Effects of organic solvents on the structure stability of TS-1 for the ammoximation of cyclohexanone

The effects of organic solvents on the ammoximation of cyclohexanone to cyclohexanone oxime with H₂O₂and NH₃ over TS-1 were studied. To investigate the effects of ammonia and organic solvents on the structure stability of the catalyst, TS-1 samples were pretreated under severe conditions in ammonia solution or ammonia solution plus methanol, toluene or t-butanol, respectively, and then characterized bySEM, XRD, FTIR, etc. The results revealed that t-butanol is the best solvent for the ammoximation reaction; ammonia tends to destroy the active sites, -Ti-O-Si- structure in TS-1, but the presence of organic solvents remarkably limits this damaging effect of ammonia.     

Theoretical elucidation on the regio-, diastereo-, and enantio-selectivities of chiral primary-tertiary diamine catalyst for asymmetric direct aldol reactions of aliphatic ketones

The asymmetric direct aldol reactions of aliphatic ketones (acetone, butanone, and cyclohexanone) with 4-nitrobenzaldehyde catalyzed by a chiral primary-tertiary diamine catalyst (trans-N,N-dimethyl diaminocyclohexane) have been investigated by performing density functional theory calculations to rationalize the experimentally observed stereoselectivities. Focused on the crucial C-C bond-forming steps, we located several low-lying transition states and predicted their relative stabilities. The calculated results demonstrate that the catalytic direct aldol reactions of acetone favors the (S)-enantiomer and that butanone prefers the branched syn-selective product, while cyclohexanone yields predominantly the opposite anti-selective product. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental findings and provide a reasonable explanation for the high enantioselectivity and diastereoselectivity, as well as regioselectivity, of the aldol reactions under consideration.     

B-TS-1分子筛的合成及其催化氧化性能

通过将杂原子B引入钛硅-1（TS-1）分子筛对其进行改性,并研究其催化氧化性能。结果发现,B-TS-1明显延长了环己酮氨肟化反应运行寿命。结合氨肟化体系催化剂失活主要原因以及反应体系H₂O₂反应路径,分析表明,H₂O₂是控制TS-1/H₂O₂氨肟化体系副反应发生的关键,并且有机副产物是导致催化剂堵孔失活的重要原因。本文提出B-TS-1能有效控制体系H₂O₂残留,从而进一步抑制副反应发生与积碳生成以延长催化剂寿命。结合Al-TS-1的催化特性,发现同时引入适量B、Al的B/Al-TS-1具有进一步提高环己酮肟化反应稳定性的作用。     

钛硅分子筛催化环己酮液相氨肟化固定床工艺

采用固定床模式,研究了钛硅分子筛催化环己酮制环己酮肟液相氨肟化反应.结果表明,该工艺模式具有可行性与普适性.优化的反应条件为:温度333K,体系氨浓度>2%,酮/H₂O₂摩尔比=5,H₂O₂空速0.083h^-1.此时环己酮转化率、环己酮肟选择性、H₂O₂转化率及其有效利用率分别达18.7%,99.5%,94.7%和98.7%.进一步研究了H₂O₂在该过程中的反应行为,发现固定床工艺模式能有效提高H₂O₂的有效利用率,其主要原因是该模式有利于羟胺的生成及其进一步与酮反应生成肟.适当的空速与氨和酮的浓度是实现H₂O₂高效利用的关键因素.     

Study on the Ammoximation of Cyclohexanone to Cyclohexanone Oxime Catalyzed by Titanium Silicalite-1 Formed in Inorganic System

The conventional and modified synthesis of titanium silicalite-1 is in the organic system^[1,2]. We have reported the TS-1 could be prepared with colloidal SiO₂ and TiCl₃ as Si source and Ti source respectively in inorganic system^[3]. The present paper deals with the ammoximation of cyclohexanone to cyclohexanone oxime over TS-1 prepared by the method described above. Tests are carried out for 5 hours at 65℃,with NH₃ and H₂O₂ in the liquid phase, acetone as solvent, reactants adding to reactor all at once over these two kinds of TS-1. The results show that oxime yield over TS-1 produced in inorganic system is as good as or better than that catalyzed by conventional TS-1 at the same conditions. More over, more satisfied yield of oxinone could be achieved if it reacts at some optimal reaction conditions^[4,5]. In addition, the same result has been reached at the epoxidation of propylene catalyzed by these two kinds of TS-1 Following table is the results of reaction catalyzed by these two kinds of TS-1.     

Synthesis of acetone oxime through acetone ammoximation over TS-1

The ammoximation of acetone to acetone oxime with 30 wt.% hydrogen peroxide over TS-1 has been studied. The conversion of acetone and the selectivity to acetone oxime can reach 99% and 94%, respectively. The by-products are the corresponding hydrazone, imine and small amounts of unidentified compounds. The influence of various parameters such as solvent, temperature, amounts of catalyst and the NH₃ to acetone molar ratio were investigated. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

环己酮氨肟化反应中失活TS-1催化剂上沉积物的物化表征

在液相环己酮氨肟化反应中，有机物在钛硅分子筛催化剂（TS-1）上的沉积是造成失活的原因之一。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、热重-差热、色谱-质谱联用、X-射线衍射、固体核磁共振、N2物理吸附和扫描电镜等分析手段，对失活TS-1的骨架结构及表面沉积物分子的结构和物化性质进行了表征。结果表明，引起催化剂失活的沉积物富集在分子筛的孔道内，主要有环己酮的氧化或还原产物、环己酮的二聚物、环己酮肟深度反应产物、叔丁基环己酮等可溶性沉积物以及它们缩聚而成的不溶性沉积物，其量可占失活催化剂总质量的5.0%。TPO烧炭时靠近Ti中心处的沉积物可以在较低温度下脱除，而孔道内的其他沉积物需要在较高温度下脱除，650℃沉积的炭可完全脱除。失活催化剂经700℃煅烧再生后，催化活性可恢复到新鲜催化剂的水平。     

TS-1/H_2O_2体系催化香茅醛肟化反应

将TS-1/H2O2催化体系用于催化香茅醛氨肟化制备香茅醛肟反应中,结果表明,在优化的反应条件下,香茅醛转化率和香茅醛肟选择性分别达99.9%和99.2%以上.反应过程中主要存在两对竞争反应:TS-1催化的醛肟化反应和碱催化的羟醛缩合反应;TS-1催化的醛肟化反应和双键环氧反应.通过调节体系中氨含量可有效抑制副反应.     

微波法合成氟改性TS-1及其催化环己酮氨肟化性能

通过微波辅助法制备了含氟的TS-1（F-TS-1-M）,并与传统方法制备的氟改性TS-1（F-TS-1-T）,微波处理的TS-1（TS-1-M）和未改性TS-1进行比较.XRD、DR UV-Vis、XPS表明F-TS-1-M和TS-1-M分子筛上的部分非骨架钛转变为骨架钛,这是由于微波的选择性效应可以不同程度地活化Ti—O和Si—O键;¹⁹F MAS NMR证实了F-TS-1-M分子筛中氟元素是以Si-F和SiF₆^2-的形式存在;²⁹Si MAS NMR表明F-TS-1-M分子筛的骨架缺陷位和表面羟基减少,Py-FT-IR结果表明F-TS-1-M的Lewis酸性和疏水性高于F-TS-1-T、TS-1-M和TS-1.在环己酮氨肟化的反应中表现出优异的催化性能.     

多级孔钛硅分子筛的制备及应用进展

以钛硅分子筛(TS-1)为催化剂的选择性催化氧化工艺具有反应条件温和、产物选择性高及环境污染小等特点,促进了烃类催化氧化反应的绿色化发展.但常规TS-1分子筛狭窄的孔道限制了其在大分子催化氧化反应中的应用.多级孔TS-1分子筛为包含不同尺度的孔道结构的晶体沸石,兼具微孔分子筛晶体优异的水热稳定性和介孔材料优异的扩散传输性能,因此其受到国内外众多专家学者的广泛关注.多级孔TS-1分子筛的制备方法很多,主要有直接合成法和后处理法,其中直接合成法包括硬模板法、软模板法和自组装法,而后处理制备主要为碱处理法.我们在对多级孔TS-1分子筛制备方法进行归纳总结的基础上,探讨不同制备方法对分子筛中钛硅物种分布、孔道结构及催化烃类选择性氧化反应性能的影响.结合目前TS-1分子筛应用现状,对其未来发展进行展望.     

New observation on a class of old reactions: Chemoselectivity for the solvent-free reaction of aromatic aldehydes with alkylketones catalyzed by a double-component inorganic base system

Solvent-free reactions of aromatic aldehydes with three representative ketones, including acetophenone, acetone and cyclohexanone, have been examined under the catalysis of a low-cost inorganic base system consisting of NaOH and K₂CO₃. It was found that the chemoselectivity of the reactions is in close relationship with the composition of the reactants and the doublecomponent catalyst. Under the optimized experimental conditions, 1,2,3,4,5-pentasubstituted cyclohexanols, α,β-unsaturated ketones and Claisen-Schmidt bicondensation products were obtained in high yields. Two Kostanecki’s triketones were separated, The composition and structure were affirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis.     

Effect of steric hindrance of ketones in the dielectric relaxation of methanol+ketone systems

The reorientation activation energies of five methanol?+?ketone systems were determined from the study of the variation of dielectric permittivity with temperature between 303 to 333?K at X band frequency. The results of the activation parameters are interpreted in terms of the rotation of the molecules about the C–O–H hydrogen bond, using a previously reported conformation obtained from semi-empirical and ab initio calculations as the basic conformer. The ketones studied are acetone, 2 butanone, 3 pentanone, cyclohexanone and acetophenone.     

TS-2微球的形成机理、后处理修饰和催化应用

钛硅分子筛材料是一种优异的选择性氧化反应催化剂,能在温和的条件下活化双氧水,并且只副产水,构建了一系列绿色高效的催化反应体系,已成功地应用于环己酮氨肟化、丙烯环氧化等工业过程.但是,工业上使用的钛硅分子筛通常需要经过成型,这避不可免地引入惰性的粘结剂甚至会造成堵孔,导致催化剂的活性降低.因此,直接合成具有微米尺度的钛硅分子筛材料有望解决上述问题.本文通过控制晶化条件直接水热合成了一种由初级粒子经晶间交叉生长堆积成的TS-2微球,详细考察反应条件,包括季铵盐模板剂的用量、H2O/Si比、醇的存在与否和晶化温度等的影响,发现反应体系保持高的碱度、静态晶化以及体系无醇是TS-2微球形成的关键因素.进一步地对TS-2晶化过程进行详细跟踪考察,发现常规TS-2纳米颗粒与TS-2微球在晶化初期均会形成无定形微球.随着晶化的进行,无定形相晶化成为TS-2纳米晶粒,是一级粒子,相互堆积形成次级粒子.较高的碱度使得TS-2微球的一级粒子以交叉生长的方式堆积,从而保证微球形貌在整个晶化过程中得以保持;而TS-2纳米颗粒中初级粒子以平行的方式堆积,无法保持初始的微球形貌,最终形成纳米尺度的聚集体.扫描电镜和透射电镜照片均证实了TS-2微球中初级粒子成交叉生长的方式堆积.TS-2微球催化剂经模板剂、氯化铵和哌啶组成的混合溶液水热处理,发生了溶解-再晶化过程,外比表面积从148增至176 m2 g-1,介孔孔容从0.16 cm3 g-1升至0.24 cm3 g-1;成功引入介孔的同时,仍能保持TS-2微球形貌以及Ti活性中心的四配位状态.经哌啶混合溶液处理后得到的MS-TS-2-PI在环己酮肟化反应中表现出优于MS-TS-2微球的催化性能,环己酮转化率从18.6%升至91.4%,环己酮肟选择性从86.6%升至97%.再经Na+离子交换可以消除骨架中的Si-OH,增强了骨架的疏水性,进一步地提高了其在环己酮肟化反应中的催化性能;环己酮转化率和环己酮肟选择性均>99%.在环己酮肟化连续反应中,TS-2微球表现出稳定的催化性能,使用寿命达到90 h,与工业TS-1催化剂相当,是一种具有工业前景的催化剂.     

Glycosylidene Carbenes Part 12. A new synthesis and some reactions of spirooxiranes

The diazirine 1 , upon thermolysis or photolysis in either acetone or cyclohexanone, at different concentrations, yield the spiro epoxides 2 and 3 , and 4 and 5 , respectively (Scheme 1). Yield of 2 and 3 depended both on the temperature and the concentration, and correlated inversely with the yield of the major by-product, the enol-derived glycoside 6 . Other by-product were the benzyloxglycal 7 and the lactone azines 8 . ZnCl₂-Promoted methanolysis of 2 under mild condition yielded mixture of the uloside 9 and 10 (1.2:1); similarly, 4 yielded 11 and 12 (1.8:1; Scheme 2). More strongly acidic conditions converted 11 into 12 , evidencing that ZnCl₂-promoted methanolysis proceeds under kinetic control, which is rationalized. The diazirine 13 , upon thermolysis of Photolysis in either acetone of cyclohexanone, yielded the α-D -configurated spiro epoxides 14 and 16 , and the α-D -configurated dihydrooxazoles 15 and 17 , respectively (Scheme 3), which are either formed by ring-opening of ß-D -epoxides, by competitive interception of the initially formed, hypothetical addition products of the intermediate carbene to the ketones. The glycosylidene carbenes, derived from 1 or 13 are not very reactive towards ketones, yields are good only when sterically unhindered ketones are used in large excess.     

丙酮肟氧化偶联合成2,3-二甲基-2,3-二硝基丁烷反应的研究

以丙酮肟为原料,在改性TS-1(钛硅分子筛)催化剂催化下,可用H2O2氧化偶联合成2,3-二甲基-2,3-二硝基丁烷(DMNB).在此基础上以丙酮为原料,在改性TS-1催化剂催化下,一锅法进行丙酮氨肟化和氧化偶联反应可制备收率43.2%的DMNB.该方法简便易操作,操作安全.产物结构经1H NMR,13C NMR表征.     

A highly efficient organocatalyst for direct aldol reactions of ketones with aldehydes [corrected

L-proline amides derived from various chiral beta-amino alcohols that bear substituents with various electron natures at their stereogenic centers are prepared and evaluated for catalyzing the direct Aldol reaction of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde with acetone. Catalysts with strong electron-withdrawing groups are found to exhibit higher catalytic activity and enantioselectivity than their analogues with electron-donating groups. The presence of 2 mol % catalyst 4g significantly catalyzes the direct Aldol reactions of a wide range of aldehydes with acetone and butanone, to give the beta-hydroxy ketones with very high enantioselectivities ranging from 96% to >99% ee. High diastereoselectivity of 95/5 was observed for the anti Aldol product from the reaction of cyclohexanone, and excellent enantioselectivity of 93% ee was provided for anti Aldol product from the reaction of cyclopentanone.     

Reactions of hydrazones and azines with metal salts Communication 5. Reactions of hydrazones and azines with mercuric halides

Conclusions Hydrazones and azines of acetaldehyde, acetone, butanone, cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone, camphor, 2,3-bornanedione, and acetophenone react with mercuric chloride and bromide with formation of complexes between the reactants of general composition (R₂C=N-NH₂)·nHgX₂; (R₂C=N-N=CR₂)·nHgX₂, in which X=C1 or Br and n=1 or 2.For Communication 4 see [1].Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 844–848, May, 1966.     

Preparation and properties of molybdenum and tungsten dinitrogen complexes: XX. Reactions of a tungsten-dinitrogen complex with water or alcohols in the presence of ketones. Conversion of ligating dinitrogen into ketazines and isolation of a novel chelate diazo complex as an intermediate

Ammonia is formed by treatment of cis-[W(N₂)₂ (PMe₂ Ph)₄] with water (in THF) or alcohols at 50°C. Addition of KOH to the systems, especially those containing n-alcohols such as 1-butanol and 1-pentanol, remarkably increases the yields of ammonia. On the other hand, ketazines are produced in high yields when ketones such as acetone and butanone are added to the systems. The reaction of the dinitrogen complex with 2,4-pentanedione in methanol or ethanol gives a novel chelate diazo complex [$\text{W(NNC(Me)CHCO}$Me)(acac)(PMe₂Ph)₃]. Mechanisms of these reactions are discussed.     

Designed synthesis of TS-1 crystals with controllable b-oriented length

TS-1 crystals with controllable b-oriented length (sheet-like morphology, TS-1-S; chain-like morphology, TS-1-C) have been rationally synthesized from addition of organic additives (urea and fluorinated surfactant of FC-4) in the starting titanosilicate gels, and catalytic and adsorptive measurements show that TS-1-S samples are very active in Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime, whereas TS-1-C samples are selective in adsorption for para-xylene.     

TS-1分子筛的制备及其在环己酮氨肟化工艺中的研究进展

环己酮肟作为一种重要的有机中间体,在合成纤维、医药和日用品等方面有着重要的应用。在环己酮肟众多的合成方法中,环己酮氨肟化反应由于工艺简单、条件温和且无副产物生成,从而成为研究的热点。本文以该化学反应路径为主线,从环己酮肟催化剂的制备及连续化工艺两方面的研究进展进行综述。尽管目前TS-1催化剂已取得较大的进展,但在一定程度上依然存在着催化剂成本高、反应液与催化剂分离困难、反应液堵塞催化剂孔道导致失活的现象。基于上述问题,本文对未来高效、绿色、稳定的TS-1催化剂开发的研究重点以及实现环己酮肟连续化工艺进行了展望。