达到最大。     

煤在瓦斯一维渗流作用下的初次破坏

作者观察了煤在瓦斯一维渗流作用下的初次破坏,发现破坏煤体呈球冠状;临界破坏瓦斯超压取决于卸载条件,煤型的强度、半径和长度,以及煤型所受的侧压,但与瓦斯吸附特性无关。对实验例进行了数值分析,结果表明煤体的破坏属于拉伸破坏;卸载速率的增高,侧向围压的减小与煤型几何半径的增大将使得煤体在瓦斯渗流作用下更易于破坏。     

基于离散裂缝的多段压裂水平井数值试井模型及应用

水平井压裂技术已经成为开发低渗透油气藏、页岩气藏和致密气场等非常规油气藏的关键技术。基于离散裂缝模型,对裂缝进行简化,建立了二维多段压裂水平井有限导流数值试井模型,利用有限元方法求解模型,获得多段压裂水平井试井理论曲线和压力场特征。分析表明:多段压裂水平井的试井理论曲线一共分为七个阶段:井筒储存段、裂缝线性流段、裂缝-地层双线性流段、裂缝干扰段、地层线性流段、系统径向流段和边界作用段,其中裂缝-地层双线性流段和裂缝干扰是其典型特征。分析了裂缝数量、裂缝间距、裂缝不对称、裂缝不等长和裂缝部分缺失等因素对试井理论曲线的影响,结果表明:裂缝数量和裂缝间距对试井理论曲线的影响最大。较多的裂缝、较大裂缝间距、对称的裂缝和等长的裂缝有利于降低压裂水平井井底的流动阻力,提高产能。将建立的数值试井模型应用于四川盆地一口多段压裂水平井的压力恢复测试的数值试井解释,结果表明:本文建立的模型可以较好的拟合压力恢复测试数据,可以获得裂缝的导流能力和裂缝长度,为压裂效果评价和压裂设计提供指导。      

A Novel Method for Gas–Water Relative Permeability Measurement of Coal Using NMR Relaxation

Using the conventional volumetric method in unsteady-state relative permeability measurements for unconventional gas reservoirs, such as coal and gas shale, is a significant challenge because the movable water volume in coal or shale is too small to be detected. Moreover, the dead volume in the measurement system adds extra inaccuracy to the displaced water determination. In this study, a low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer was introduced into a custom-built relative permeability measurement apparatus, and a new method was developed to accurately quantify the displaced water, avoiding the drawback of the dead volume. The changes of water in the coal matrix and cleats were monitored during the unsteady-state displacement experiments. Relative permeability curves for two Chinese anthracite and bituminous coals were obtained, matching the existing research results from the Chinese coalbed methane area. Moreover, the influences of confining pressure on the shape of the relative permeability curve were evaluated. Although uncertainties and limits exist, the NMR-based method is a practical and applicable method to evaluate the gas/water relative permeability of ultra-low permeability rocks.     

钻井式煤炭地下气化技术的发展及关键力学问题

煤炭地下气化技术是有希望解决我国能源危机的重要手段之一,是煤炭资源高效清洁利用的有效手段之一,是拓展天然气资源实现战略资源接替的有效方法之一。本文通过调研国内外煤炭地下气化技术,将煤炭地下气化技术分为两类,即钻井式技术和巷道式技术,并重点叙述了钻井式煤炭地下气化技术开发模式。钻井式煤炭地下气化技术的发展可分为4个阶段:(1)基础理论研究阶段;(2)钻孔式技术开发模式阶段;(3)不同贯通方法直井钻井开发模式阶段;(4)水平井钻井开发模式阶段。本文分别对钻孔式、直井钻井式以及水平井钻井式等3种煤炭地下气化技术开发模式的技术核心进行了论述。通过对比不同技术开发模式的使用状况,对其优劣进行了评价。在总结煤炭地下气化技术开发模式发展历程的基础上,指出了地下煤气化技术的发展趋势,对我国将要到来的煤炭地下气化商业化开发局面有积极的指导意义。