Effects of applied DC/AC fields in electrical fixing process with SBN:60

We present experimental investigations of electrical fixing techniques in Ce:SBN:60. The effect of crystal fatigue on the diffraction efficiency of electrically fixed photorefractive gratings is studied. We observed that applying an ac field to the crystal eliminated crystal fatigue and improved diffraction efficiency. A controllable diffraction efficiency of a photorefractive grating is presented. A reproducible diffraction efficiency of up to 75% is obtained using a write-reveal grating technique with high-voltage pulses of opposite polarity. We also show that the diffraction efficiency can be controlled by varying the intensity of the writing beams incident to the crystal during the recording process. A method of determining the hysteresis loop using the domain-fixing technique is proposed. The dependence of the diffraction efficiency on the direction of the applied electric field while writing the hologram is studied. Our experiments show that, during writing, when the electric field is applied opposite to the c axis the grating can be successfully revealed with both positive and negative dc voltages. However, when the grating is written with a field parallel to the c axis, the grating can be revealed only with a field applied in the opposite direction. Received: 28 October 2002 / Revised version: 28 February 2003 / Published online: 14 May 2003 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +1-812/872-6167, E-mail: azad.siahmakoun@rose-hulman.edu     

Two-wave-mixing dynamics and nonlinear hot-electron transport in transverse-geometry photorefractive quantum wells studied by moving gratings

The photorefractive response to an applied electric field is measured in a photorefractive quantum well, providing evidence in favor of the nonlinear transport in the device due to the hot electrons. The reduced mobility of the hot electrons limits the drift length, and thereby limits fringe overshoot. Thus the nonlinear transport prevents the slowing down of the grating writing rate for increasing fields which is common in bulk photorefractives. The photorefractive phase shift in transverse-field photorefractive quantum wells is measured as a function of the frequency offset between two laser writing beams that generate moving gratings. The two-wave mixing passes through a maximum at an optimum frequency which depends on the magnitude and the sign of the applied dc electric field. The phase shift associated with the moving grating adds or subtracts from the static phase shift induced by hot-electron transport in the semiconductor quantum wells, depending on the sign of the field and the sign of the dominant photocarriers. We observe a linear relationship between the roll-off frequency and the power of the writing beams. Received: 26 November 1998 / Revised version: 22 January 1999 / Published online: 12 April 1999     

Fe:LiNbO_3晶体光折变性能分析计算

掺铁铌酸锂晶体的光折变性能 ,一方面取决于晶体材料制备时的工艺条件和参数 ,另一方面和记录光路布置及晶体光轴的选取密切相关。给出了常用的 90°记录光路中光折变晶体折射率调制度的计算方法和公式 ,并分析了写入光的偏振方向、晶体光轴 (C轴 )方向及全息图折射率调制度之间的关系。     

All-Optical Photorefractive Effect in Carbazole-Based Azo-Side Group Polymer

We observe the photorefractivity without bias voltage or prepoling in a bifunctional photorefractive polymer. The maximum two-beam coupling gain is measured to be 126cm^-1 at zero bias voltage. The sample is considered to be poled by the photoinduced longitudinal electric field, which is formed due to the light intensity gradient along the light path. The expression of the electric field was deduced. The energy transfer direction between two writing beams and light intensity dependence of the two-beam coupling gain coefficient is predicted to be consistent with the experimental results. Furthermore, the dependence of the two-beam coupling gain coefficient on external applied electrical field is measured and this experiment verifies the existence of the photoinduced longitudinal electric field.     

KTa_(1-x)Nb_xO_3:Cu晶体中直流空间电荷场的进一步研究

分别用扩束光和一束写入光对KTa_(1-x)Nb_xO_3:Cu(X=0.32)晶体中的光折变栅进行擦洗,通过不同的擦洗效果,进一步论证了在写入过程中除了形成周期分布的空间电荷场之外,同时还形成了直流空间电荷场.并对直流空间电荷场被擦洗的动态过程进行了详细研究.此外,在写入之前利用一束均匀光照射在外加电场作用下的KTa_(1-x)Nb_xO_3:Cu晶体,研究了直流空间电荷场的形成对衍射信号强度的影响.     

Photorefractive effect induced by polarization gratings in dye-doped liquid crystals

We report on the photorefractive effect induced by a polarization grating in the presence of dc voltage in a dye-doped liquid-crystal (DDLC) film. The writing beams are two orthogonally (left- and right-circularly) polarized laser beams that create a spatially polarization-modulated interference field with constant intensity. The photorefractivity is ascribed to the absorption anisotropy of the azo dye. The unique dichroism of a DDLC cell causes a spatial variation in the absorption of light in response to a polarization-modulated interference field. Such a variation establishes a space-charge field in the presence of dc voltage, generating photorefractivity. Two-beam couplings were also verified and measured dynamically during the formation of the photorefractive grating in this study.     

Theory of 2×2 switch based on electro-optic and piezoelectric effects in photorefractive LiNbO3 crystal

Based on the electro-optic and piezoelectric effects, the principle of a 2×2 bypass-exchange switch in photorefractive LiNbO₃ crystal is discussed. In photorefractive volume grating, the Bragg condition can be changed by applying a field during readout. That is, by applying a specific field E_s or zero, the diffraction efficiency will be 0 or 1, respectively and this property can be used to realize the bypass or exchange operation of the switch. In this paper, considering both the piezoelectric and electro-optic effects caused by the applied electric field, we analyzed relations of both the specific field and the incident intensity ratio with respect to the writing angles and polarizations of writing beams.     

Beam walk-off suppression in photorefractive polymer-based coherence domain holography

The effect of beam walk-off is known to reduce the overlap region of the writing beams in coherence domain holographic imaging. In photorefractive (PR) polymer devices this problem is particularly pronounced because of the restrictions that are imposed by the slanted recording geometry. Here, we demonstrate that by optically demagnifying the image bearing signal beam the field of view can be enhanced by a factor of 8. In addition, we found that the area ratio of the writing and readout beams determines both the PR performance and the depth resolution. In a second approach, we show that by changing the recording geometry from transmission to reflection the field of view can be almost fully recovered.     

双光子光折变介质中非相干耦合亮-暗混合屏蔽孤子族

 根据光波耦合方程及亮-暗孤子对解,对稳态情况下多束互不相干的光束在有外加电场的双光子非光伏光折变晶体中的传播进行分析,给出产生亮-暗双光子光折变屏蔽光伏孤子族需满足的条件。证明有外加电场双光子非光伏光折变晶体中存在非相干耦合亮-暗混合屏蔽孤子族,孤子族由偏振态和波长都相同的多束互不相干的光形成。当外加电场方向和晶体光轴方向相同时,双光子光折变晶体可支持亮孤子族总峰值光强稍大于暗孤子族总峰值光强的的非相干耦合亮-暗混合孤子族,当外加电场方向与晶体光轴方向相反时,双光子光折变晶体可支持亮孤子族总峰值光强稍小于暗孤子族总峰值光强的非相干耦合亮-暗混合孤子族。     

Conical parametric scattering of a single extraordinary beam in BaTiO3 crystal

In this paper, the parametric scattering of a single extraordinary polarized beam of laser in BaTiO₃ photorefractive crystal has been investigated experimentally and theoretically. The resulting pattern consists of beam fanning, isotropic ring, and anisotropic one. Among all parts of scattering pattern, isotropic ring has not been studied as much as beam fanning and anisotropic ring, and there still are some differences in reports about it. Therefore, the study has mainly focused on this part. In this experimental configuration, isotropic ring is just visible in positive angles although the other parts of parametric scattering pattern can be visible from behind and in front of the crystal. In addition to steady state pattern in forward and backward directions, its transient behavior with the rotation of crystal has been studied. The results of experiments have been analyzed carefully, and their theoretical explanations have been presented based on the standard theory of parametric scattering in photorefractive crystals. It has been shown that this configuration corresponds to the so called parametric B-process scattering.     

光扇效应对Ce∶KNSBN记录偏振组态的影响

在非同时读出条件下,采用Ar+ 514.5 nm单色激光为光源。以信号光为非寻常偏振光(e光),通过改变抽运光的偏振态,研究不同写入光偏振组态下Ce∶KNSBN晶体的两波耦合特性。结果表明     

Diffraction efficiency and energy transfer during hologram formation in reduced KNbO3

Volume phase-hologram formation by the photorefractive effect in KNbO₃ is accompanied by a stationary energy transfer between writing beams. The change in energy transfer by applying an electric field on the reduced crystals is shown to be due to an efficient increase in migration length which can reach values comparable or larger than the fringe spacing. It is demonstrated that photovoltaic contribution to the diffraction efficiency and energy transfer is rather small in reduced KNbO₃ and that diffusion of photogenerated free holes is the dominant charge transport for the photorefractive effect in unbiased crystals. The experimental results for diffraction efficiency and energy transfer as a function of grating spacing, electric field, light intensity and temperature is well described by a recent theory of Kukhtarev and Vinetskii.     

Hanbury-Brown and Twiss type double-slit interference with photorefractive fanning light

This paper reports that when an intense extraordinary-polarized laser beam illuminates a photorefractive BaTiO₃ crystal, the dynamic beam fanning light is formed to be a thermal-like light source with a long correlation time and wide spectral bandwidth. The experimental results of the first- and second-order double-slit interference with such photorefractive fanning light source, can be understood with the theoretical simulation in terms of Hanbury-Brown and Twiss effect.     

在局域非线性响应的光折变晶体中的对称光扇

在具有非局域非线性响应的所有光折变晶体中几乎都能观察到光折变光扇效应．最近我们在具有局域非线性响应的光折变晶体（LiNbO₃∶Fe）观察到对称光扇．基于前向简并三波作用，从理论上研究了这种对称光扇的形成 关键词：     

Ce∶BaTiO3中光折变光栅衍射效率上升现象及分析

在对Ce∶BaTiO3晶体进行双光束干涉光折变光栅暗衰减特性的实验研究中,发现了暗条件下光折变光栅归一化衍射效率长时间上升的异常现象：在e光偏振、大入射角度产生光折变光栅的实验中,衍射效率在长逾8 h的时间内持续上升.而在e光干涉、小入射角度和o光干涉时均未出现衍射效率长时间上升的现象.分析认为：由于自泵浦位相共轭光的产生和晶体中的两个深能级参与了光折变过程,形成了衰减速度不同、光栅方向垂直的两个光栅,导致了暗衰减时衍射效率的长时间上升.     

Crystal orientation dependence of the SNR for signal beam amplification in photorefractive BaTiO3

In signal beam amplification by two-beam coupling in BaTiO₃ photorefractive crystals, beam fanning in the direction of the amplified signal reduces the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The dependence of the SNR and the signal beam gain on the crystal orientation are analysed using a HeNe laser. It is found that orientating the crystal for maximum gain gives poor signal-to-noise ratio. A compromise has to be made between the SNR and high gain for optimum signal amplification.     

高斯光束在有外电场的中心对称光折变材料中的演化

为了研究在有外电场的中心对称光折变材料中一束高斯光束及两束高斯光束相互作用的演化,将高斯光束作为入射波,采用数值方法求解波传播方程.结果表明,当外加电场,光强峰值和束腰参量分别与晶体匹配的情况下,一束高斯光束能演化为稳定的屏蔽空间明孤子,而在不匹配时,一束高斯光束在传播过程中则呈现周期性的压缩或膨胀现象.同时也发现,在作用距离范围内.两束同相位高斯光束相互吸引,并伴随着融合现象,两束反相位高斯光束相互排斥,且排斥作用随着光束初始间距的减小而增加.     

光折变两波耦合对光扇开效应的抑制作用

以多个两波耦合（ＴＷＭ）相位栅模型建立了考虑光扇开效应后的动态两波耦合方程，通过数值求解揭示了在大信号两波耦合对光扇开效应的抑制作用和在小信号下光束扇开损耗对两波耦合影响的规律，并进行了相应的实验研究。     

Ce:KNSBN晶体衍射特性研究

在非同时读出条件下测量了Ce:KNSNB晶体两波耦合体光栅衍射效率随写入光强比、写入光偏振态和写入光夹角的变化关系,并与同时读出条件下衍射效率变化规律的测量结果进行了比较,发现二者基本一致.利用耦合波理论对实验结果进行了理论分析和拟合,拟合结果和实验数据较好的吻合.     

高斯光束在外加空间调制电场的光折变晶体中的演化

研究了高斯光束在外加空间调制电场的光折变晶体中的演化,结果表明,在不同的外加调制电场作用下高斯光束的光场分布会随着外电场变化而被调制。重点研究了同相位和反相位以及相位差为π/2的高斯光束在外加空间调制电场的光折变晶体中的相互作用,在外加空间分布线性增加电场作用下出现了许多新的实用特性,通过调整外加电场分布,可以让两同相位相干光靠得更近而不发生融合,也可以让两靠得很近的反相位光束可控偏转,还可以控制相位差为π/2的两相干光束进行能量转移。这种连续变化的电场可以用阶梯分布的电场替代,为工程实现提供了可能。