一种测量透明液体浓度的实验装置

针对现有测量液体浓度装置结构复杂,成本高,使用不便,不便于学校和一些小型研究机构使用的不足,利用光栅衍射法设计了一种测量透明液体浓度的装置。装置根据折射率和放入待测液体前后的光栅衍射角的关系进行液体折射率的测量,通过实验探究出液体折射率和液体浓度的关系,这样在测得未知透明液体折射率后就可通过换算得到其浓度。     

风沙流中颗粒相浓度和粒度的瞬态同步测量

本文基于激光衍射技术提出了一种新的浓度测量的改进方法。该方法可以同时获得测量颗粒的浓度和粒径分布。基于这一测量方法,通过对大型风洞风沙两相流系统中不同风速,高度条件下颗粒浓度和粒径测量,获得了跃移颗粒的空间结构信息。结果显示,颗粒浓度随来流风速线性增加,且在近床面区域内来流风速对颗粒粒径具有选择性。     

超声衰减法测量悬浊液中颗粒粒度和浓度

研究了由颗粒悬浊液中3个频率下声衰减系数测量颗粒粒度分布和浓度的方法。用FFT对测得的1,2和5 MHz 3个频率的声信号进行降噪后得到声幅度和声衰减系数,再根据描述不同频率下声衰减系数与颗粒粒径及浓度关系的ECAH模型,运用Philip-Twomey-NNLS算法和改进Chahine算法求解相关的第一类Fredholm方程,反演出颗粒的尺寸分布和浓度。用该方法对两种不同尺寸体积浓度为5%的玻璃微珠-水悬浊液颗粒进行测量,结果与显微镜法结果吻合。这表明:测量3个频率下的声衰减信号,结合Philip-Twomey-NNLS或改进的Chahine算法,可在较高浓度条件下较准确地测得颗粒粒度和浓度,从而简化了现有的高频率宽频带测量方法。     

一种测量p-GaN载流子浓度的方法

提出了一种测量p-GaN载流子浓度的方法,其主要思想是利用p-n⁺结构GaN探测器长波和短波量子效率的差值随反向偏压的变化关系,找到p-GaN层刚好完全耗尽时的偏压,从而求出p-GaN层载流子浓度.模拟计算表明,该方法能够准确测量出p-GaN层的载流子浓度,而且受表面复合、欧姆接触影响很小.进一步研究了实际测量中如何选择p-GaN层厚度,计算结果表明,p-GaN层的优化厚度值随着p-GaN层的浓度增加而减小.关键词：p-GaN载流子浓度测量紫外探测器     

基于全反射的透明液体浓度测量装置设计

结合光学原理,利用全反射,设计测量透明液体浓度的实验装置.由亚克力板容器盛装待测液体,研究激光在液体中发生全反射时的光路参数,通过测量两个长度尺寸,计算得到透明液体的折射率,基于透明液体折射率与浓度之间的线性关系,进而得到其浓度.蔗糖溶液和NaCl溶液的测量数据结果表明,折射率的相对误差在0.4%以内,浓度的绝对误差在0.7%以内.该实验装置具有结构简单、操作简便、测量精度高、成本低廉、现象明显等优点.     

快速测定溶液浓度的分光光度法及测量数据的自动采集与处理

根据比色原理设计分光光度计对溶液的浓度进行测量。利用标准溶液确定溶液的吸收系数,进而可以测量出未知溶液的浓度。给出系统框图、光路图及计算机数据采集和计算程序。     

用多波长消光法测量大颗粒的尺寸分布

基于Mie光散射理论,提出一种用多波长消光原理(light extinction)测量大颗粒的尺寸分布的方法.理论分析及计算机数值模拟表明,采用可见光波段的多波长消光法可将测粒上限扩展至300μm以上.文中给出了数值模拟结果和对几种大尺寸标准颗粒的实测结果.     

进口浓度对水力旋流器颗粒分级的影响

通过对水力旋流器内液固多相流动的固体颗粒运动进行理论分析、数值模拟和实验测试,探讨了进口颗粒浓度对采用水力旋流器进行高炉污泥颗粒分级的影响。液固多相流动的数值模拟证实,固体颗粒在水力旋流器内的径向沉降速度近似与颗粒粒径的平方成正比。实验给出了不同进口浓度的颗粒分级效率曲线。本文的实验结果、数值模拟结果以及颗粒离心沉降的理论分析都表明,进口浓度对水力旋流器内高炉污泥的颗粒分级影响不大,该结果诠释了在高炉污泥脱锌操作所考虑的颗粒浓度范围内为什么低浓度下水力旋流器颗粒分级的数值模拟结果与较高浓度下的实验结果基本一致。     

用冲击电流计测量磁场装置的改进

用冲击电流计测量磁场的实验中，电路中一般存在着较大阻尼，造成光点偏转又慢又小，灵敏度低，本文提出改进措施，措施简单易于，效果好，可使光点偏转值增加到原来的４－５倍。     

氟化锂和蓝宝石单晶冲击消光及其对辐射测温的影响

采用冲击波压缩原位光源技术结合时间分辨多波长高温计测量,研究了氟化锂和蓝宝石单晶样品的冲击消光现象,实验压力范围50～183了GPa,中心波长覆盖254～800 nm.结果表明,氟化锂单晶样品在实验压力下透过率变化不大,对界面温度的拟合值影响不明显,只是使表观发射率略有下降;当压力低于90GPa时,蓝宝石的消光情况同氟化锂接近,对界面温度的拟合影响也不明显;而当压力高于99 GPa时,蓝宝石呈现明显的消光衰减现象,实验测定的消光系数随压力增加而增加,与波长间呈反比关系,与文献报道250 0Pa高压消光特性一致.研究还发现,蓝宝石窗高压消光行为对界面温度的测量存在较大的影响,使得拟合温度明显偏低.本文研究对发展非透明材料冲击测温技术具有一定的参考价值.     

A model for aerosol mass concentration using an optical particle counter

A model for measuring aerosol mass concentration by an optical particle counter is presented using the conception of the average mass. In this model, to understand the meaning of the pulse height distribution of particles which is used to inverse mass concentration, the relationship among intensity distribution in the optical sensing volume, particle shape, and the pulse height distribution is discussed. To solve the instability of the equivalent factor, a novel two-step calibration method is proposed. The experimental results demonstrate that mass concentrations calculated by the model are in good agreement with those measured by a norm-referenced instrument. For samples of soot and air, the slopes of fitting lines of data points are 0.9582 and 0.9220, and the correlation coefficients are 0.9991 and 0.9965, respectively.     

利用超声测量水中含沙量垂线分布的方法

本文根据超声反射式测沙的原理，跟踪超声波在水中的传播，实时采集并获沙量沿垂线的分布规律，测量发射的一次超声脉冲，可得沙量分的瞬时特性；多次发射并取平均法。     

混合法测固体比热容仪器的研制

研制了混合法测固体比热容的仪器. 该仪器将加热部分与测温部分巧妙的合为一体,并设计了将物体从高温快速过渡到低温的装置,从而减小了热损失,同时温度测量采用了AD590温度传感器的装置,进一步减小了实验中的系统误差.     

显微摄影装置的优化设计

本文是作者根据图片资料对国外先进的显微摄影装置进行“反求”价值分析后，自主地设计出达到或优于国外同类产品的小结，其中包括了无限远像距光学系统的创新应用。可见在工程光学设计中运用价值工程这一先进的管理技术与思想方法也是大有可为的。     

Single-shot chirped-pulse spectral interferometry used to measure the femtosecond ionization dynamics of air

A novel interferometry technique is presented by which, in one shot, one can measure phase changes with a resolution of tens of femtoseconds while extending the measurement over picoseconds or even longer. The method is based on spectral (frequency-domain) interferometry with a pair of linearly chirped pules as probes. With this technique we obtained single-shot measurements of the rapid phase changes induced by optical field ionization of air. This allowed us to calculate the time profile of the electron density created by an intense short laser pulse.     

A particle picture of “tunneling” and the nature of “photon”-matter interaction

Brownian motion is employed as a model to formulate a probabilistic statement of the Heisenberg uncertainty relationship. By means of the latter, a tunneling formula identical to that obtained from the WBK method is derived from the particle picture. The nature of photon-matter interaction is discussed in the light of the quantal Brownian motion.Research supported under NSF Grant #GP-12408.Contribution No. 3080 from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California.Currently on sabbatical leave from the University of Missouri-Columbia.     

Torsion balance experiments: A low-energy frontier of particle physics

We review recent mechanical experiments that test some of the most basic principles of physics including the weak and strong forms of the Equivalence Principle, the gravitational inverse-square law, and Lorentz invariance. The very high sensitivity of these tests allows one to place interesting constraints on string-theory inspired conjectures about new Yukawa forces from the exchange of very light scalar, pseudoscalar or vector particles, large extra dimensions, the chameleon mechanism, non-commutative spacetime geometry, and Planck-scale Lorentz violation.     

A novel technique to measure the sucrose concentration in hydrogel sucrose solution using two dimensional photonic crystal structures

We propose a novel technique to measure the concentration of sucrose in PAm-hydrogel sucrose solution using two dimensional photonic crystal structures consists of air holes. PAm-hydrogel is an organic hydrogels, which is used as biomedical applications. The principle of measurement is based on the linear variation of photonic band gap with the change of dielectric constant of the solution infiltrated in air holes of photonic crystal structure. Plane wave expansion method is used to find the band gap and linear variation (R² = 0.9949) of photonic band gap with respect to sucrose concentration is observed. Besides this, an excellent linear variation (R² = 0.9949) of transmitted intensity of light with respect to sucrose concentration is also seen. Since the simulation is based on optical principle, it gives accurate results. This suggests the possible use of 2-D photonic crystal structure as a sucrose sensor. Experimental procedure for measuring the concentration of sucrose is also mentioned.     

国际粒子加速器的前沿

人类对于微观世界的探索是粒子加速器发展的驱动力.粒子加速器从20世纪30年代问世以来,不断向更高能量和更好性能挺进.随着研究的深入,粒子加速器一步步从低能发展到高能,从弱聚焦发展到强聚焦,从打静止靶发展到粒子束对撞.更高的能量和更高的亮度是用于高能物理研究的加速器发展的两大前沿.作为多学科研究的平台,同步辐射光源、自由电子激光和散裂中子源等基于加速器的大科学装置也在蓬勃发展.各种低能加速器广泛地应用于国民经济的各个领域.新方法、新技术、新原理层出不穷.文章将讨论国际粒子加速器的前沿.