Theoretical analysis of third order interferometric autocorrelation signals for enhanced sensitivity towards pulse chirp and asymmetry

In this paper, we report theoretical analysis of third order interferometric autocorrelation to achieve enhanced sensitivity towards pulse chirp and asymmetry. The analysis is based on interferometric correlative envelope (ICE) functions and ICE difference signals derived from interferometric autocorrelation signals. The third order ICE signals are compared with second order ICE signals obtained from a second order interferometric autocorrelation signals. It is shown that one out of six third order ICED signals may be used to obtain simultaneous detection and measurement of pulse chirp as well as pulse asymmetry of the chirped ultrashort laser pulse. This is in contrast to use of two out of three second order ICED signals for simultaneous detection of pulse chirp and asymmetry.     

干涉成像系统传递函数的数值分析

干涉仪系统传递函数能有效地表征系统相位成像的性能。通过假设干涉成像系统是复振幅的线性平移不变系统,模拟计算正弦相位光栅和相位台阶这两类标准相位物体的成像,确定干涉仪系统传递函数。数值分析结果表明:系统传递函数随着波像差的增加而减小;干涉成像系统对小幅度相位（远小于1 rad）成像是近似线性的,而对大幅度相位(大于0.5 rad）成像则是明显非线性的。当正弦相位的幅度为1时,系统传递函数在1/2和1/3截止频率处出现明显的急剧下降。高度为/2的相位台阶成像时,系统传递函数随着空间频率的增加而缓慢地降低。 The performance of phase imaging in interferometric imaging system is well characterized by the system transfer function (STF). The STF of the interferometric imaging system is analyzed numerically by assuming that the system is linear and shift-invariant for the complex field. Two standard phase objects, sinusoidal phase grating and phase step, are employed and simulated to determine the STF. Numerical simulation results show that the STF decreases as the wavefront aberration of interferometric imaging system increases. It also shows that the interferometric imaging system is approximately linear for small phase (far less than 1 rad) but explicitly nonlinear for large phase (larger than 0.5 rad). The STF has a visible drop at one half or one third of the cut-off frequency of the imaging system when the amplitude of sinusoidal phase is 1 rad. For a phase step with a height of /2 rad, the STF has no visible drop but decreases slowly with the increasing of spatial frequency. The results provide a useful guidance to the design of interferometer and the measurement of STF and power spectrum density in experiment.     

Optimum quantum state of light for gravitational-wave interferometry

The laser interferometric gravitational-wave detectors are sensitive to the quantum state of light employed in the dark port of interferometric system. In this paper a general quantum state for the dark input port is assumed. The quantum state of light is expanded versus the Fock states. The quantum noise of interferometric system is computed as a function of the quantum state of light. The variational method and the genetic algorithm are employed to determine the coefficients of the dark input port and the laser input power for the minimization of the quantum noise. Calculation shows that the optimum quantum state for the dark input port is very close to the vacuum squeezed state. For this optimum quantum state the quantum noise and optimum laser power reduces one order of magnitude relative to the conventional interferometer.     

X-ray interferometric Fourier holography

An X-ray interferometric Fourier holography was proposed and theoretically investigated. X-ray Interferometric Young fringes and the reconstruction of an object image were investigated by the Fourier transform method. It was shown that on the output surface of the analyzer crystal (the third plate of the interferometer) the interference pattern of two slits gives X-ray interferometric Young fringes. An expression for the period of X-ray interferometric Young fringes was obtained. The subsequent reconstruction of the slit image as an object is conducted by means of the Fourier transform method of intensity distribution on the hologram. Three methods for reconstruction of the function of complex transmission of the object are presented: an analytical one–the approximate method, the iteration method and the step-by-step approach. As examples a recording of X-ray interferometric Fourier hologram and the reconstruction of the function of complex amplitude transmission of a beryllium circular cylinder are given.     

Flip-flop operation in opto-thermal bistable devices with localized absorption

We consider nonlinear interferometric devices based on opto-thermal bistability with localized absorption and show how the introduction of composite structures within the interferometer makes feasible its setting and resetting between stable outputs by applying positive light pulses on different parts of the bistable device. Experimental demonstration of all-optical flip-flop operation is reported for two interferometric configurations, one of them being extremely simple and well suited for parallel processing.     

Surface profilometry based on polarization analysis

We report a novel algorithm for the analysis of interferometric images for surface profiling. The algorithm can be used with any interferometric system in which the two interfering beams are orthogonally polarized. The algorithm is based on a measurement of the polarization state and gives a unique value for the path difference that is not subject to the ambiguities associated with fringe counting or phase unwrapping. A detector array allows the polarization state and hence the height of every pixel in the image to be determined simultaneously. The concept is easily extended to enable one to obtain the profiles of moving surfaces from a single pulse of illumination.     

Electric Voltage Tuning of an All-fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

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Computer aided evaluation of fringe patterns

The crucial step in computer aided evaluation of interferometric fringe patterns is the determination of the interference phase distribution from the recorded and stored intensity pattern. Methods for determination of the interference phase distributions from fringe patterns are presented and the most important methods, which are skeletonising, temporary heterodyning, phase shifting and Fourier transform evaluation are compared with regard to experimental requirements, achievable resolution and precision, as well as inherent noise suppression and image enhancement. The comparison shows that whenever phase shifting is possible, it is the best choice. If only one interference pattern is offered, Fourier transform evaluation is recommendable. For demodulation of the wrapped phase a path-independent algorithm is presented. Practical examples are given from holographic interferometric measurements.     

Electric Voltage Tuning of an All-fiber Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

The electric voltage tuning performance of an all-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer which has unequal arm-length is studied in this paper. This interferometer consists of two 3 dB fiber directional couplers, with one arm is affixed to a piezoelectric translators (PZT). When the voltage applied on the PZT changes, the output interferometric pattern will shift accordingly. The transmission period of the interferometer is 2.24 nm. When the direct current electric voltage changes from 28.7 volt to -28.7 volt, the pattern will shift for nearly one of its own period. The tuning sensitivity is about 0.038 nm/volt, and the linearity is 0.9991. Also, the relationship between the physical path length difference of the two arms and the interval of adjacent interferometric peaks is discussed. This component has potential important applications in electric sensing measurement and optical fiber communication field.     

Asymmetric Fabry-Pérot interferometric cavity for fiber optical sensors

Good linearity and wide dynamic range are the advantages of asymmetric Fabry-Pérot (F-P) interferometric cavity, whose realization has been long for. Based on optical thin film characteristic matrix theory, an asymmetric F-P interferometric cavity with good linearity and wide dynamic range is designed. And by choosing the material of two different thin metallic layers, the asymmetric F-P interferometric cavity is successfully fabricated. The design theory and method of this asymmetric F-P interferometric cavity have been described in detailed. In this paper an asymmetric F-P interferometric cavity used in fiber optical sensor is reported.     

Experiment on interaction-free measurement in neutron interferometry

A neutron interferometric test of interaction-free detection of the presence of an absorbing object in one arm of a neutron interferometer has been performed. Despite deviations from the ideal performance characteristics of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer it could be shown that information is obtained without interaction.     

光纤干涉成像阵列全息相位校正研究

针对光纤传输和干涉成像阵列中的相位误差, 提出了一种基于特殊光子晶体的全息相位校正方法。首先分析了光纤干涉阵列成像的基本原理和相位信息的传输过程, 以一维线性阵列建立成像系统相位误差模型, 通过对参考光束和探测器前的快门交替打开和闭合, 来分别实现在晶体上写入由光纤阵列的出射光束与参考光束干涉形成的含有相位误差的光栅函数, 和光纤中出射光束被该光栅衍射和相位偏移以消除相位误差, 从理论上分析了上述基于光子晶体的全息法相位校正原理。最后采用所建立的含有相位误差的干涉阵列进行成像仿真, 对未加校正、采用本文方法和采用冗余基线校正的结果进行了对比分析。     

X-ray interferometric Fresnel holography

The X-ray interferometric Fresnel holography was proposed and theoretically investigated. It was shown that under definite conditions the recorded interference pattern formed at the output surface ofthe analyzer crystal (the third block of interferometer) is the X-ray interferometric hologram (generally the Fresnel one) of the object under investigation. Further reconstruction of an image is performed with the help of visible light or a numerical method. As an example the recording of a Fresnel hologram of the simplest case of one-dimensional object, a narrow slit, and the reconstruction of an image by means of visible light were considered. This method may be used in X-ray microscopy and realized using synchrotron sources ofX-ray radiation, as well as X-ray free electron lasers.     

Implementation of a Nonzero-order Joint Transform Correlator Using Interferometric Technique

The implementation of a nonzero-order joint transform correlator using the double port Mach-Zehnder interferometric technique is proposed and demonstrated. This approach provides on-line processing for directly removing the zero-order components of a joint power spectrum in one step and performs the nonzero-order optical correlation. Experimental results are presented and discussed.     

Acoustooptic method for measuring sound velocity in solids

An acoustooptic interferometric method for measuring sound velocity in solids is described. This method allows one to measure sound velocity in arbitrary materials by using a composite buffer-sample resonant system. Materials which are non-transparent to the laser radiation or such which are acoustooptically inactive are also subject of this investigation.     

Speckle interferometric technique to assess soap films

An speckle interferometric technique to monitor the thinning process of vertical soap film before the film rupture is presented. The interferometric arrangement consists in a double aperture pupil optical system which images an input diffuser. In a first step, a reference specklegram is stored in the computer buffer memory. Afterwards, the soap film is located in front of one pupil aperture, an uniform displacement of the diffuser is produced and a new speckle pattern is stored. The soap film status is characterized in terms of the changes that this dynamic phase object introduces in the correlation fringes obtained by applying a FFT algorithm to the resulting summed specklegram. This procedure is done in real time as far as the soap film evolves in the successive status. It is experimentally demonstrated that the soap film during drawing acts as a variable wedge. The correlation fringes behavior becomes an important tool to establish the wedge shaped soap film angle and the thickness variations.     

Phase-Shifting-Free Interferometric Cryptosystem

Conventional phase-shifting interferometry-based(PSI-based)cryptosystem needs at least two-step phase-shifting.In this work,we propose a phase-shifting-free interferometric cryptosystem,which needs only one interferogram recording.Since the phase-shifting step is not required in the proposed cryptosystem,not only the low encryption speed which is a bottleneck problem of the conventional PSI-based one is solved,but also the setup of the cryptosystem is simplified.A series of simulation experimental results demonstrate the validity and robustness of the proposed cryptosystem.     

ATIR proximity sensing through an absorbing medium

In this paper we describe a new simple interferometric method for measurement of the thickness of a very thin quivette filled with absorbing liquid. The method is based on the interferometric restoration and analysis of both p- and s-components of the attenuated totally internal reflected (ATIR) field. Two different liquid samples were studied experimentally. The interferometric signal obtained by measurements is compared with the theoretical prediction.     

Nulling interferometry for the DARWIN space mission

The DARWIN observatory will include an interferometric instrument dedicated to the search for and spectral analysis of extrasolar planets. This instrument is based on the principle of Bracewell's interferometric coronograph or nulling interferometer, proposed in 1978, but at present never experimentally demonstrated in the thermal infrared with high extinctions.We have shown that high interferometric extinctions can only be obtained with `classical' optical pieces if the beams are cleaned by optical filtering during the recombination. After a short reminder of the nulling interferometer, we present different techniques of optical filtering to perform it. Then, we present a laboratory experimental bench we have constructed, which allows us, at present, to exhibit a monochromatic stable interferometric extinction better than 10³. Finally, we discuss this method, applied to ground-based telescopes.     

干涉数据光谱反演方法研究

干涉光谱仪获取的干涉数据是一种中间数据,需要进行光谱反演,常规的方法是采用傅里叶逆变换反演光谱。文章由干涉数据的基本公式入手,推导出干涉数据的混合模型,给出一种基于干涉数据混合模型的光谱反演方法。利用干涉数据对该方法及傅里叶逆变换方法进行计算机仿真,对其光谱反演结果进行对比。由仿真结果可以看出,所提方法反演的光谱精度要优于通用的傅里叶逆变换方法反演的光谱,为干涉数据光谱反演提供新的思路。