Fabrication and analysis of ZnO thin film bulk acoustic resonators

This study employs RF magnetron sputter technique to deposit high C-axis preferred orientation ZnO thin film on silicon substrate, which is then used as the piezoelectric thin film for a thin film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR). Electrical properties of the FBAR component were investigated by sputtering a ZnO thin film on various bottom electrode materials, as well as varying sputter power, sputter pressure, substrate temperature, argon and oxygen flow rate ratio, so that structural parameters of each layer were changed. The experimental results show that when sputter power is 200 W, sputter pressure is 10 mTorr, substrate temperature is 300 °C, and argon to oxygen ratio is 4:6, the ZnO thin film has high C-axis preferred orientation. The FBAR component made in this experiment show that different bottom electrode materials have great impact on components. In the experiment, the Pt bottom electrode resonant frequency was clearly lower than the Mo bottom electrode resonant frequency, because Pt has higher mass density and lower acoustic wave rate. The component resonant frequency will decrease as ZnO thin film thickness increases; when top electrode thickness is higher, its resonant frequency also drops, due to top electrode mass loading effect and increased acoustic wave path. Therefore, ZnO thin film and top/bottom electrode thickness can be fine-tuned according to the required resonant frequency.     

Magnetoelastic Waves in Submicron Yttrium–Iron Garnet Films Manufactured by Means of Ion-Beam Sputtering onto Gadolinium–Gallium Garnet Substrates

A series of equidistant oscillations have been revealed in the transmission spectrum and dispersion law of Damon–Eshbach surface magnetostatic waves (SMSWs) propagating in submicron (200-nm) yttrium–iron garnet (YIG) films manufactured by means of ion-beam sputtering onto gadolinium–gallium garnet (GGG) substrates. These oscillations correspond to the excitation of magnetoelastic waves in the YIG–GGG structure at frequencies of resonant interaction between the surface magnetostatic waves and the elastic shear modes of the wave-guiding YIG–GGG structure. The obtained results show that the studied YIG films are characterized by an efficient magnetoelastic coupling between their spin and elastic subsystems and the matching of acoustic impedances at the YIG–GGG interface, thus providing the possibility to consider the ion-beam sputtering of YIG films onto GGG substrates as a promising technology for the creation of magnonic and straintronic devices.     

Evolution of the spin Hall effect in Pt nanowires: size and temperature effects

We have studied the evolution of the spin Hall effect (SHE) in the regime where the material size responsible for the spin accumulation is either smaller or larger than the spin diffusion length. Lateral spin valve structures with Pt insertions were successfully used to measure the spin absorption efficiency as well as the spin accumulation in Pt induced through the spin Hall effect. Under a constant applied current the results show a decrease of the spin accumulation signal is more pronounced as the Pt thickness exceeds the spin diffusion length. This implies that the spin accumulation originates from bulk scattering inside the Pt wire and the spin diffusion length limits the SHE. We have also analyzed the temperature variation of the spin Hall conductivity to identify the dominant scattering mechanism.     

Helmholtz水声换能器弹性壁液腔谐振频率研究

针对传统Helmholtz水声换能器设计中刚性壁假设的局限性,将Helmholtz腔体的弹性计入到液腔谐振频率计算中,实现低频弹性Helmholtz水声换能器液腔谐振频率精确设计.基于细长圆柱壳腔体的低频集中参数模型,导出了腔体弹性引入的附加声阻抗表达式,得到了弹性壁条件下Helmholtz水声换能器等效电路图,给出了考虑了末端修正的弹性壁Helmholtz共振腔液腔谐振频率计算公式.利用ANSYS软件建立了算例模型,仿真分析了不同材质、半径、长度时的Helmholtz共振腔液腔谐振频率.结果对比表明弹性理论值与仿真值符合得很好,相比起传统的刚性壁理论计算结果,本文的弹性壁理论得出的液腔谐振频率值有所降低,与真实情况更加接近.本文的结论可以为精确设计低频弹性Helmholtz水声换能器提供理论支持.     

Frequency separation of surface acoustic waves in layered structures with acoustic metamaterials

We show theoretically that in elastic layered structures containing an upper layer of smoothly varied thickness and a substrate of a highly dispersive metametarial it is possible to significantly enhance spatial frequency separation of surface acoustic waves. Theory of Love surface acoustic waves propagation in waveguides with varied thickness, taking into account mutual modes coupling, is built. Appropriate structure of metamatererial with resonant frequency dependence of material parameters, making frequency separation effective, is provided. Efficiency of spatial frequency separation and modes coupling is calculated for various metamaterial parameters and wave frequencies.     

Resonant interaction of standing acoustic waves with a spin system

A theory is developed of the reaction of a spin system to a resonant action of an acoustic field and an electromagnetic field. It is shown that it is important to allow for the coherent properties of the acoustic field that excites the spin system both for the calculation of the line profile of direct acoustic absorption and for the line profile of saturation of paramagnetic resonance by sound. By studying the influence of the acoustic field on the profile of the absorption line of rf power it becomes possible to determine the magnitude and sign of the spin-phonon interaction constant.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 10, pp. 77–81, October, 1973.We are very grateful to V. R. Nagibarov for discussing the work.     

Decoherence due to elastic Rayleigh scattering

We present theoretical and experimental studies of the decoherence of hyperfine ground-state superpositions due to elastic Rayleigh scattering of light off resonant with higher lying excited states. We demonstrate that under appropriate conditions, elastic Rayleigh scattering can be the dominant source of decoherence, contrary to previous discussions in the literature. We show that the elastic-scattering decoherence rate of a two-level system is given by the square of the difference between the elastic-scattering amplitudes for the two levels, and that for certain detunings of the light, the amplitudes can interfere constructively even when the elastic-scattering rates from the two levels are equal. We confirm this prediction through calculations and measurements of the total decoherence rate for a superposition of the valence electron spin levels in the ground state of 9Be+ in a 4.5?T magnetic field.     

Quasi-resonances in sound-insulating coatings

This paper is concerned with the radiation of sound waves from a submerged cylindrical body which is coated by an imperfect elastic layer; that is, the coating only covers part of the cylinder. The focus of the study is to quantify the effect of the gap in the elastic layer on the radiated acoustic power. A finite element method is employed to determine the acoustic pressure field in the fluid and the displacement field in the coupled layer. This reveals that the effect of a modest sized gap in the coating does not markedly alter the radiated field except at distinct frequencies, at which values the coating exhibits strong fluid-coupled oscillations. We develop a simple analytical model to explain the resonance phenomenon and show that quasi-resonances arise when the wavelength of the deformation pattern ‘matches’ the azimuthal length of the surface of the coating. This resonant behaviour is conveniently captured by a single parameter Q, which is the ratio of the typical inertial fluid pressure induced by the wall oscillation to the stiffness of the elastic coating. For each choice of material parameters, there is shown to be an infinite set of values of Q corresponding to distinct quasi-resonance mode numbers. The effects on the radiated field due to variations in various physical parameters, such as acoustic wavenumber and elastic layer inertia, are also discussed.     

Muonium acoustic resonance

Theoretical consideration is given to the effect of ultrasonic oscillations on the spin polarization of the positive muon of muonium present in matter. The resonant action of the periodic acoustic perturbation on the muonium hyperfine structure levels is shown to result in characteristic oscillations and to modify the muon spin precession pattern considerably. The possibilities for experimental detection of the muonium acoustic resonance are discussed     

Detection of the electron spin resonance of two-dimensional electrons at large wave vectors

We have investigated the electron spin resonance at nonzero wave vector in GaAs single quantum wells by combining the virtues of high frequency surface acoustic wave generation to produce excitations with large wave numbers with a sensitive optical scheme to detect resonant absorption. The observed large deviations from the single particle Zeeman energy are attributed to the exchange interaction. The enhancement of the electronic g* factor is, however, substantially smaller compared with theoretical predictions for spin waves when adopting a bare Coulomb interaction potential.     

Surface shear horizontal waves associated with a periodic array of wires deposited on a substrate

The vibrational and electronic spectra of a semi-infinite crystal with a planar surface are modified by the presence of surface inhomogeneities or roughness such as ridges or grooves, quantum wires or tips. We develop a Green's function formalism to investigate the localized and resonant acoustic modes of shear horizontal polarization associated with the surface of a substrate supporting a single and a periodic array of wires. Each material is assumed to be an isotropic elastic medium. The calculation can be applied to an arbitrary choice of the shape and elastic parameters of the wires. The surface modes are obtained as well-defined peaks of the densities of states (DOS). In this paper, we calculate the variation of the density of states associated with the adsorption of a single wire, and the dispersion curves of the surface modes for a periodic array of wires on the flat surface of a substrate. We discuss their behaviors as a function of the elastic parameters and the relationship between resonant modes of the single wire and dispersion curves of the surface modes for a periodic structure. Received 6 December 2000     

NiFe/Pt薄膜中角度相关的逆自旋霍尔效应

NiFe/Pt双层薄膜样品在铁磁共振时, NiFe磁矩进动所产生的自旋流注入到Pt层中, 由于逆自旋霍尔效应产生直流电压V_ISHE, 此电压会叠加到NiFe薄膜由于自旋整流效应而产生的电压V_SRE 上, 实验测量所得电压为V_ISHE和V_SRE的叠加. 为了区分这两种不同机理对电压的贡献, 本文采取旋转外加静磁场的方法, 通过分析所测电压随磁场角度的变化从而分离出V_ISHE 的大小. 研究结果表明, 相比于单层NiFe(20 nm)薄膜样品, NiFe(20 nm)/Pt(10 nm)双层膜样品中由于NiFe自旋注入到Pt 中导致铁磁共振线宽增加. 与逆自旋霍尔效应产生的电压相比, 自旋整流效应的贡献较小, 但不可忽略. 本文工作有助于认清铁磁/非磁性金属材料中的自旋相关效应, 并提供了一种准确的分析逆自旋霍尔效应的方法.     

Integrable models for the dynamics of a longitudinal-transverse acoustic wave in a crystal with paramagnetic impurities

We theoretically study the evolution of longitudinal-transverse acoustic pulses propagating parallel to an external magnetic field in a system of resonant paramagnetic impurities with an effective spin S=1/2. For equal group velocities of the longitudinal and transverse waves, the pulse dynamics is shown to be described by evolution equations. In limiting cases, these equations reduce to equations integrable in terms of the inverse scattering transform method (ISTM). For the most general integrable system of equations that describes the dynamics of acoustic pulses outside the scope of the slow-envelope approximation, we derive the corresponding ISTM equations. These equations are used to find a soliton solution and a self-similar solution. The latter describes the leading edge of the packet of acoustic pulses generated when the initial unstable state of a spin system decays. Analysis of our solutions and models indicates that the presence of a longitudinal acoustic wave leads not only to a change in the amplitude and phase of the transverse wave but also to a qualitatively new dynamics of sound in such a medium.     

Unified boundary integral equation for the scattering of elastic and acoustic waves: solution by the method of moments

A unified boundary integral equation (BIE) is developed for the scattering of elastic and acoustic waves. Traditionally, the elastic and acoustic wave problems are solved separately with different BIEs. The elastic wave case is represented in a vector BIE with the traction and displacement vectors as unknowns whereas the acoustic wave case is governed by a scalar BIE with velocity potential or pressure as unknowns. Although these two waves can be unified in the form of a partial differential equation, the unified form in its BIE counterpart has not been reported. In this work, we derive the unified BIE for these two waves and then show that the acoustic wave case can be derived from this BIE by introducing a shielding loss for small shear modulus approximation; hence only one code needs to be maintained for both elastic and acoustic wave scattering. We also derive the asymptotic Green's tensor for zero shear modulus and solve the corresponding vector equation. We employ the method of moments, which has been widely used in electromagnetics, as a numerical tool to solve the BIEs involved. Our numerical experiments show that it can also be used robustly in elastodynamics and acoustics.     

Q-switched all-fibre laser using a fibre-optic resonant acousto-optic modulator

We report an actively Q-switched all-fibre laser using a fibre-optic resonant acousto-optic modulator as Q-switching element. The modulator consists of a short-length fibre Bragg grating modulated by a standing longitudinal elastic wave, being the grating length much shorter than the acoustic wavelength. Q-switch pulses were successfully obtained from an Er3+-doped fibre laser at repetition rates of 18 and 37 kHz.     

Spin-polarized current in double quantum dots

We analyze the transport through asymmetric double quantum dots with an inhomogeneous Zeeman splitting in the presence of crossed dc and ac magnetic fields.A strong spin-polarized current can be obtained by changing the dc magnetic field.It is mainly due to the resonant tunnelling.But for the ferromagnetic right electrode,the electron spin resonance also plays an important role in transport.We show that the double quantum dots with three-level mixing under crossed dc and ac magnetic fields can act not only as a bipolar spin filter but also as a spin inverter under suitable conditions.     

一维准周期结构声子晶体透射性质的研究

提出了一维准周期结构的声子晶体模型.对弹性波通过该一维准周期结构声子晶体的透射系数进行了数值计算，并与周期结构的透射系数进行了比较.计算结果表明，弹性波通过一维准周期结构声子晶体时，同样会有带隙的出现，且带隙所在频率范围与周期结构的情形完全一样，不同的是在准周期结构声子晶体中，带隙内有很强的局域共振模.对此局域模性质的研究有助于声波或弹性波滤波器的制作. 关键词： 准周期结构 声子晶体 局域化     

The influence of magnetoelastic coupling of exchange spin waves on the spectrum of magnetoacoustic vibrations in planar structures

The influence of coupling between exchange spin waves and acoustic waves on the spectrum of magnetoelastic vibrations in planar structures (such as a ferrite film-dielectric substrate structure) is investigated theoretically. A strong magnetoelastic coupling is observed in a narrow spectrum of magnetoacoustic modes that corresponds to the phase matching of the exchange magnetostatic and acoustic modes. An explanation is offered for the experimental results obtained earlier by the authors, according to which the linear excitation of exchange acoustic and dipole exchange acoustic modes occurs in a spectral range corresponding to the resonance magnetoelastic coupling of exchange modes irrespective of the degree of pinning of surface spins in the ferrite film. It is demonstrated that the exchange acoustic and dipole exchange acoustic modes can be excited in films with free surface spins due to a substantial transformation of the structure of normal modes of the magnetization vector and elastic displacements in the range of the phase matching of the exchange spin and acoustic modes.     

Effect of spin-orbit scattering on the magnetic and superconducting properties of nearly ferromagnetic metals: application to granular Pt

We calculate the effect of scattering on the static, exchange enhanced, spin susceptibility and show that, in particular, spin-orbit scattering leads to a reduction of the giant moments and spin glass freezing temperature due to dilute magnetic impurities. The harmful spin fluctuation contribution to the intragrain pairing interaction is strongly reduced opening the way for BCS superconductivity. We are thus able to explain the superconducting and magnetic properties recently observed in granular Pt as being due to scattering effects in single small grains.     

Manipulating sonic band gaps at will: vibrational density of states in three-dimensional acoustic metamaterial composites

Vibrational properties of elastic composites containing a mass-in-mass microstructure embedded in a solid matrix are numerically studied. Using a lattice model, we investigate the vibrational density of states in three-dimensional composite structures where resonant particles are randomly dispersed. By dispersing such particles in the system, a sonic band gap appears. It is confirmed that this band gap can be introduced in a desired frequency regime by changing the parameters of resonant particles and the frequency width of this band gap can be controlled by varying the concentration of the resonant particles to be dispersed. In addition, multiple sonic band gaps can be realized using different species of resonant particles. These results enable us to suggest an alternative method to fabricate devices that can inhibit the propagation of elastic waves with specific frequencies using acoustic metamaterials.