Studies of plastic-ablator compressibility for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion on OMEGA

The compression of planar plastic targets was studied with x-ray radiography in the range of laser intensities of I approximately 0.5 to 1.5x10(15) W/cm2 using square (low-compression) and shaped (high-compression) pulses. Two-dimensional simulations with the radiative hydrocode DRACO show good agreement with measurements at laser intensities up to I approximately 10(15) W/cm2. These results provide the first experimental evidence for low-entropy, adiabatic compression of plastic shells in the laser intensity regime relevant to direct-drive inertial confinement fusion. A density reduction near the end of the drive at a high intensity of I approximately 1.5x10(15) W/cm2 has been correlated with the hard x-ray signal caused by hot electrons from two-plasmon-decay instability.     

Time-resolved measurements of hot-electron equilibration dynamics in high-intensity laser interactions with thin-foil solid targets

Time-resolved K(α) spectroscopy has been used to infer the hot-electron equilibration dynamics in high-intensity laser interactions with picosecond pulses and thin-foil solid targets. The measured K(α)-emission pulse width increases from ~3 to 6 ps for laser intensities from ~10(18) to 10(19) W/cm(2). Collisional energy-transfer model calculations suggest that hot electrons with mean energies from ~0.8 to 2 MeV are contained inside the target. The inferred mean hot-electron energies are broadly consistent with ponderomotive scaling over the relevant intensity range.     

Generating energetic electrons through staged acceleration in the two-plasmon-decay instability in inertial confinement fusion

A new hot-electron generation mechanism in two-plasmon-decay instabilities is described based on a series of 2D, long-term (~10 ps) particle-in-cell and fluid simulations under parameters relevant to inertial confinement fusion. The simulations show that significant laser absorption and hot-electron generation occur in the nonlinear stage. The hot electrons are stage accelerated from the low-density region to the high-density region. New modes with small phase velocities develop in the low-density region in the nonlinear stage and form the first stage for electron acceleration. Electron-ion collisions are shown to significantly reduce the efficiency of this acceleration mechanism.     

Role of hot-electron preheating in the compression of direct-drive imploding targets with cryogenic D2 ablators

The compression of direct-drive, spherical implosions is studied using cryogenic D2 targets on the 60-beam, 351-nm OMEGA laser with intensities ranging from approximately 3x10(14) to approximately 1x10(15) W/cm2. The hard-x-ray signal from hot electrons generated by laser-plasma instabilities increases with laser intensity, while the areal density decreases. Mitigating hot-electron production, by reducing the laser intensity to approximately 3x10(14) W/cm2, results in areal density of the order of approximately 140 mg/cm2, in good agreement with 1D simulations. These results will be considered in future direct-drive-ignition designs.     

不同激光脉冲宽度下甲苯的光学非线性特性的研究

在不同激光脉冲激发下,用Z 扫描法测量了甲苯的三阶光学非线性,发现其非线性折射率随着脉冲宽度增加而增大（从150 fs时的3.7×10－16 cm2/W到4 ns时的2.6×10－14 cm2/W）.在波长532 nm、光强4.73×1014 W/m2 和21 ps的脉冲作用下,甲苯溶液呈现反饱和吸收现象.结果表明,该吸收效应主要来自于导致该分子中苯环结构π－π电子跃迁的双光子吸收的贡献.     

Flux-limited nonequilibrium electron energy transport in warm dense gold

An abrupt change in energy transport has been observed in femtosecond laser heated gold when the absorbed laser flux exceeds ~7×10(12) W/cm(2). Below this value, the absorbed flux is carried by ballistic motion of nonthermal electrons produced in interband excitation. Above this value energy transport appears to include ballistic transport by nonthermal electrons and heat diffusion by thermalized hot electrons. The ballistic component is limited to a flux of ~7×10(12) W/cm(2). This offers a unique benchmark for comparison with theory on nonequilibrium electron transport.     

Al激光等离子体电子温度的时间分辨诊断

 将门控分幅相机与平面晶体谱仪耦合，构成时间分辨光谱测量系统，对Al激光等离子体的K壳层发射谱进行测量，获得了相对入射激光延迟约1ns，积累时间约200ps的光谱信号。利用稳态碰撞-辐射平衡（CRE）近似条件下的等离子体光谱辐射动力学模型，给出了Al激光等离子体Ly-β线与He-β线强度比以及Ly-γ线与He-γ线强度比与电子温度的函数关系。在此基础上，根据实验谱线强度比，得到激光强度为2.319×10¹⁴，1.937×10¹⁴和3.946×10¹⁴ W/cm²时，等离子体冕区电子温度分别为1.190(1±27%)，1.165(1±27%)和1.525(1±27%)keV。     

Laser-energy transfer and enhancement of plasma waves and electron beams by interfering high-intensity laser pulses

The effects of interference due to crossed laser beams were studied experimentally in the high-intensity regime. Two ultrashort (400 fs), high-intensity (4 x 10(17) and 1.6 x 10(18) W/cm(2)) and 1 microm wavelength laser pulses were crossed in a plasma of density 4 x 10(19) cm(3). Energy was observed to be transferred from the higher-power to the lower-power pulse, increasing the amplitude of the plasma wave propagating in the direction of the latter. This results in increased electron self-trapping and plasma-wave acceleration gradient, which led to an increased number of hot electrons (by 300%) and hot-electron temperature (by 70%) and a decreased electron-beam divergence angle (by 45%), as compared with single-pulse illumination. Simulations reveal that increased stochastic heating of electrons may have also contributed to the electron-beam enhancement.     

Characterization of relativistic electrons generated by a cone guiding laser pulse

We demonstrated the interaction of a gold cone target with a femto second(fs) laser pulse above the relativistic intensity of 1.37×10 18 μm 2 W/cm 2.Relativistic electrons with energy above 2 MeV were observed.A 25%-40% increase of the electron temperature is achieved compared to the case when a plane gold target is used.The electron temperature increase results from the guiding of the laser beam at the tip and the intense quasistatic magnetic field in the cone geometry.The behavior of the relativistic electrons is verified in our 2D-PIC simulations.     

Trajectory selection in high harmonic generation by controlling the phase between orthogonal two-color fields

We demonstrate control of short and long quantum trajectories in high harmonic emission through the use of an orthogonally polarized two-color field. By controlling the relative phase ? between the two fields we show via classical and quantum calculations that we can steer the two-dimensional trajectories to return, or not, to the core and so control the relative strength of the short or long quantum trajectory contribution. In experiments, we demonstrate that this leads to robust control over the trajectory contributions using a drive field from a femtosecond laser composed of the fundamental ω at 800 nm (intensity ～1.2×10(14) W?cm(-2)) and its weaker orthogonally polarized second harmonic 2ω (intensity ～0.3×10(14) W?cm(-2)) with the relative phase between the ω and 2ω fields varied simply by tilting a fused silica plate. This is the first demonstration of short and long quantum trajectory control at the single-atom level.     

高功率二极管激光器寿命测试

 介绍了高功率激光二极管不同模式的失效机理，分析了激光二极管不同的寿命测试方法；在冷却水温20℃和实际工作温度下分别对封装的激光器进行了寿命测试。根据试验结果得出退化率，推算出准连续二极管激光器在水温20℃，电流90A，占空比为10%（500Hz，200μs）时，平均激光工作寿命为2.19×10⁹次脉冲；冷却水温35℃时，其平均激光工作寿命下降为1.65×10⁹次脉冲。由实验结果分析得出，高功率激光器封装工艺中的焊料沉积和多层焊接技术，以及工作环境温度是影响激光器可靠性和寿命的关键因素。     

XeCl（308nm）脉冲准分子激光淀积类金刚石薄膜

利用ＸｅＣｌ（３０８ｎｍ）脉冲准分子激光淀积技术在功率密度５×１０８Ｗ／ｃｍ２、室温、真空度１０－３Ｐａ的条件下，制备出不含氢成分的类金刚石薄膜，研究了类金刚石薄膜的特性及其随制备工艺条件的变化规律。研究了激光诱导的碳等离子体发射光谱，探讨了类金刚石薄膜的形成机理。     

Strong-field above-threshold photoemission from sharp metal tips

We present energy-resolved measurements of electron emission from sharp metal tips driven with low energy pulses from a few-cycle laser oscillator. We observe above-threshold photoemission with a photon order of up to 9. At a laser intensity of ～ 2 × 10(11) W/cm2 the suppression of the lowest order peak occurs, indicating the onset of strong-field effects. We also observe peak shifting linearly with intensity, with a slope of around -1.0 eV/(10(12) W/cm2). We attribute the magnitude of the laser field effects to field enhancement taking place at the tip's surface.     

fs激光在靶背表面产生的质子束成丝

 介绍了利用3TW/60fs钛宝石超短超强激光与20μm铜薄膜靶相互作用的实验。实验观测到质子束的角分布随激光功率密度有所变化。在较高的功率密度（～1×10¹⁸ W/cm²）时，观测到环状的质子束分布，发散角较大。在较低的激光功率密度（～2×10¹⁷ W/cm²）时，质子束发散角减小，质子束出现成丝现象。质子束的角分布实际上反映了从靶前输运到靶背的超热电子电流横向分布。在输运过程中，由于Weibel不稳定性会使超热电子电流出现空心化并最后破裂成丝。     

fs激光在靶背表面产生的质子束成丝

介绍了利用3TW/60fs钛宝石超短超强激光与20μm铜薄膜靶相互作用的实验。实验观测到质子束的角分布随激光功率密度有所变化。在较高的功率密度（～1×1018 W/cm2）时,观测到环状的质子束分布,发散角较大。在较低的激光功率密度（～2×1017 W/cm2）时,质子束发散角减小,质子束出现成丝现象。质子束的角分布实际上反映了从靶前输运到靶背的超热电子电流横向分布。在输运过程中,由于Weibel不稳定性会使超热电子电流出现空心化并最后破裂成丝。     

1.315μm附近CO2的高分辨率吸收光谱

利用可调谐激光长程吸收光谱测量系统,记录到1.315μm附近高气压（80kPa和40kPa）CO2的高分辨率吸收光谱,拟合分析获得谱线参数,结果与HITRAN 2k的数据基本一致。用程差法测量了绝对吸收,氧碘激光频率(7 603.138 5cm-1)的总吸收截面为(0.23~0.29)×-24cm2。仅计算谱线吸收的吸收截面为0.18×10-24cm2。在1.315μm波段COCO2存在连续吸收,吸收截面为(0.05~0.11)×10-24cm2。还讨论了测量误差问题。     

利用“神光-Ⅱ”激光装置多路光束叠加直接驱动下的冲击波平面性及稳定性

利用“神光-Ⅱ”的3路基频光输出及小透镜列阵束匀滑技术,通过优化设计和合理地选择光路组合,实现了多路叠加斜入射的驱动激光, 在靶材料中产生一个650~750μm范围内平面性良好的冲击波,有效地提高了“神光-Ⅱ”输出光束的利用率。同时,利用斜面靶进行的冲击稳定性实验表明,在靶面功率密度分别为3.26×1014及2.56×1014W/cm2时,冲击波至少在28.38~55.82和22.13~35.07μm的Al样品厚度内是稳定传播的。     

Watt-level ~2 μm laser output in Tm3+-doped tungsten tellurite glass double-cladding fiber

We report, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, a watt level cw fiber laser at ~2 μm from a piece of 40-cm-long newly developed highly thulium-doped (3.76 × 10(20) ions/cm(3)) tungsten tellurite glass double cladding fiber pumped by a commercial 800 nm laser diode. The maximum output power of the fiber laser reaches 1.12 W. The slope efficiency and the optical-optical efficiency with respect to the absorbed pump are 20% and 16%, respectively. The lasing threshold is 1.46 W, and the lasing wavelength is centered at 1937 nm.     

飞秒激光-薄膜靶相互作用中超热电子产额和激光转化效率

 在激光能量130 mJ（靶面），脉宽60 fs，波长800 nm，对比度1∶10^-6，激光与靶法线成45°夹角，P偏振，靶面激光峰值功率密度约为7.0×10¹⁷ W·cm^-2，无预脉冲的条件下，采用电子谱仪与经γ标准源标定的LiF热释光探测器（TLD）相配合，测量了飞秒激光-薄膜靶相互作用中产生的超热电子能谱。根据所测的能谱，推算出超热电子的产额和激光能量转化为超热电子能量的效率，在靶法线方向分别为1.19×10¹⁰/sr和4.55%/sr，在激光反射方向分别为1.83×10⁹/sr和0.76%/sr。结果显示，不同方向的超热电子产额和激光转化效率有所不同，原因在于激光-等离子体相互作用产生的超热电子构成各向异性的分布。     

高位K_2分子与基态K原子及H_2分子间的激发转移

激光双光子激发K2至1Λg高位态,利用分子荧光光谱方法,研究了1Λg-3Λg间的碰撞转移截面。在纯K实验中,池温控制在553至603 K之间,K原子密度由光学吸收法测量得到。探测1Λg-11Σu+的直接时间分辨荧光的光强,它是一条纯指数衰减曲线,由此得到1Λg+态的有效寿命,有效寿命的倒数与K密度成线性关系,从直线的斜率得到1Λg态的猝灭截面为(2.5±0.3)×10-14cm2,从截距得到辐射寿命为(20±2)ns。由3Λg→13Σu+转移荧光的时间分辨谱,用类似的方法得到3Λg的猝灭截面为(2.5±0.6)×10-14cm2,辐射寿命为(16.0±3.2)ns。由1Λg→11Σu+与3Λg→13Σu+的时间积分强度比得到K2(1Λg)+K→K2(3Λg)+K的转移截面为(1.1±0.3)×10-14cm2。在K2-H2碰撞实验中,池温保持在553 K,K密度为5×1015cm-3,H2气压在40~400 Pa之间,其中K2-K碰撞效应是不能略去的,但可以用纯K结果扣除,得到K2(1Λg)+H2→K2(3Λg)+H2的碰撞转移截面为(2.7±1.1)×10-15cm2。K2(3Λg)+H2→K2(3Λg)以外态+H2的猝灭截面为(6.8±2.7)×10-15cm2。