Nonlinear generalized master equations and accounting for initial correlations

We develop a new method based on using a time-dependent operator (generally not a projection operator) converting a distribution function (statistical operator) of a total system into the relevant form that allows deriving new exact nonlinear generalized master equations (GMEs). The derived inhomogeneous nonlinear GME is a generalization of the linear Nakajima-Zwanzig GME and can be viewed as an alternative to the BBGKY chain. It is suitable for obtaining both nonlinear and linear evolution equations. As in the conventional linear GME, there is an inhomogeneous term comprising all multiparticle initial correlations. To include the initial correlations into consideration, we convert the obtained inhomogeneous nonlinear GME into the homogenous form by the previously suggested method. We use no conventional approximation like the random phase approximation (RPA) or the Bogoliubov principle of weakening of initial correlations. The obtained exact homogeneous nonlinear GME describes all evolution stages of the (sub)system of interest and treats initial correlations on an equal footing with collisions via the modified memory kernel. As an application, we obtain a new homogeneous nonlinear equation retaining initial correlations for a one-particle distribution function of the spatially inhomogeneous nonideal gas of classical particles. In contrast to existing approaches, this equation holds for all time scales and takes the influence of pair collisions and initial correlations on the dissipative and nondissipative characteristics of the system into account consistently with the adopted approximation (linear in the gas density). We show that on the kinetic time scale, the time-reversible terms resulting from the initial correlations vanish (if the particle dynamics are endowed with the mixing property) and this equation can be converted into the Vlasov-Landau and Boltzmann equations without any additional commonly used approximations. The entire process of transition can thus be followed from the initial reversible stage of the evolution to the irreversible kinetic stage.     

常系数非齐次线性微分方程组的初等解法

利用初等变换将常系数非齐次线性微分方程组化为由若干个相互独立的高阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程组成的方程组,再利用高阶常系数齐次线性微分方程的特征根法和非齐次方程的待定系数法求该方程组的基本解组及特解,最后通过初等变换求原方程组的基本解组及特解,从而可求出其通解.     

Ultra-analytic effect of Cauchy problem for a class of kinetic equations

The smoothing effect of the Cauchy problem for a class of kinetic equations is studied. We firstly consider the spatially homogeneous nonlinear Landau equation with Maxwellian molecules and inhomogeneous linear Fokker-Planck equation to show the ultra-analytic effects of the Cauchy problem. Those smoothing effect results are optimal and similar to heat equation. In the second part, we study a model of spatially inhomogeneous linear Landau equation with Maxwellian molecules, and show the analytic effect of the Cauchy problem.     

An effective boundary element method for inhomogeneous partial differential equations

A method for removing the domain or volume integral arising in boundary integral formulations for linear inhomogeneous partial differential equations is presented. The technique removes the integral by considering a particular solution to the homogeneous partial differential equation which approximates the inhomogeneity in terms of radial basis functions. The remainder of the solution will then satisfy a homogeneous partial differential equation and hence lead to an integral equation with only boundary contributions. Some results for the inhomogeneous Poisson equation and for linear elastostatics with known body forces are presented.     

Indefinite integrals of Lommel functions from an inhomogeneous Euler–Lagrange method

A method given recently for deriving indefinite integrals of special functions which satisfy homogeneous second-order linear differential equations has been extended to include functions which obey inhomogeneous equations. The extended method has been applied to derive indefinite integrals for the Lommel functions, which obey an inhomogeneous Bessel equation. The method allows integrals to be derived for the inhomogeneous equation in a manner which closely parallels the homogeneous case, and a number of new Lommel integrals are derived which have well-known Bessel analogues. Results will be presented separately for other special functions which obey inhomogeneous second-order linear equations.     

一类求行波解的线性方法

基于齐次平衡法和李志斌的 tanh函数法 ,本文得到一类简单有效的求解非线性发展方程的线性方法 .这类方法利用非线性发展方程孤立波的局部性特点 ,适当地选取函数 f 和 g,将孤波表示为 f,g的多项式 ,从而将非线性发展方程求解问题转化为非线性代数方程组的求解问题 ,再利用吴消元法求解方程组从而得到非线性发展方程的行波解     

The method of approximate particular solutions for solving certain partial differential equations

A standard approach for solving linear partial differential equations is to split the solution into a homogeneous solution and a particular solution. Motivated by the method of fundamental solutions for solving homogeneous equations, we propose a similar approach using the method of approximate particular solutions for solving linear inhomogeneous differential equations without the need of finding the homogeneous solution. This leads to a much simpler numerical scheme with similar accuracy to the traditional approach. To demonstrate the simplicity of the new approach, three numerical examples are given with excellent results. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 506–522, 2012     

非线性演化方程的孤立波解

用齐次平衡原则和辅助微分方程方法得到了6个重要的n次非线性演化方程的孤立波解.辅助微分方程方法的主要思想是借助简单的可解微分方程的解去构造复杂的非线性演化方程的行进波解.这里简单的可解微分方程称为辅助微分方程.本文使用的辅助方程有双曲正割幂型解或双曲正切幂型解.     

Schwarz problem for higher‐order complex partial differential equations in the upper half plane

Linear and nonlinear elliptic complex partial differential equations of higher‐order are considered under Schwarz conditions in the upper‐half plane. Firstly, using the integral representations for the solutions of the inhomogeneous polyanalytic equation with Schwarz conditions, a class of integral operators is introduced together with some of their properties. Then, these operators are used to transform the problem for linear equations into singular integral equations. In the case of nonlinear equations such a transformation yields a system of integro‐differential equations. Existence of the solutions of the relevant boundary value problems for linear and nonlinear equations are discussed via Fredholm theory and fixed point theorems, respectively.     

Propagation of infinitesimal thermo-mechanical waves during the finite-deformation loading of a viscoelastic material: general theory

We study the theory of propagation of infinitesimal thermo-mechanical waves in a special class of nonlinear viscoelastic materials under homogeneous and inhomogeneous finite static and time-varying deformations. These results are based on a thermodynamically consistent finite-deformation nonlinear viscoelastic model that reduces to a general linear viscoelastic model of integral form. On a thermo-mechanically deforming body, we impose a thermo-mechanical perturbation history and obtain the equations to solve for the perturbation parameters from the constitutive model and the balance laws. We use these equations to study the characteristics of different perturbations. We develop the special equations for both time-harmonic and time-damping plane waves for homogeneous pre-loads.     

Effect of inhomogeneity in energy transfer through alpha helical proteins with interspine coupling

The dynamics of homogeneous and inhomogeneous alpha helical proteins with interspine coupling is under investigation in this paper by proposing a suitable model Hamiltonian. For specific choice of parameters, the dynamics of homogeneous alpha helical proteins is found to be governed by a set of completely integrable three coupled derivative nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equations (Chen–Lee–Liu equations). The effect of inhomogeneity is understood by performing a perturbation analysis on the resulting perturbed three coupled NLS equation. An equivalent set of integrable discrete three coupled derivative NLS equations is derived through an appropriate generalization of the Lax pair of the original Ablowitz–Ladik lattice and the nature of the energy transfer along the lattice is studied.     

Meshless formulation to two-dimensional nonlinear problem of generalized Benjamin–Bona–Mahony–Burgers through singular boundary method: Analysis of stability and convergence

In this study, the singular boundary method (SBM) is employed for the simulation of nonlinear generalized Benjamin–Bona–Mahony–Burgers problem with initial and Dirichlet-type boundary conditions. The θ-weighted finite difference method is used to discretize the time derivatives. Then the original equations are split into a system of partial differential equations. A splitting scheme is applied to split the solution of the inhomogeneous governing equation into homogeneous solution and particular solution. To solve this system, the method of particular solution (MPS) in combination with the SBM is used where the SBM is used for homogeneous solution and MPS is used for particular solution. Furthermore, the stability and convergence of the proposed method is conducted. Finally, several numerical examples with different domains are provided and compared with the exact analytical solutions to show the accuracy and efficiency in comparison with existing other methods.     

Generalization of the simplest equation method for nonlinear non-autonomous differential equations

It is known that the simplest equation method is applied for finding exact solutions of autonomous nonlinear differential equations. In this paper we extend this method for finding exact solutions of non-autonomous nonlinear differential equations (DEs). We applied the generalized approach to look for exact special solutions of three Painlevé equations. As ODE of lower order than Painlevé equations the Riccati equation is taken. The obtained exact special solutions are expressed in terms of the special functions defined by linear ODEs of the second order.     

Imposing the change of an evolution profile

Is it possible to prescribe the change in the profile of an evolution process over a given interval of time? This question has been recently raised and answered in the affirmative when the evolution process is one of diffusion-convection-reaction described by a uniformly parabolic, second-order, homogeneous, linear equation. The present paper shows that the conclusion holds for even more general diffusion-convection-reaction processes, including those described by inhomogeneous equations, by a class of nonlinear degenerate parabolic equations, and by fully nonlinear uniformly parabolic equations. Further generalizations and limitations are explored.     

X-ray tomographic determination of the chemical composition and structure of an inhomogeneous medium

The chemical composition of an inhomogeneous body consisting of several homogeneous parts is determined by x-ray tomography. At the first stage, an indicator of inhomogeneities is used to determine the internal structure of the body. Next, under certain additional assumptions about the properties of the parts, a method is proposed for partial or complete determination of the chemical composition of each part as based on the results of the previous stage. Mathematically, the problem is reduced to solving the radiative transfer equation and systems of linear algebraic equations. Numerical experiments are performed via computer simulation. The numerical results are illustrated by graphs and tomograms.     

Applications of He’s principles to partial differential equations

This paper applies the variational iteration method (VIM) and semi-inverse variational principle to obtain solutions of linear and nonlinear partial differential equations. The nonlinear model is considered from gas dynamics, fluid dynamics and Burgers equation. The linear model is the heat transfer (diffusion) equation. Results show that variational iteration method is a powerful mathematical tool for solving linear and nonlinear partial differential equations, and therefore, can be widely applied to engineering problems.     

Gevrey Hypoellipticity for a Class of Kinetic Equations

In this paper, we study the Gevrey regularity of weak solutions for a class of linear and semi-linear kinetic equations, which are the linear model of spatially inhomogeneous Boltzmann equations without an angular cutoff.     

New soliton solutions for a Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) like equation coupled to a Schrödinger equation

The repeated homogeneous balance is used to construct a new exact traveling wave solution of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) like equation coupled to a Schrödinger equation, in which the homogeneous balance method is applied to solve the Riccati equation and the reduced nonlinear ordinary differential equation, respectively. Many new exact traveling wave solutions are successfully obtained, which contain rational and periodic-like solutions. This method is straightforward and concise, and it can be applied to other nonlinear evolution equations.     

Second-order moment equations for a system of differential equations with random right-hand side

We present a method for the derivation of second-order moment equations for solutions of a system of nonlinear equations that depends on a finite-valued semi-Markov or Markov process. For systems of linear differential equations with random coefficients, the case where the inhomogeneous part contains white noise is considered.Translated from Ukrainskyi Matematychnyi Zhurnal, Vol. 56, No. 5, pp. 687–690, May, 2004.