CuSO4-氨化P507-n-C6H14体系平衡常数的计算

用热力学方法研究了酸性磷萃取剂与金属体系间的平衡计算模型,萃取体系的水相采用Pitzer半经验公式求算γCu²⁺,有机相用热力学关系求出了水、正已烷和萃取剂的活度系数.实验结果用Scatchard-Hildebrand模型关联,并经回归处理,得到了萃取反应热力学平衡常数(K=1.26×10^-7～5.26×10^-7)及萃合物的活度系数.     

TBP体系活度系数的测定和微扰理论的研究

在前人工作的基础上, 改进了液上空间气相色谱测活度系数的方法, 实验测定了TBP. 稀释剂和水形成的多个二元系、三元系和四元系的活度系数和密度. 选用的稀释剂有n-C_6H_(14)、n-C_7H_(16)、n-C_8H_(18)、C_6H_6、cy-C_6H_(12)、CCl_4和CHCl_3. 在Pierotti理论的基础上, 采用新的硬球作用表达式和径向分布函数, 并计及分子间的排斥能、色散能、取向能和诱导能, 建立了简单的活度系数模型, 并用于TBP和稀释剂体系的计算. 从二元系回归得到的分子参数较好地预测了三元系的活度系数.     

醋酸-水-醋酸乙烯酯三元系气液平衡的研究——Ⅰ.液相完全互溶区

本文报导了醋酸-水、醋酸-醋酸乙烯酯、水-醋酸乙烯酯等三对二元系以及醋酸-水-醋酸乙烯酯三元系在液相完全互溶区的气液平衡实验数据。文中还计算了经校正了醋酸气相缔合后的活度系数,作了热力学一致性校验,并尝试用NRTL式进行关联。当使用三对二元系的NRTL特征参数,对三元系液相完全互溶区的气液平衡进行了预测,与实验结果基本相符。三元系液相部分互溶区的实验数据与热力学关联的结果,将于第Ⅱ报中报导。     

计算离子液体溶液汽液相平衡的分子热力学模型

用平均球近似理论、微扰理论和UNIFAC基团贡献方法分别考虑离子之间的长程静电作用、离子与溶剂之间的中程静电作用以及所有粒子之间的短程作用,本文提出了一种新的分子热力学模型,可用于离子液体溶液中溶剂活度系数的计算.通过对含烷基咪唑磷酸酯类离子液体与水、甲醇或乙醇组成的9个二元体系的饱和蒸汽压数据进行关联,获得了相关的模型参数,即溶剂的分子直径和基团之间的交互作用能参数.溶剂活度系数及饱和蒸汽压的计算结果与实验值的平均偏差为1.40%,符合良好,因此本模型可望用于含离子液体体系汽液相平衡的预测.     

NaOH-NaAl(OH)4-H2O溶液体系渗透系数的测定及离子作用模型

用等压法测定了在303.15 K时总碱质量摩尔浓度mNaOH(T)从0.61 mol/kg到5.72 mol/kg, 苛性比αK从1.98到7.04的NaOH-NaAl(OH)4-H2O溶液体系的等压平衡浓度和渗透系数, 并得到该溶液体系的水活度. 用Pitzer模型对实验结果进行了参数化研究, 拟合求得了离子相互作用参数. 用Pitzer模型计算的渗透系数值与实验结果一致. 用获得的参数计算了NaOH和NaAl(OH)4在NaOH-NaAl(OH)4-H2O溶液体系中的活度系数, 其值随总碱质量摩尔浓度的增加呈增加的趋势.     

水合物反应液中水活度系数模型研究进展

水合物反应液中水活度系数的计算对水合物相平衡特性的研究及水合物技术的应用具有重要意义。 通过调研大量的国内外资料,概括了Margules、Wilson、NRTL、UNIQUAC及UNIFAC活度系数方程及其关联式等模型及其应用,结果表明,Margules模型常用于二元体系活度系数的计算,但对高温高压体系条件下的溶液适用性较差;Wilson模型参数回归误差稍大且不适于溶质与离子不能完全互溶体系;UNIQUAC模型在含水或咪唑类离子反应液体系中误差较大;多元离子体系相平衡的研究中常选择NRTL模型;UNIFAC模型拟合效果较好,可实现较高浓度体系活度系数的精确计算,应用较广泛。 水活度关联方程参数拟合效果好,且准确度高,但在高温高压水合物反应液体系中的计算仍是一个技术难点,是今后的研究方向。     

叔丁醇—醋酸乙烯—水三元系液液平衡研究

该三元系的相平衡是在含有叔丁醇、醋酸乙烯（以下简称ＶＡＣ）、水的三元系中测定的。理论上可根据二元平衡数据预测三元数据，但活度系数和组成间的关联式种类繁多，它们均应满足热力学一致的要求，但每个关联式在应用时或多或少地受不同程度的限制，使得理论值和实测值...     

含有化合物的二元体系活度计算的新方法

利用已知化合物的生成热,对含有化合物的二元系推导了由相图计算活度的公式,提出了活度计算的新方法。用导出公式计算了Al-Ce、Al-La两个二元系在整个浓度范围内的活度系数,并进行了初步分析。     

二元系挥发组分活度系数的测定

活度系数和活度是物理化学教学中要求掌握的基本概念,溶液活度系数的测定是物理化学实验的基本内容之一,但在一般实验指导书中仅介绍气液色谱法测无限稀活度系数.而用静态平衡釜测定二元系恒温下的总压～液相组成(P～X)数据的实验,在基础物理化学实验室中是没有条件进行     

NaOH-Na2H2SiO4-H2O体系渗透系数的等压法测定及离子作用模型

采用等压法测定了313.15 K下NaOH-Na₂H₂SiO₄-H₂O体系在0.5695～6.4775 mol•kg^－1的离子强度范围及0.1461～0.3158的模数(SiO₂与Na₂O的物质的量比)范围内的等压平衡浓度, 计算了该混合体系的渗透系数和水活度. 用Pitzer离子相互作用模型对实验结果进行了参数化研究, 拟合求取了Pitzer离子相互作用参数. 用Pitzer模型计算的渗透系数值与实验结果一致, 说明该模型能较好的描述NaOH-Na₂H₂SiO₄-H₂O体系的热力学性质. 用Pitzer模型计算得到了该体系的各组分平均活度系数随离子强度及模数的变化规律, 并与Mckay-Perring方程计算得到的NaOH的平均活度系数进行了比较, 指出Mckay-Perring方程的适用性.     

Correlation and comparison of the infinite dilution activity coefficients in aqueous and organic mixtures from a modified excess Gibbs energy model

Activity coefficients at infinite dilution (ln γ^∞) of aqueous systems were calculated using a modified excess Gibbs energy model. More than 95 binary systems with 15 solute families from nonpolar alkanes to polar alcohols and acids were employed in this study. Based on the local composition lattice model developed by Aranovich and Donohue, a modified excess Gibbs energy equation (m-AD model) was derived in this study. With two generalized parameters for each homologous series of solutes, this modified model yields satisfactory results for the limiting activity coefficients. The overall absolute average deviation (AAD) of ln γ^∞ for all aqueous systems investigated in this study is 2% for the m-AD model, and the corresponding AAD in γ^∞ unit is 7%. The calculated infinite dilution activity coefficients from the m-AD model are comparable to those from the MOSCED, SPACE, PDD, LSER or the modified UNIFAC model. The m-AD model shows lower peak deviation than those from other methods. Satisfactory generalized correlation results are also observed for organic solvents other than water. With the generalized parameters, the m-AD model satisfactorily predicts the limiting activity coefficients for other solutes not included in the correlation.     

Making thermodynamic models of mixtures predictive by machine learning: matrix completion of pair interactions

Predictive models of thermodynamic properties of mixtures are paramount in chemical engineering and chemistry. Classical thermodynamic models are successful in generalizing over (continuous) conditions like temperature and concentration. On the other hand, matrix completion methods (MCMs) from machine learning successfully generalize over (discrete) binary systems; these MCMs can make predictions without any data for a given binary system by implicitly learning commonalities across systems. In the present work, we combine the strengths from both worlds in a hybrid approach. The underlying idea is to predict the pair-interaction energies, as they are used in basically all physical models of liquid mixtures, by an MCM. As an example, we embed an MCM into UNIQUAC, a widely-used physical model for the Gibbs excess energy. We train the resulting hybrid model in a Bayesian machine-learning framework on experimental data for activity coefficients in binary systems of 1146 components from the Dortmund Data Bank. We thereby obtain, for the first time, a complete set of UNIQUAC parameters for all binary systems of these components, which allows us to predict, in principle, activity coefficients at arbitrary temperature and composition for any combination of these components, not only for binary but also for multicomponent systems. The hybrid model even outperforms the best available physical model for predicting activity coefficients, the modified UNIFAC (Dortmund) model.

Embedding matrix completion methods from machine learning in classical thermodynamic models creates powerful hybrid models for predicting properties of mixtures.     

Electrolyte-UNIQUAC-NRF model for the correlation of the mean activity coefficient of electrolyte solutions

The new electrolyte-UNIQUAC-NRF excess Gibbs function is obtained for calculation of the activity coefficient of the binary electrolyte solutions. The excess Gibbs energy of the model consists of the Pitzer–Debye–Hückel equation, describing the long-range electrostatic contribution and the electrolyte-UNIQUAC-NRF model to account for the short-range contributions. With two adjustable parameters per electrolyte, the new model is applied to correlation of the mean activity coefficients of more than 130 binary aqueous electrolyte solutions at 25 °C. Also the binary parameters, obtaining from regression of mean activity data, are used for prediction of osmotic coefficient data for the same electrolytes. The results are compared with various local composition models such as the electrolyte-NRTL, electrolyte NRF-Wilson, electrolyte-NRTL-NRF, N-Wilson-NRF models. The comparison of the results with experiment demonstrates that the new model can correlate the experimental activity coefficient data and predict the osmotic coefficient data of binary electrolytes accurately.     

Measurement,correlation and estimation of binary vapor—liquid equilibria for alcohol—chlorobenzene systems

Experimental VLE of chlorobenzene—1-pentanol binary mixtures are determined at 101.08 kPa. Also, the activity coefficients at infinite dilution (γ^∞) for some alcohol—chlorobenzene systems are determined from ebulliometric measurements. The Wilson equation is tested for 10 binary alcohol—chlorobenzene systems. The results show that this model represents the data well. There is good comparison between experimental γ^∞,s and γ^∞,s computed from Wilson parameters. Further, the VLE data for the above-mentioned mixtures are estimated by the UNIFAC method.     

气相色谱端值法测定稀溶液的气液平衡

本文提出了一种由气相色谱测定的γ_1~(∞)和(dln γ_1/dx_1)x_1→∞推算稀溶液气液平衡的方法。经较严格的推导, 得到(dlnγ_1/dx_1)x_1→∞的新测定公式; 与现有公式比较, 本文式更严格、具一般性,也更易于应用。将所得公式用于确定稀溶液活度系数模型参数, 进而推算气液平衡, 与直接测定值相比较, 得到了满意的结果。     

从过量体积推算液相活度系数与汽液平衡数据

本文运用统计热力学导出了一个直接由过量体积数据推算液相活度系数的新模型--EVLAC模型,本模型主要从“双液胞腔”与“局部组成”等概念出发,通过配分函数导出y-x表达式和V^E-x表达式,仅需要一个温度下的V^E-x数据即可推算出不同温度下盼恒温y-x,数据和不同压力下的恒压y-x数据,在不需要增加多元可调参数的情况下,可推广应用至多元体系。     

Improved binary parameters using GA for multi-component aromatic extraction: NRTL model without and with closure equations

Application of genetic algorithm (GA), which leads to globally optimal binary interaction parameters from multi-component liquid–liquid equilibrium data, has been recently demonstrated for some ternary, quaternary and quinary systems. The binary interaction parameters are related to each other through the closure equations. In this work, the binary interaction parameters based on non-random two liquid (NRTL) activity coefficient model have been estimated using GA, without and with closure equations for 65 multi-component aromatic extraction systems: 53 ternary, 9 quaternary and 3 quinary systems. Parameters that satisfy the closure equations exhibit better root mean square deviations than those that do not satisfy the closure equations. Root mean square deviation value without implementation of closure equations is 0–80% better than literature as compared to 0–90% better with implementation of closure equations.     

Dependence of ultrasonic velocity on structure in a homologous series of nonelectrolytes in aqueous medium

Ultrasonic velocities (u) have been measured for various concentrations (x), and (du/dx) _x=0 evaluated, in dilute aqueous solutions of nonelectrolytes which form solid clathrate structures of type II, or are members of a homologous series of alcohols, ketones or cyclic ethers. Changes in (du/dx) _x=0 in these classes of compounds were found to be correlated with changes in structure. Elongation of the hydrocarbon chain by addition of a CH₂ group is accompanied by an increase in (du/dx) _x=0 . Replacement of C?C by C=C, C?H by C?OH, CH₂) by ?O?, and CH?OH by C=O, lead to decreases in (du/dx) _x=0 . It is postulated that maximal values of (du/dx) _x=0 should be observed for hydrocarbons with only single C?C bonds.     

An activity coefficient model for predicting salt effects on vapor–liquid equilibria of mixed solvent systems

In the present study, an activity coefficient model, based on the concept of local volume fractions and the Gibbs–Helmholtz relation, has been developed. Some modifications were made from Tan–Wilson model (1987) and TK–Wilson model (1975) to represent activity coefficients in mixed solvent–electrolyte systems. The proposed model contains two groups of binary interaction parameters. One group for solvent–solvent interaction parameters corresponds to that given by the TK–Wilson model (1975) in salt-free systems. The other group of salt–solvent interaction parameters can be calculated either from vapor pressure or bubble temperature data in binary salt–solvent systems. It is shown that the present model can also be used to describe liquid–liquid equilibria. No ternary parameter is required to predict the salt effects on the vapor–liquid equilibria (VLE) of mixed solvent systems. By examining 643 sets of VLE data, the calculated results show that the prediction by the present model is as good as that by the Tan–Wilson model (1987), with an overall mean deviation of vapor phase composition of 1.76% and that of the bubble temperature of 0.74 K.     

TBP在水相中活度系数的探讨

本文对TBP-C6H6、TBP-CCl4、TBP-CHCl3及TBP-C6H5Cl四体系作了蒸汽压法测量.对TBP-C6H5Cl体系作了^3^2P标记法测量,其它三体系^3^2P标记法数据取自文献.分析了二种测量的结果.所得的稀释剂的活度系数应该基本一致.