Analytical Derivations of Single-Particle Matrix Elements in Nuclear Shell Model

We present analytical method to calculate single particle matrix elements used in atomic and nuclear physics. We show seven different formulas of matrix elements of the operator f(r)d_r^m where f(r) = r^μ, r^μ jJ (qr), V (r) corresponding to the Gaussian and the Yukawa potentials used in nuclear shell models and nuclear structure. In addition, we take into account a general integral formula of the matrix element ＜n'l'|f(r) d _r^(m) |n l＞ that covers all seven matrix elements obtained analytically.     

The Search for Transuranium Elements and the Discovery of Nuclear Fission

The synthesis of new, artificial elements beyond uranium was at the cutting-edge of physical research in the 1930s, and nearly half a dozen transuranium elements were reported between 1934 and 1938. Nuclear physicists and radiochemists collaborated closely, but each field introduced fundamental assumptions that proved to be false: that nuclear changes would always be small, and that transuranium elements would resemble transition elements chemically. With its surprise ending in the discovery of nuclear fission, the misguided transuranium project can be viewed as an example of the illogical progress of scientific discovery. It is also an example of an interdisciplinary collaboration that was flawed yet crucial, for although chemists and physicists both contributed to the delay in discovering fission, their collaboration was essential in leading them to it in the end.     

A Physics Case for SHIPTRAP: Measuring the Masses of Transuranium Elements

SHIPTRAP will allow direct measurement of masses of transuranium nuclides. The method of choice is a Penning trap spectrometer coupled to the SHIP (Separator for Heavy Ion Products) facility at GSI, Darmstadt. In this paper the impact of the SHIPTRAP facility, with its capability of systematic mass measurements with high precision, is explored. Rather few masses of nuclides above uranium are presently known experimentally. In the region of nuclides above Z=100 no ground state masses were measured directly. SHIPTRAP will play an important role in systematically mapping out this area. Possible candidates for direct mass measurements, even with small or very small production cross sections, are presented. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Evolution of nuclear charge radii in copper and indium isotopes

Systematic trends in nuclear charge radii are of great interest due to universal shell effects and odd-even staggering (OES). The modified root mean square (rms) charge radius formula, which phenomenologically accounts for the formation of neutron-proton (np) correlations, is here applied for the first time to the study of odd-Z copper and indium isotopes. Theoretical results obtained by the relativistic mean field (RMF) model with NL3, PK1 and NL3^* parameter sets are compared with experimental data. Our results show that both OES and the abrupt changes across begin{document}$ N = 50 $end{document} and 82 shell closures are clearly reproduced in nuclear charge radii. The inverted parabolic-like behaviors of rms charge radii can also be described remarkably well between two neutron magic numbers, namely begin{document}$ N = 28 $end{document} to 50 for copper isotopes and begin{document}$ N = 50 $end{document} to 82 for indium isotopes. This implies that the np-correlations play an indispensable role in quantitatively determining the fine structures of nuclear charge radii along odd-Z isotopic chains. Also, our conclusions have almost no dependence on the effective forces.     

Mass Spectrometric Determination of Transuranium Elements

Abstract

Mass spectrometric techniques are playing a predominant role for the determination of transuranium elements in bulk samples as well as in microparticles. Their applications to liquid and solid samples for the determination of the isotopic composition as well as for the concentration measurements are discussed. The new developments for the characterization of microparticles stemming from different release scenarios of radioactivity are considered. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and its hyphenation with other techniques for resolving isobaric interferences are presented. The application of glow discharge and laser ablation directly to solid samples is highlighted. Finally, the exploitation of secondary ion mass spectrometry, accelerator mass spectrometry, resonance ionization mass spectrometry, and thermal ionization mass spectrometry for the determination of the isotopic composition of uranium and plutonium in microparticles is illustrated.     

Correlation effects on the charge radii of exotic nuclei

The structures and distributions of light nuclei are investigated within a microscopic correlation model. Two particle correlations are responsible for the scattering of model particles either to low momentum- or to high momentum-states. The low momentum states form the model space while the high momentum states are used to calculate the G-matrix. The three and higher order particle correlations do not play a role in the latter calculation especially if the correlations induced by the scattering operator are of sufficient short range. They modify however, via the long tail of the nuclear potential, the Slater determinant of the (A) particles by generating excited Slater’s determinants.      

水泥中金属元素的激光诱导击穿光谱实验条件研究

激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)是一种被广泛使用的物质元素检测技术。由于它的探测结果受多种因素的影响,因此,分析比较不同实验条件对LIBS光谱测量的影响对LIBS检测有着重要的意义。通过采用四川省北川县中联水泥有限公司生产的42.5普通硅酸盐水泥制成的水泥压片,利用八通道光纤光谱仪AvaSpec-2048-USB2-RM、延时触发器DG645进行了LIBS检测。针对影响水泥几种重要技术指标的金属元素Mg,Al,Na,K进行了分析。主要对比了激光频率、同一点测量次数对不同金属元素光谱信号强度的影响,得出在本实验条件下的最佳实验参数：10 Hz为最佳激光频率,激光频率为10 Hz时元素Mg,Al,Na,K所得到的光谱强度比8 Hz时分别提高了67.66%,47.88%,84.59%,43.36%。由于压片样品在放置过程中,表面会有少量的氧化、潮解, 在以测量10次求一次平均所得结果进行记录的条件下,以第三、四次记录结果为最佳。     

Semiempirical Shell Model Masses with Magic Proton Number Z=126 for Translead Elements

A highly extrapolatable semiempirical shell model mass equation applicable to translead elements up to Z=126 is presented. The equation is applied to the recently discovered superheavy nuclei ²⁹³118 and ²⁸⁹114 and their decay products. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Isotope shift calculations for D lines of stable and short-lived lithium nuclei

The isotope shifts(TSs) for the 2s~2S_(1/2) to 2p~2P_J(J = 1/2,3/2) transitions of the lithium nuclei including the stable and short-lived isotopes are calculated based on the multi-configuration Dirac-Hartree-Fock method and the relativistic configuration interaction approach.The results are in good agreement with the previous theoretical and experimental results within a deviation less than 0.05%.The methods used here could be applied to the IS calculations for other heavier Li-like ions and few-electron systems.     

Laser Based Techniques for Ultra Trace Isotope Production, Spectroscopy and Detection

A variety of research activities in the field of fundamental and applied nuclear physics has evolved in the last years using resonantly tuned radiation from powerful lasers. The technique of resonance ionization spectroscopy has delivered outstanding results and found broad acceptance in the last years as a particularly efficient and highly selective method for rare and exotic radioisotope studies. It is used for production, spectroscopy and detection of these species and provides complete isobaric, high isotopic and even some isomeric selection, which altogether is needed for on-line investigation of short lived species far off stability as well as for ultra trace determination. Good overall efficiency pushes the experimental limits of detection in elemental trace analysis down to below 10⁶ atoms per sample, and additionally isotopic selectivity as high as 3 × 10¹² has been demonstrated. The widespread potential of resonance ionization techniques is discussed, focusing on the experimental arrangements for applications in selective on-line isotope production, spectroscopy of rare radioisotopes and ultra trace determination of radiotoxic isotopes like ²³⁸Pu to ²⁴⁴Pu, ^135,137Cs, ^89,90Sr or ⁴¹Ca in environmental, technical and biomedical samples.     

Microscopic calculations of matter and charge distributions of exotic nuclei within the Dynamic Correlation Model

We have studied nano-sized Au catalysts supported on Mg(OH)₂ and TiO₂ using ¹⁹⁷Au Mössbauer spectroscopy. ¹⁹⁷Au Mössbauer spectra observed for Au/Mg(OH)₂ catalysts can be decomposed into one singlet with zero isomer shift and several doublets. One of the doublets shows an isomer shift that is typical for Au^I, and other doublets are due to Au^III. The relative area of the Au^I component shows the maximum value for a specimen calcined at 523 K, which also shows the highest catalytic activity.     

Number of states with given spin I and isospin T for n fermions in a j orbit

In this study, we investigate formulas of the number of states with a given total spin I and isospin T for n nucleons in a single-j shell denoted by \begin{document}$ D_{IT} (j, n) $\end{document}. Talmi's recursion formulas for the number of states with a given z-axis projection of total spin are generalized by further considering the isospin couplings and are applied to derive explicit formulas of \begin{document}$ D_{IT} (j, n) $\end{document}.     

普铝中Fe,Si元素的激光诱导击穿光谱测试条件及定量分析研究

为推广LIBS技术在电解铝行业中的应用,充分发挥其快速、免制样、多元素同时检测的优势。利用激光诱导击穿光谱技术首次对铝电解生产得到的普铝中Fe和Si元素进行测试研究,探索了合理的实验参数条件,在合理的实验条件基础上建立定标曲线并对普铝中Fe和Si元素进行定量分析,结合国标GB/T 7999-2015《铝及铝合金光电直读发射光谱分析方法》考察LIBS测试结果的准确性。以Nd∶YAG脉冲激光器基频1 064 nm激光作为光源激发等离子体,采用多通道光栅光谱仪和ICCD检测器检测、记录光谱信息。首先探测了LIBS光谱谱线,并对谱线进行了归属;综合分析,选取AlⅠ 266.04 nm,SiⅠ 288.15 nm与FeⅠ 259.92 nm作为分析谱线用于定量分析研究。分别研究了触发延迟时间、1Q延迟时间、激光器设定电压对光谱信号强度及信噪比SNR的影响。实验结果表明,触发延迟时间4 μs、1Q延迟时间170～190 μs、激光器设定电压560 V对于Si与Fe元素定量测试分析而言是较为合理的实验参数。根据谱线强度与元素浓度的关系,采用内标法建立了定标曲线,Si与Fe元素定标曲线中相关系数分别为0.919 72与0.952 11,其相对标准偏差（RSD）分别为7.25%与6.34%,说明谱线强度与元素浓度具有良好的线性关系,并基于此模型对12个样品进行了定量测试分析。将测试结果与光电直读发射光谱测得的结果进行比对,结果表明,Fe含量的相对误差绝对值在0~17.3%之间,Si含量相对误差绝对值在0~14.3%之间。依照国标GB/T 7999-2015《铝及铝合金光电直读发射光谱分析方法》中规定的实验室之间分析结果相对误差≤17%的规定,12个测试样品中,试样Si含量测试100%符合允许差要求,试样Fe含量测试91.7%符合允许差要求。该实验结果表明,LIBS技术在电解铝普铝Fe和Si元素检测中具有一定的推广利用价值。     

Laser spectroscopy of high spin isomers – a review

This review summarizes the experimental data on charge radii differences among ground state and high spin isomeric states determined by high-resolution laser spectroscopic methods. A comparison is presented between radii changes obtained from the isomeric shifts in the atomic spectra and from the quadrupole moments of both ground and isomeric states under the assumption that the radii changes are determined by the difference of the quadrupole deformations. Special attention is paid to isomers arising from the break-up of nucleon pairs and isomers of odd–odd nuclei. The characteristic features of the radii changes for isomeric states of different origin are discussed.     

牙釉质中稀土和微量元素的ICP-MS方法检测

主要研究应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定牙釉质中稀土和微量元素的实验方法。实验证明牙釉质样品经硝酸-过氧化氢体系消解,样品溶解完全,可以满足ICP-MS检测方法的要求。方法的精密度用相对标准偏差表示在0.50%～6.79%之间,方法准确度以标准回收率度量在94.45%～104.78%之间,完全能满足生物样品的测试要求。本实验为口腔医学研究提出一个简便、准确和可行的研究方法的同时,也为龋齿病防治提供了有龋齿和无龋齿中样品中稀土微量元素测试数据。     

激光诱导击穿光谱法定量分析水泥中的铜元素

为定量分析水泥中的铜(Cu)元素,根据激光诱导击穿光谱分析方法(Ll BS)的特点,建立了激光诱导击穿光谱分析系统。采用标准加入法为定标方法,制备了5个不同含铜量的水泥样品。根据LIBS谱图,以213.598 nm和219.958 nm作为分析线。应用Savitzky-Golary卷积平滑方法对光谱数据进行了预处理,比较了Guass、Lorentz和Voigt拟合方法对光谱曲线的拟合效果。对测量结果采用一元线性拟合建立了相应的定标曲线,213.598 nm和219.958 nm定标曲线的校正决定系数分别为0.994 8和0.986 4,平均相对误差分别为3.20%和5.78%。实验结果表明:213.598 nm作为分析线的准确度优于219.958 nm分析线,该方法能够满足水泥中Cu元素定量分析的要求。     

基于激光诱导击穿光谱技术的混合溶液重金属元素检测

利用激光诱导击穿光谱技术对混合溶液中的Cu,Mg,Zn和Cd四种重金属元素进行实验测量,实验中采用波长为1 064 nm,脉宽10 ns,重频10 Hz的激光器。在蒸馏水中加入CuSO₄,Mg(NO₃)₂,Zn(NO₃)₂和Cd(NO₃)₂四种溶质,配置7种不同Cu,Mg,Zn和Cd浓度的混合溶液,采用统计探索性数据分析方法处理LIBS实验数据,得到水溶液中Cu,Mg,Zn和Cd元素的定标曲线,拟合度系数R2均大于0.99,计算出Cu,Mg,Zn和Cd四种元素的检测限分别为5.62,4.71,13.67和4.43 ppm,单一溶质CuSO₄溶液中的Cu元素的LOD值为3.98 ppm。最后对单一溶质和四种溶质的LIBS检测结果差异进行了分析。研究结果表明激光诱导击穿光谱技术在环境水污染多种重金属元素检测方面具有潜在的应用前景。     

利用双色激光感生光栅光谱法测定^127I的核自旋

本文利用ＮｄＹＡＧ激光倍频光５３２ｎｍ激光分成强度大致相等的两束激光作为泵浦光以２．７３°交叉于碘分子样品室中，两束泵浦光发生干涉在碘分子中选择激发形成了空间正弦分布的激光态分子光栅和基态耗尽型光栅。另一束窄线宽染料激光作为探索光射入到激光感生光栅上，沿着布拉格衍射的方向接收信号光。利用泵浦共振为３２－０Ｒ（５５），探索共振为１３－０Ｐ（５５），Ｒ（５５）和泵浦共振为３２－０Ｐ（５２），探索共振为１３－０Ｐ（５２），Ｒ（５２）的碘分子双色激光感生光栅光谱谱线强度测定了１２７Ｉ的核自旋，测定值为５／２。