气液两相旋流燃烧的时均统计特性

通过直接数值模拟的方法研究了旋流燃烧器中三维正庚烷喷雾燃烧,为实际喷雾蒸发和燃烧问题提供参考。气相燃烧模型采用自适应单步反应机理,液相采用拉格朗日方法跟踪,液滴蒸发采用无限传导蒸发模型。本文研究了气相和液相时均特性.结果发现燃烧和中心回流区(CRZ)之间有相互促进作用;同向旋流导致更强的中心回流区(CRZ),但是会有更小的外部回流区(ORZ);富预混燃烧会有更高的化学反应速率,并且蒸发冷却的影响更为明显;湍流入流会导致更高的液滴散布和更小的液滴直径。     

不同工况下旋流液雾燃烧的直接数值模拟

采用有限差分方法对不同工况下三维旋流液雾燃烧进行了直接数值模拟,其中液滴的跟踪在拉格朗日框架中进行,液滴的蒸发相变采用无限热传导蒸发模型描述,气相燃烧采用自适应单步反应机理,模拟中采用的模型燃烧器尽可能逼近真实的燃气轮机旋流燃烧器.结果发现,旋流液雾燃烧流动和火焰结构受到旋流方式和当量比的影响,流场中出现了反平行排列的...     

液体火箭有机凝胶喷雾液滴蒸发模型及仿真研究

凝胶推进剂虽然兼具有液体推进剂流量可控和固体推进剂长期可储存等优点, 但凝胶喷雾液滴蒸发燃烧问题却一直困扰着凝胶推进剂研制及燃烧室设计工作, 阻碍了凝胶推进剂实际工程应用.设计实现了凝胶单液滴蒸发燃烧实验系统, 通过某型有机凝胶偏二甲肼(UDMH)单液滴在四氧化二氮蒸气中的蒸发燃烧实验现象, 进一步深入分析了凝胶液滴蒸发燃烧机理.根据实验中凝胶单液滴在不同阶段的蒸发特性, 建立了有机凝胶喷雾液滴在胶凝剂膜形成、膨胀、破裂三个不同蒸发阶段的多组分蒸发模型, 采用初步选定的模型参数及物性参数对凝胶单液滴在高温气体环境中的蒸发全过程进行了仿真计算, 并与常规液体液滴的仿真结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,凝胶喷雾液滴表面胶凝剂含量在蒸发初期增加比较缓慢, 但在某临界时刻后的极短时间内迅速升高至形成胶凝剂膜的质量分数95%, 导致表面质量流率迅速下降至0,表面温度则快速上升至UDMH推进剂沸点.胶凝剂膜形成后, 液滴半径及表面UDMH蒸气质量分数出现了实验现象中凝胶液滴反复膨胀-破裂的震荡现象, 液滴表面温度维持在略高于沸点的某温度范围内,凝胶液滴内部的沸腾蒸发明显强于液体液滴表面稳态蒸发流率, 使得凝胶喷雾液滴生存时间小于常规液体液滴.     

新型液体火箭发动机燃烧不稳定性研究

应用CFD方法对新型液体火箭发动机燃烧过程进行全尺寸数值模拟。首次有针对性地系统得出了混合比、液氧喷雾初始尺寸分布、缩进区液氧蒸发质量对氢氧火箭发动机燃烧振荡的影响规律,评估了1轮毂3径向喷嘴隔板抑制燃烧振荡的效果,并对氢氧、液氧/甲烷两种火箭发动机的燃烧不稳定性特征进行了对比分析。结果表明:存在某一特定的混合比、喷雾液滴直径、缩进区液氧蒸发质量敏感区间,易导致不稳定燃烧;喷嘴轮毂隔板可很好地抑制燃烧振荡;氢氧、液氧/甲烷燃烧分别以高频和低频压力振荡为主。     

液滴变形-袋式-多模式破碎转换研究

液滴破碎是影响内燃机燃烧的核心因素,其直接决定喷雾特性、蒸发速率以及混合气形成。为了揭示宽参数空间下液滴破碎模式之间的转换机理,本文采用简化耦合的多相流模型S-CLSVOF以及自适应网格加密技术对液滴在气流中的破碎过程进行了数值模拟研究。同时进一步将模拟结果与基于Rayleigh-Taylor失稳机理的理论模型进行比较并对其参数进行了修正。结合理论分析和数值模拟探讨了液滴破碎模式之间的转换。     

高速数字全息测量乙醇喷雾火焰中液滴三维位置、粒径及蒸发率

喷雾蒸发燃烧的研究对指导发动机燃烧系统设计具有重要意义。本文搭建了高速数字全息系统,在线测量乙醇喷雾火焰中液滴的粒径、三维位置、速度及蒸发率。对喷雾火焰中的液滴进行了统计分析,得到液滴粒径及三维空间分布。燃烧喷雾场液滴的平均粒径为68μm;非燃烧火焰测试区液滴数量多且较密集,燃烧火焰测试区液滴数量少且稀疏.追踪单液滴并处理得到湍流火焰中液滴的运动轨迹及速度。通过研究粒径的平方D2随停留时间ts的变化,测得液滴平均蒸发率为-3.343×10-7 m2/s.     

VOF方法数值计算双液滴蒸发与燃烧

采用VOF两相数值方法建模前后移动的双正癸烷液滴在高温对流空气中的燃烧过程,分析了不同液滴中心间距对前后液滴燃烧速率的影响。结果表明:液滴蒸发可分为预热期和稳定蒸发期,在液滴生存期的大部分时间内,基本满足d~2定律,且存在一定变形;前后布置时,上游液滴的燃烧速率和单液滴燃烧速率相近,低雷诺数下,下游液滴的燃烧速率随液滴中心间距增大而增大,最终趋于单液滴的燃烧速率。     

三维涡方法模拟蒸发性喷雾

本文发展了考虑可压缩效应的双向耦合三维涡方法,将涡方法拓展至蒸发性喷雾的模拟。离散相液滴的运动采用拉格朗日方法跟踪,采用考虑了吹风效应和对流效应的N-G-R-M模型计算其传热传质。针对文献中的丙酮喷雾实验开展数值模拟,获得喷雾涡量场发展过程及涡量分布规律,并与实验数据进行对比,液滴直径的空间分布与实验结果吻合良好,本文模型可预测出喷雾液滴的平均寿命。     

喷雾火焰中液滴尺寸的测量及研究

一、引言 为了从理论上计算预报喷雾火焰中的液滴尺寸,研究者们提出许多描述喷雾中液滴的蒸发、着火和燃烧的模型。这些模型大致可分两类:一类是修正后的经典模型,以单个油滴为分析对象,其蒸发模型是液滴尺寸的减小遵从直径平方规律;另一类是以液滴群为对象,考虑液滴之间的相互作用,从而列出一系列数理方程。     

对流速度对燃料液滴火焰形态及燃烧的影响

考虑气相非稳态及液滴内部环流,建立运动液滴非稳态蒸发燃烧模型.模型采用动网格方法精确追踪液滴表面位置,采用守恒方程组更新液滴表面边界条件.根据单步全局化学反应机理,仿真研究正庚烷燃料液滴在不同对流速度下的火焰形态及燃烧.结果表明:运动液滴内部环流使液滴内部低温区向环流中心移动.当液滴运动速度大于某临界值后,火焰形态由包覆火焰转变为尾迹火焰.包覆火焰的富燃区范围、高温区范围及燃烧速率明显较尾迹火焰大;包覆火焰的液滴表面温度及表面蒸发流率分布也明显不同于尾迹火焰.     

Combustion of partially premixed spray jets

Gas turbines, liquid rocket motors, and oil-fired furnaces utilize the spray combustion of continuously injected liquid fuels. In most cases, the liquid spray is mixed with an oxidizer prior to combustion, and further oxidizer is supplied from the outside of the spray to complete diffusion combustion. This rich premixed spray is called “partially premixed spray.” Partially premixed sprays have not been studied systematically although they are of practical importance. In the present study, the burning behavior of partially premixed sprays was experimentally studied with a newly developed spray burner. A fuel spray and an oxidizer, diluted with nitrogen, was injected into the air. The overall equivalence ratio of the spray jet was set larger than unity to establish partially premixed spray combustion. In the present burner, the mean droplet diameter of the atomized liquid fuel could be varied without varying the overall equivalence ratio of the spray jet. Two combustion modes with and without an internal flame were observed. As the mean droplet diameter was increased or the overall equivalence ratio of the spray jet was decreased, the transition from spray combustion only with an external group flame to that with the internal premixed flame occurred. The results suggest that the internal flame was supported by flammable mixture through the vaporization of fine droplets, and the passage of droplet clusters deformed the internal flame and caused internal flame oscillation. The existence of the internal premixed flame enhanced the vaporization of droplets in the post-premixed-flame zone within the external diffusion flame.     

直喷式柴油机燃烧数值计算研究

以KIVA-3为计算平台,对4气门直喷式柴油机的早喷燃烧、预喷燃烧和传统燃烧三种燃烧方式工作过程进行了模拟计算,得以下结论:早喷燃烧方式因喷到缸壁的油量较多,受进气涡流影响较少,同时利用喷射效应改善缸内氧气分布,因此早喷燃烧比较完全。预喷燃烧方式仍以扩散燃烧为主,预喷油燃烧改变了主喷初期油注周围的组分分布与温度分布,从而改变主喷燃油的燃烧历程。进气涡流造成的缸内流场不均匀性是影响传统燃烧方式燃烧不完全的主要因素之一。     

雾化角对液体火箭发动机燃烧室压力振荡的影响

针对液氧/煤油火箭发动机模型燃烧室实现了三维非稳态两相燃烧过程的数值模拟,得到的燃烧室截面平均压力和平均速度与实验吻合。在初边值条件不施加任何扰动的情况下,得到了燃烧室压力自激振荡过程,并研究了液氧和煤油喷嘴雾化角对燃烧室压力振荡的影响。计算结果表明:当雾化角为40°或120°时,由于燃料与氧化剂喷雾锥重叠区域较小或较大,导致了推进剂混合很差或很好,不易在燃烧室头部出现局部爆炸性的可燃混气团,致使燃烧室压力振荡强度较弱;而当雾化角为中间值65°时,易于出现爆炸性的可燃气团并导致剧烈的压力振荡,使燃烧室中出现燃烧不稳定性。因此,雾化角的合理设计是抑制燃烧不稳定性的一种途径。     

高温条件下甲醇喷雾的燃烧特性

高温条件下甲醇喷雾的燃烧特性杨长林，舒国才，刘月辉，王懿铭（天津大学内燃机燃烧学国家重点实验室天津３０Ｏ０７２）关键词高温环境，甲醇喷雾，燃烧特性１前言甲醇作为一种内燃机代用燃料，已经受到了人们的广泛重视，但由于甲醇的十六烷值低，着人性能差，因此在柴...     

Modelling biodiesel–diesel spray combustion using multicomponent vaporization coupled with detailed fuel chemistry and soot models

A multicomponent vaporization model is integrated with detailed fuel chemistry and soot models for simulating biodiesel–diesel spray combustion. Biodiesel, a fuel mixture comprised of fatty-acid methyl esters, is an attractive alternative to diesel fuel for use in compression-ignition engines. Accurately modelling of the spray, vaporization, and combustion of the fuel mixture is critical to predicting engine performance using biodiesel. In this study, a discrete-component vaporization model was developed to simulate the vaporization of biodiesel drops. The model can predict differences in the vaporization rates of different fuel components. The model was validated by use of experimental data of the measured biodiesel drop size history and spray penetration data obtained from a constant-volume chamber. Gas phase chemical reactions were simulated using a detailed reaction mechanism that also includes PAH reactions leading to the production of soot precursors. A phenomenological multi-step soot model was utilized to predict soot emissions from biodiesel–diesel combustion. The soot model considered various steps of soot formation and destruction, such as soot inception, surface growth, coagulation, and PAH condensation, as well as oxidation by oxygen and hydroxyl-containing molecules. The overall numerical model was validated with experimental data on flame structure and soot distributions obtained from a constant-volume chamber. The model was also applied to predict combustion, soot and NOx emissions from a diesel engine using different biodiesel–diesel blends. The engine simulation results were further analysed to determine the soot emissions characteristics by use of biodiesel–diesel fuels.     

Diesel engine emissions and combustion predictions using advanced mixing models applicable to fuel sprays

An advanced mixing model was applied to study engine emissions and combustion with different injection strategies ranging from multiple injections, early injection and grouped-hole nozzle injection in light and heavy duty diesel engines. The model was implemented in the KIVA-CHEMKIN engine combustion code and simulations were conducted at different mesh resolutions. The model was compared with the standard KIVA spray model that uses the Lagrangian-Drop and Eulerian-Fluid (LDEF) approach, and a Gas Jet spray model that improves predictions of liquid sprays. A Vapor Particle Method (VPM) is introduced that accounts for sub-grid scale mixing of fuel vapor and more accurately and predicts the mixing of fuel-vapor over a range of mesh resolutions. The fuel vapor is transported as particles until a certain distance from nozzle is reached where the local jet half-width is adequately resolved by the local mesh scale. Within this distance the vapor particle is transported while releasing fuel vapor locally, as determined by a weighting factor. The VPM model more accurately predicts fuel-vapor penetrations for early cycle injections and flame lift-off lengths for late cycle injections. Engine combustion computations show that as compared to the standard KIVA and Gas Jet spray models, the VPM spray model improves predictions of in-cylinder pressure, heat released rate and engine emissions of NOx, CO and soot with coarse mesh resolutions. The VPM spray model is thus a good tool for efficiently investigating diesel engine combustion with practical mesh resolutions, thereby saving computer time.     

Large eddy simulation of the low temperature ignition and combustion processes on spray flame with the linear eddy model

Large eddy simulation coupled with the linear eddy model (LEM) is employed for the simulation of n-heptane spray flames to investigate the low temperature ignition and combustion process in a constant-volume combustion vessel under diesel-engine relevant conditions. Parametric studies are performed to give a comprehensive understanding of the ignition processes. The non-reacting case is firstly carried out to validate the present model by comparing the predicted results with the experimental data from the Engine Combustion Network (ECN). Good agreements are observed in terms of liquid and vapour penetration length, as well as the mixture fraction distributions at different times and different axial locations. For the reacting cases, the flame index was introduced to distinguish between the premixed and non-premixed combustion. A reaction region (RR) parameter is used to investigate the ignition and combustion characteristics, and to distinguish the different combustion stages. Results show that the two-stage combustion process can be identified in spray flames, and different ignition positions in the mixture fraction versus RR space are well described at low and high initial ambient temperatures. At an initial condition of 850 K, the first-stage ignition is initiated at the fuel-lean region, followed by the reactions in fuel-rich regions. Then high-temperature reaction occurs mainly at the places with mixture concentration around stoichiometric mixture fraction. While at an initial temperature of 1000 K, the first-stage ignition occurs at the fuel-rich region first, then it moves towards fuel-richer region. Afterwards, the high-temperature reactions move back to the stoichiometric mixture fraction region. For all of the initial temperatures considered, high-temperature ignition kernels are initiated at the regions richer than stoichiometric mixture fraction. By increasing the initial ambient temperature, the high-temperature ignition kernels move towards richer mixture regions. And after the spray flames gets quasi-steady, most heat is released at the stoichiometric mixture fraction regions. In addition, combustion mode analysis based on key intermediate species illustrates three-mode combustion processes in diesel spray flames.     

Analysis of combustion regimes and conditional statistics of autoigniting turbulent n-heptane sprays

DNS is performed for a statistically one dimensional layer of a spray region resembling diesel engine conditions. The group and collective combustion regimes are identified according to the ratio of the chemical and transport time scales for a single droplet. The statistics in group combustion are similar with those in gas phase combustion. The collective combustion regime involves interspersed rich regions with different dissipation characteristics. Reasonable agreements are shown with the scaled AMC model and the linear evaporation model in the ranges of meaningful probability. Initially the evaporation terms are dominant in the budgets of the conditional enthalpy equation. After ignition the chemical reaction term becomes dominant to be balanced by the time rate of change term. For modeling turbulent spray combustion it may not be essential to consider detailed micro structures around each droplet, unless in the droplet combustion regime.