Effect of antioxidant distribution in polycaprolactam on the variation of strength and deformability at elevated temperatures

The effect of quinhydrone distribution over the cross section on the strength and deformability at elevated temperatures has been investigated for specimens of polycaprolactam. The optimum concentrations of quinhydrone in the surface layer of polycaprolactam retaining maximum strength over an extended period in a hot-air medium have been determined. The most probable areas of formation and localization of structural defects under thermal action have been established.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 296–301, 1967     

Relation between molecular orientation characteristics determined from birefringence and acoustic data and the effect of orientation on the strength of polycaprolactam fibers

The mean molecular orientation calculated from birefringence and acoustic data has been investigated in relation to the degree of stretching for polycaprolactam fiber. A correlation has been found between the characteristics calculated by these two independent methods. It is shown that the molecular orientation factor calculated from the speed of sound does not depend on crystallinity if the measurements are made below the glass transition temperature. It is confirmed that the strength of the fiber depends importantly on the degree of orientation of the molecular segments in the amorphous zones.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 3–7, 1967     

Effect of neutron irradiation on the lifetime of polycaprolactam

On the basis of a study of the temperature-time dependence of polycaprolactam irradiated with thermal neutrons, it has been shown that strength and lifetime and the parameters which determine lifetime vary as functions of the radiation dose.     

Effect of elevated temperatures on the strength of cured resins and resin-based materials

Measurement of the loss of weight and ultimate compressive strength of phenol-formaldehyde resins under the influence of elevated temperatures has shown that during thermal degradation there is an abrupt transition from a first to a second and third structural stage with steadily increasing stabilization of the strength properties. Apart from the dependence on the heat treatment conditions, all the resins investigated were found to give a straight-line relation between the relative change in ultimate compressive strength and the relative change in weight for each structural stage. The investigation was conducted on standard specimens obtained by molding a mixture of hardening resin and the same resin in precured powdered form.     

Effect of structural-chemical modification of a polycaprolactam block on the retention of strength during thermo-oxidation

The structure and strength of a block of polycaprolactam (PC) have been investigated in relation to diffusion stabilization and thermo-oxidation. It is shown that structural modification of the surface layers of the PC block with zinc iodide has an important effect on the retention of strength during prolonged thermo-oxidation.Kaunas Polytechnic Institute; Institute of Physicotechnical Problems of Energetics, Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR, Kaunas. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 1, pp. 10–14, January–February, 1970.     

Temperature reversal of the reinforcing effect of fillers

A previous investigation [4] of the tear strength of filled systems based on SKS-85 butadiene-styrene copolymer over a broad temperature interval revealed a reversal of the reinforcing effect of fillers with a coefficient of thermal expansion different from that of the filled polymer. At Tg the strength of mixtures containing polymer fillers [Kapron (polycaprolactam) and cellophane powder] exceeds that of mixtures containing chalk and carbon black. The temperature reversal effect is attributed to the severe weakening of the adhesion of the polymer to the surface of the filler particles as a result of the concentration of shrinkage stresses in the polymer-filler contact zone. The presence of shrinkage stresses around the filler particles at Tg is qualitatively demonstrated on model systems using a photoelastic technique. Moreover, it is shown that the unbalance, and hence the residual stresses, in filled systems at temperatures below the glass transition temperature of the filled polymer is determined by the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion.Moscow Technological Institute of the Meat and Dairy Industry. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 4, pp. 579–583, July–August, 1969.     

Effect of production technology upon the supramolecular structure of crystalline polymers

The supramolecular structure and some other properties (density, microhardness) of high-density polyethylene and polycaprolactam specimens, molded under various conditions and aged for periods up to five months, have been studied.The change in the nature of the supramolecular structure and properties of the tested materials was determined in relation to molding conditions and aging time. It was found that the properties of these materials are determined by their supramolecular structure.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 9–14, 1965     

Viscoelastic behavior of deformed polytetrafluoroethylene

The effect of pressure and heat treatment on the viscoelastic properties of polytetrafluoroethylene has been studied by the free torsional vibration method. It is shown that the deformation of PTFE produces an important change in the principal relaxation processes associated with the molecular mobility in the amorphous regions. On the basis of the measurements made it is concluded that the mechanical strength of the PTFE increases, which is in good agreement with the results of static tests. A conclusion is drawn concerning the molecular mechanism of the processes associated with the deformation of PTFE.Scientific-Research Institute of Plastics, Moscow. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 5, pp. 943–945, September–October, 1974.     

Mathematical modeling and comparison of air standard Dual and Dual-Atkinson cycles with friction,heat transfer and variable specific-heats of the working fluid

Based on finite-time thermodynamics, a comparative performance analysis of air standard Dual and Dual-Atkinson cycles with heat-transfer loss, friction like term losses and variable specific-heats of the working fluid have been performed. Also the effects of heat loss, as characterized by a percentage of the fuel’s energy, friction and variable specific-heats of the working fluid, on performance of the mentioned irreversible cycles are analyzed. Moreover, detailed numerical examples show the relations between the power output and the compression ratio, between the thermal efficiency and the compression ratio, as well as the optimal relation between the power output and the thermal efficiency of cycles. Results show the importance of consideration of heat loss effects on the both cycles’ performance. Also performance comparison of two cycles show that heat efficiency and power output of a Dual-Atkinson cycle are higher than a Dual cycle’s ones. The results obtained from this paper will provide guidance for the design of Dual-Atkinson engines.     

Equilibrium failure processes of granular composites

The macroscopic failure of inhomogeneous media results from damage accumulation on different structural levels. During rigid loading, when given displacements of boundary points are ensured, irrespective of the body's resistance, structural-failure processes of composite materials take place in an equilibrium regime and result in the manifestation of such nonlinear-behavior effects as a descending branch on the strain diagram. the structural elements of a granular composite are homogeneous and firmly connected along the interface. Their geometry and mutual arrangement are given and do not change during deformation and failure of the medium, and the medium itself is macrohomogenous. The strength of isotropic structural elementsis estimated by comparing the second invariant of the stress tensor with its critical value. Nonfulfillment of the indicated strength criterion is associated with loss of ability to resist changes in form; at this point, the positive value of the first invariant corresponds to loss of such ability to resist and increase in volume. The deformation and structural failure of the medium are investigated as a single process that can be described under quasi-static loading by a boundary problem consisting of a closed system of Eqs. (1) and (2) and boundary conditions providing for a macrohomogeneous strain state. A principal feature of the boundary problem under consideration is the possibility of considering in constitutive relationships the states of the inhomogeneous medium, which correspond to partial or complete loss of bearing capacity of the structural elements. The random structural strength constants correspond to three-parameter Weibull distribution (6). The representative volume of a granular composite, which fills a domain in the form of a cube, is modeled by a set of istropic elastobrittle strain diagrams containing a descending branch are obtained as a result of the mathematical modeling of deformation processes and structural failure to realized a representative volume containing 384 structural elements with different strength and similar elastic constants.Presented at the Ninth International Conference on the Mechanics of Composite Materials, Riga, October, 1995.Perm'State Mechanical University, Russia. Translated From Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 808–817, November–December, 1996.     

Relation between the mechanical properties of polymers and the kinetic flexibility of the macromolecules

Nuclear magnetic resonance combined with extension of the specimens in the NMR spectrometer on the reversible deformation range has been used to study the cooperative modes of motion of the macromolecules in polymers, specifically polycaprolactam and polyethylene terephthalate. For each of these polymers there are two temperatures near which the nature of the molecular motion changes sharply. At low temperatures there is a transition from independent hindered vibrations of the repeating units to correlated vibrations, as a result of which the chains in the amorphous regions acquire limited kinetic flexibility within the glassy state; at high temperatures there is a transition to segmental motion. The question of how changes in the modes of molecular motion are reflected in the macroscopic mechanical properties of polymers is examined.Ioffe Physicotechnical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 1, pp. 24–29, January–February, 1971.     

Effect of processing conditions on the supramolecular structure and strength properties of polycaprolactam

The formation of supramolecular structures in block polycaprolactam is considered. It is shown that technological factors have a considerable effect on the nature of the supramolecular structure. Two of these factors are the temperature gradient of the polymer melt and the nature of its motion in the cylinder of the injection molding machine up to the moment of injection into the mold. It is shown that the nonuniformity of deformation and the considerable number of defects associated with large supraspherulitic formations lead to a deterioration in the strength and deformation properties of polymers.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 659–663, 1966     

Effect of elevated temperatures on the strength of cured resins and resin-based materials

An investigation of the thermal stability of polycondensation cured resins has confirmed the previously established linear relationship between loss of strength and loss of weight. In the process of thermal degradation three qualitatively different stages are observed. The first is characterized by a fall in strength at low weight loss, pointing to a highly stressed structural network. The second stage, characterized by smooth variation of strength and weight, corresponds to thermo-oxidative degradation, which in the case of organophosphorous and melamine-formaldehyde resins ends in the formation of stable structures (third stage) with a residual strength of 8–10%. It is proposed to estimate the thermal stability of resins from three-dimensional diagrams in strength-temperature-time coordinates. Plane diagrams can be used for the rapid comparative evaluation of different resins.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 746–754, 1966     

Deformation of thin polycaprolactam film in uniaxial tension

The individual stages of deformation of spherulitic specimens of polycaprolactam have been studied by a microscopic method. An empirical relation between the total deformation of the specimen and the deformation of the individual spherulite is obtained.     

On dynamic effects in an elastic half-space under “thermal impact” : PMM vol. 38, n 6, 1974, pp. 1105–1113

The general uncoupled dynamical problem of thermoelasticity for a half-space under the condition of a thermal impact with a finite rate of change in temperature on its boundary is solved by the method of principal (fundamental) functions within the framework of a generalized theory of heat conduction.An elastic steel half-space is analyzed as an illustration. The problem on thermal stresses originating in an elastic half-space due to thermal impact produced by a jump change in temperature on the boundary was first analyzed in [1]. Since the temperature change on the boundary occurs at a finite rate, it is generally impossible to realize the thermal impact considered in [1] physically. The dynamic effects in an elastic half-space under a thermal impact with finite rate of change in the temperature on the boundary have been studied in [2]. For high rates of change of the heat flux we obtain a generalized wave equation of heat conduction [3] taking into account the finite velocity of heat propagation. Hence, the solution of the ordinary parabolic heat conduction equation used in [1, 2] does not correspond to the true temperature field. The problems of [1, 2] have been examined in [4, 5], respectively, within the framework of a generalized theory of heat conduction.     

The problem of strengthening of plastics in polymer solvents medium

It was found that short-term treatment of unstressed acrylate AST-T samples with n-amyl alcohol and butyl acetate leads to a marked improvement in their mechanical properties. The influence of temperature, holding time, and the nature of the solvent on the strength of acrylate AST-T has been studied. The increase in the strength indexes is the result of the thermal effect of the medium on the molecular structure of the surface layers and healing of the surface defects of the material. The great importance of the state of the surface on the physicomechanical properties compared with the temporary plasticizing action of the solvents has been shown.V. I. Lenin Kharkov Polytechnic Institute. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 5, pp. 913–915, September–October, 1972.     

Perturbation analysis of radiative effect on free convection flows in porous medium in the presence of pressure work and viscous dissipation

The effect of thermal radiation with a regular three-parameter perturbation analysis has been studied for the effects in some free convection flows of Newtonian fluid-saturated porous medium. The effects of the thermal radiation, permeability of the porous medium, pressure stress work and viscous dissipation on the flows and temperature fields have been included in the analysis. Four different vertical flows have been analyzed, those adjacent to an isothermal surface, uniform heat flux surface, a plane plume and flow generated from a horizontal line energy source, and, a vertical adiabatic surface. Rosseland approximation is used to describe the radiative heat flux in the energy equation. The numerical results of the perturbation analysis for four conditions are solved numerically by the fourth-order Runge–Kutta integration scheme. Numerical values of the main physical quantities are the skin friction and a heat transfer and total heat and mass convected downstream are presented in a tabular form with the parameters characterizing the radiation, permeability of the porous medium, pressure stress work and viscous dissipation. The obtained results are compared and a representative set is displayed graphically to illustrate the influences of the radiation, permeability of the porous medium, pressure stress work and viscous dissipation on the velocity and the temperature profiles.     

Effect of thermal aging on the adhesive strength of joints of double-chain polymers with fibers and on the properties of unidirectional CFRPs based on them

The paper presents a study on the effect of thermal aging on the adhesive strength of joints of some double-chain polymers and fibers. It is shown that the initial shear strength of joints of a steel wire with double-chain polymers based on bisaminonitrile (R = −CH₂−) is significantly higher than that in the case of polymers based on the “A-B” monomer. The type of thermal stabilizer affects the strength of the fiber/matrix interface only slightly. Prolonged heating (up to 100 hours) of the joints at 350 °C does not reduce the strength of joints based on the “A-B” monomer, while that of joints based on bisaminonitrile decreases by 20-30%. The thermal stability of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics appeared to be higher, which was likely due to the effect of scale factor. The strength of a test specimen batch decreased only upon exposure to 400 °C for more than 100 hours.     

Effect of the thermal regime on the supermolecular stpuctures and certain ppoperties of polycaprolactam coatings

The effect of the thermal regime on the supermolecular structures and certain physico-mechanical properties of polycaprolactam coatings obtained on heated substrate specimens in a fluidized bed is considered.Division of Polymer Mechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Belorussian SSR, Gomel. L. Ya. Karpov Scientific-Research Physicochemical Institute, Moscow. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 195–200, March–April, 1969.     

Numerical study of dynamic thermal conductivity of nanofluid in the forced convective heat transfer

In this work, forced convective heat transfer of nanofluid in the developing laminar flow (entrance region) in a circular tube is considered. The nanofluid thermal conductivity, as an important parameter, is considered as two parts: static and dynamic part. Simulated results show that the dynamic part of nanofluid thermal conductivity due to the Brownian motion has a minor effect on the heat transfer coefficients, on the other hand, static part of thermal conductivity including nanolayer around nanoparticle has an important role in heat transfer.