Terahertz dielectric spectra of (Ba,Sr)TiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> thin films

Reflection and transmission spectra of Ba_0.7Sr_0.3TiO₃ films with thicknesses of 36 and 800 μm on the MgO substrate are measured in the frequency range from 8 to 1000 cm^?1 at room temperature. The dielectric parameters of the film material are derived using the simulation method. The dependence of the permittivity on the film thickness is determined. It is found that the absorption spectrum of the substrate strongly affects the calculated dielectric spectra of the film material. It is demonstrated that the simulation should be performed with the inclusion of the dielectric losses in the substrate in the subphonon frequency range.     

Dielectric relaxation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">trans</Emphasis>-4-propyl-(4-cyanophenyl)-cyclohexane liquid crystals

The frequency dependences of the permittivity of a trans-4-propyl-(4-cyanophenyl)-cyclohexane (3PCH) liquid crystal in the nematic phase are measured in the frequency range 1–2000 MHz for different orientations of the director of liquid-crystal molecules with respect to the polarization of an ac electric field. The temperature dependences of the dielectric and optical characteristics are compared in the range of the transition from the nematic phase to the isotropic liquid phase. The dielectric spectra are approximated numerically, and the times of dipole relaxation upon rotation of the molecules about the short and long axes are determined. It is demonstrated that intramolecular motions make a significant contribution to the relaxation. The activation enthalpies are calculated.     

Electrodynamic properties of lead Zirconate-Titanate thin films in the terahertz frequency range

The transmission/reflection spectra of bilayer structures consisting of thin amorphous and polycrystalline Pb(Zr_0.52Ti_0.48)O₃ ferroelectric films deposited on dielectric substrates of magnesium oxide MgO and sapphire α-Al₂O₃ were measured in the frequency range of 5–4000 cm^?1. Based on these spectra and using the dispersion analysis method, the spectra of complex dielectric permittivity ?*(ν) and dynamic conductivity σ′(ν) of the films were simulated, the electrodynamic parameters of the films were determined, and the dielectric dispersion responsible for the formation of static permittivity was found.     

Temperature-dependent far-infrared properties of Bi12GeO20 single crystal

Far-infrared reflectivity spectra of bismuth germanium oxide (Bi12GeO20) single crystals are measured from room temperature down to 10 K. All the reflectivity spectra are fitted to a complex dielectric function ε(ω) in the factorised form. Phonon modes at low frequency are found to develop upon decreasing temperature and gain considerable spectrum weight below 150 K. The temperature-dependent static dielectric constants are obtained from the Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relation based on the obtained oscillator parameters. The dielectric constants are found to increase upon decreasing temperature, which is attributed to the charge transfer among the ions in the unit cell with the temperature varying.     

在CP/MAS条件下交联聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯中α-甲基的~(13)C自旋-晶格弛豫(英文)

根据不同的跃迁运动和自由扩散运动模型导出了魔角旋转条件下的平均谱密度函数。从CP/MAS谱计算了样品中交联剂DVB的含量。依据实验测得的T_1值计算了一系列用DVB交联的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯中x-甲基的转动相关时间以及扩散系数。结果表明:(1)随交联剂DVB含量的增加,相关时间增加,而扩散系数下降;(2)x-甲基的转动活化能与交联剂DVB无关,并且小于从介电和力学松弛所得的值。     

Electrodynamic properties of nanoporous silicon in the range from terahertz to infrared frequencies

The dielectric response (conductivity and permittivity) spectra of a series of nanoporous silicon samples prepared by anodization of low-resistivity single-crystal silicon are measured, for the first time, using terahertz and IR spectroscopy in the frequency range 7–4000 cm^?1 at room temperature. The spectra obtained are analyzed in terms of the effective medium theory with a size-dependent dielectric response function of nanoinclusions and averaged dielectric characteristics of the surrounding medium. The geometric and dielectric characteristics of silicon nanoinclusions are determined. The dielectric properties of inclusions are found to be affected by nanosize effects, namely, carrier scattering at crystallite boundaries and a broadening of the band gap due to quantum confinement. The spectra of the samples prepared by adding iodine to the electrolyte exhibit a resonance at frequencies of 150–300 cm^?1. The nature of the resonance can be associated with the presence of chemisorbed iodine on the surface of porous silicon. Possible mechanisms responsible for the changes in broadband conductivity and permittivity spectra of single-crystal silicon upon transformation into a nanoporous structure are discussed.     

Infrared optical properties of Li- and Xe-irradiated KTiOPO<Subscript>4</Subscript>

KTP was irradiated at 100 K and 295 K with Li ions and at 295 K with Xe ions. The infrared spectra of the Li-irradiated samples are consistent with a system consisting of a layer stack of undamaged KTP/amorphous KTP/undamaged substrate. Annealing of the samples leads to a growth of the covering layer at the expense of the amorphous layer. The damage yield of the sample irradiated at 100 K is noticeably higher, resulting in a greater thickness of the amorphous layer. The spectra show interference effects, indicating homogenous layer thicknesses. Such interference effects are absent for the Xe-irradiated samples. Spectral simulations revealed that there is no buried amorphous layer present in these samples. Instead, the latter samples consist of amorphous inclusions in undamaged crystalline KTP with a volume fraction depending on the energy dose. The spectra of the sample irradiated at an ion fluence of 3×10¹² cm^-2 are very similar to the spectrum of glassy KTP, indicating a strong structural relationship between ion-damaged amorphous KTP and glassy KTP. The dielectric function of amorphous KTP was determined and used, together with the principal dielectric functions of single-crystal KTP, to successfully simulate the spectra of a sample irradiated at an ion fluence of 2×10¹¹ cm^-2 by either the effective-medium approximation (EMA) or average-refractive-index theory (ARIT). PACS 42.70.Mp; 61.82 Ms; 78.30.-j     

Kinetics of H→P cross-polarization in human trabecular bone

Bloch-decay and cross-polarization (CP) ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of healthy human trabecular bone were acquired under magic-angle spinning (MAS) at 3 kHz. A single peak at 3.1 ppm was detected. Variable-contact time ¹H → ³¹P CP experiments revealed three signal components growing at various rates. The fast, moderate and slow components were assigned and assessed in P atom % to proton-rich (24%), hydroxyapatite (58%) and proton-deficient (18%) phosphate domains, respectively. Examination of CP kinetics is useful for the chemical characterization of bone tissue.     

Evaluation of the relative permittivity of Ba<Subscript>x</Subscript>Sr<Subscript>1-x</Subscript>TiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> ceramics at microwave frequencies using microstrip ring resonators

The microstrip-ring-resonance technique has been applied to determine the dielectric properties of high-permittivity barium strontium titanate (Ba_xSr_1-xTiO₃) ceramics at microwave frequencies. A microstrip ring resonator of diameter 5 mm has been fabricated on the ceramics by the standard photolithography process. The transmission coefficient S₂₁ spectra for the resonators have been measured using a vector network analyzer and simulated using a commercial electromagnetic simulation package, IE3D. By fitting the observed spectra to the simulated spectra, and tan of the Ba_xSr_1-xTiO₃ ceramics have been determined. The results obtained by this technique are in agreement with those determined by other conventional methods. This technique is relatively simple, especially for high-permittivity materials, since there are less rigorous requirements on the sample and the test conditions. PACS 77.22.-d; 77.84.Dy; 84.40.Az     

Relations between the association of liquid water molecules and the dielectric and raman spectra of H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O

A two-fraction model that makes it possible to analytically calculate the complex dielectric permittivity of liquid water in wide frequency and temperature ranges is described. The far IR spectrum of water is found as a dielectric response of vibrating H₂O monomers and dimers, while the spectrum of low-frequency (Debye) relaxation is found as a response of collective reorientations of associated water molecules. It is shown that the dielectric spectra of water calculated at ?5.6, 27, and 81.4°C agree well with its experimental spectra. The low-frequency Raman spectrum of water is calculated for the same set of model parameters as the spectrum of the complex dielectric permittivity. These spectra are found to correlate with each other, and the physical nature of the difference between them is clarified. An interpretation of the well-known anomaly of water at a temperature of T = 300 K is presented. It is shown that the number of water molecules that compose an associate at this temperature is minimal.     

氩气含量对空气介质阻挡放电发射光谱的影响

利用介质阻挡放电实验系统测量了空气介质阻挡放电的发射光谱,研究了氩气含量对空气介质阻挡放电发射光谱的影响.在280～500 nm波长范嗣内,发现了氮分子第二正带系N2(C3∏u-B3∏g)的谱线和氮分子离子的第一负带系N2+(B3∑u+-X2∑g+)的谱线.在相同条件下加入10%氩气后,起始放电电压由26kV降低到23...     

Accurate interband-energy measurements from Ellipsometric spectra

The optical constants of AlGaInP, AlGaInP (Si-doping) and AlGaInP (Mg-doping) grown by MOCVD were measured in the region of visible light at room temperature using null spectroscopic ellipsometry, then the dielectric function spectra were obtained. By numerical differentiation, the third-derivative spectra of the dielectric function for three samples were evaluated. Based on the third-derivative theory, it was proved that the third-derivative spectra were proportional to the electroreflectance (ER) spectra under the low-field modulation condition. Thus, the third-derivative spectra given by the ellipsometric spectra were directly related to the band structure of material. Analyzing the third-derivative spectra of the imaginary part of the dielectric function with the three-point method used in ER spectra, the E_g and E_g+Δ₀ values of three samples were gained accurately. The experimental results were in good agreement with those published.     

Multiple-quantum magic-angle spinning NMR with cross-polarization: Spectral editing of high-resolution spectra of quadrupolar nuclei

An experiment is presented that combines the multiple-quantum magic-angle spinning (MQMAS) technique with cross-polarization (CP). As a preliminary test of this new method, we measured and compared the ²⁷Al 3QMAS and ¹⁹F → ²⁷A1 CP 3QMAS spectra of a fluorinated AlPO₄ aluminophosphate. Complete discrimination between the fluorinated and nonfluorinated Al sites was easily achieved, which demonstrates the usefulness of CP MQMAS for spectral editing. Future applications of this experiment will include other spin pairs and heteronuclear correlation NMR spectroscopy.     

Far-infrared optical properties of YVO4 single crystal

Near-normal incident infrared reflectivity spectra of a (001) YVO₄ single crystal have been measured at different temperatures in the frequency region between 100 and 6000 cm^-1. The reflectivity spectra are analyzed with the factorized form of the dielectric function, and the dielectric properties and optical conductivity of the YVO₄ crystal are obtained. From the TO/LO splitting, effective charges at different temperatures are calculated to study the ionicity of YVO₄. The internal modes of the VO₄^3- ion and the external modes of the Y(VO₄) lattice are compared with SiO₄^4- in zircon and with other rare-earth vanadates.     

Polarization‐sensitive CARS spectroscopy on free‐base porphyrins: coproporphyrin I tetramethyl ester

The application of polarization‐sensitive (PS) coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy for the investigation of highly luminescent free‐base porphyrins under Q_x band resonance is discussed. For coproporphyrin I tetramethyl ester (CP‐I‐TME), PS CARS spectra involving resonances with the electronic Q_x absorption band as well as polarized spontaneous Raman spectra involving B band resonance are presented. A quantitative evaluation of the CP‐I‐TME spectra is performed and the results are compared to our previously presented data on free‐base octaethylporphine (OEP) and mesoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester (MP‐IX‐DME), which were obtained under identical excitation conditions. This comprehensive analysis reveals several spectral differences that can be attributed to the different β–substitution pattern of the porphyrin macrocycle. Additionally, the strong resonance enhancement of totally symmetric modes under Q_x band excitation is identified as a common property for OEP, CP‐I‐TME, and MP‐IX‐DME; this enhancement selectivity distinguishes the investigated substances from what is generally observed for metallo porphyrins. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of different NaGdF4:Eu synthesis routes and their influence on its structural and luminescent properties

Eu³⁺:NaGdF₄ samples were obtained via co-precipitation in aqueous solution (CP), reversed micelle (RM) method, reaction between solid GdF₃ and NaF solution (SR) as well as a solid-state reaction at high temperatures (SS). The synthesised materials were characterised using X-ray powder diffractometry, TEM microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and TGA analysis. For discussion of optical properties excitation and emission spectra were recorded and emission decay times were measured. The CP and RM methods allow to obtain powders with crystallite size of ∼10 nm, which may be smoothly increased to about 1 μm during post-fabrication heat treatment. Differences in structural and especially in optical properties of phosphors prepared by different techniques are emphasised and applicability of wet-chemistry routes for synthesis of fluoride powders is argued.     

Impedance spectroscopy analysis of Li<Subscript>2</Subscript>SnO<Subscript>3</Subscript>

In this work, Li₂SnO₃ has been synthesized by the sol–gel method using acetates of lithium and tin. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) has been applied to the precursor of Li₂SnO₃ to determine the suitable calcination temperature. The formation of the compound calcined at 800 °C for 9 h has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The Li₂SnO₃ is then pelletized and electrically characterized by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the frequency range from 50 Hz to 1 MHz. The complex impedance spectra clearly show the dominating presence of the grain boundary effect on electrical properties whereas the complex modulus plots reveal two semicircles which are due to the grain (bulk) and grain boundary. The spectra of imaginary parts of both impedance and modulus versus frequency show the existence of peaks with the modulus plots exhibiting two peaks that are ascribed to the grain and grain boundary of the material. The peak maximum shifts to higher frequency with an increase in temperature and the broad nature of the peaks indicates the non-Debye nature of Li₂SnO₃. The activation energy associated with the dielectric relaxation obtained from the electrical impedance spectra is 0.67 eV. From the electric modulus spectra, the activation energies related to conductivity relaxation in the grain and grain boundary of Li₂SnO₃ are 0.59 and 0.69 eV, respectively. The conductivity–temperature relationship is thermally assisted and obeys the Arrhenius rule with the activation energy of 0.66 eV. The conduction mechanism of Li₂SnO₃ is via hopping.     

The effect of a surface layer on determination of the dielectric functions of ZnTe films by the ellipsometric technique

By means of spectroellipsometric technique, the dielectric functions of zinc telluride films, 0.1–1.7 μm thick, grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are studied. The presence of a thin layer on the surface of the films, noticeably affecting the results of measurements, is established. The analysis of spectra of the ZnTe dielectric functions available in the literature shows that the surface layer was present in all samples studied, regardless of the method of preparation. It is shown that studying the interference oscillations of the pseudodielectric function makes it possible to detect this layer and to correct properly the measured spectra of the dielectric functions. __________ Translated from Optika i Spektroskopiya, Vol. 92, No. 5, 2002, pp. 847–850. Original Russian Text Copyright ? 2002 by Shvets, Yakushev.     

Evidence for direct CP violation in B0-->K+pi- decays

We report evidence for direct CP violation in the decay B0-->K+pi(-) with 253 fb(-1) of data collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB e(+)e(-) collider. Using 275x10(6) BB pairs we observe a B-->K+/-pi(-/+) signal with 2140+/-53 events. The measured CP violating asymmetry is A(CP)(K+pi(-))=-0.101+/-0.025(stat)+/-0.005(syst), corresponding to a significance of 3.9sigma including systematics. We also search for CP violation in the decays B+-->K+pi(0) and B+-->pi(+)pi(0). The measured CP violating asymmetries are A(CP)(K+pi(0))=0.04+/-0.05(stat)+/-0.02(syst) and A(CP)(pi(+)pi(0))=-0.02+/-0.10(stat)+/-0.01(syst), corresponding to the intervals -0.05相似文献   

非线性光学晶体硼酸镧钠(Na_3La_9B_8O_(27))的光谱研究

测量了Na3La9B8O27晶体在紫外-可见光-红外波段的透射光谱和反射光谱,分析得到其在上述波段的吸收光谱。在波长400nm~2000nm范围内,透射比超过80%,禁带宽度为3.93eV,没有明显的缺陷和杂质吸收。测量了该晶体在太赫兹波段的时域光谱,分析得到其在上述波段的吸收光谱、折射光谱,且通过光学常数之间的关系,得到其介电常数ε曲线。在0.3~1.5THz内吸收小于10cm-1。在0.3~2.4THz内,介电常熟实部ε1成近似线性递增趋势,介电常熟虚部ε2小于0.03。