表面粗糙度对翼型气动特性影响的数值模拟

本文采用CFD数值模拟方法结合概率配点法研究了当翼型表面粗糙度存在不确定性变化时,NREL_S825风力机翼型的气动特性与绕流场参数分布。获得了两种特征攻角下翼型气动特性的变化,以及不确定性在绕流场中的传播。研究结果表明,升力系数对粗糙度的不确定性较为敏感。粗糙度不确定性对翼型绕流场的影响主要出现在翼型前缘、尾缘和分离区等速度梯度较大区域,并且吸力面压力系数分布对粗糙度的敏感性明显高于压力面。     

风力机非对称钝尾缘翼型优化设计方法研究

为了提高风力机钝尾缘翼型优化设计的精确性,提出设计变量计及尾缘厚度及其在中弧线上侧分配比的非对称钝尾缘翼型优化设计方法。采用风力机翼型型线集成理论和B样条曲线,建立钝尾缘翼型型线控制方程组。以翼型的形状函数系数、B样条控制参数以及钝尾缘厚度和其分配比为设计变量,利用粒子群算法耦合XFOIL软件进行钝尾缘翼型优化设计。针对S812翼型优化得到尾缘厚度2.61%c、厚度分配比0:1的钝尾缘改型,采用计算流体动力学方法研究翼型及其改型的气动性能和流场特性。结果表明:优化得到钝尾缘翼型的升力系数和最大升阻比均显著增大;钝尾缘翼型吸力面的气流在流场中发生下洗,改善了翼型表面压力分布,并引起翼型失速延迟,使得翼型的气动性能明显提高。     

风力机翼型尾缘襟翼动态特性分析

采用计算流体力学方法研究了带有运动尾缘襟翼的风力机翼型,考察了襟翼偏转角频率对翼型气动参数及非定常特性的影响。结果表明:多数情况下,翼型升力系数滞后于偏转角变化,且相位差随着角频率的增加先增大后减小;尾缘襟翼改变升力系数的能力随着角频率的增加而减小;以尾缘襟翼长度为特征尺度定义的襟翼折合频率可作为尾缘襟翼问题非定常特性的判断准则,当该折合频率大于或接近0.01时,流场具有明显的非定常特性。     

基于仿生学结构的翼型降噪实验研究

本文运用平面传声器阵列研究了翼型常规尾缘、锯齿形尾缘及波浪形前缘的气动噪声,并在全消声室环境下实验研究了仿生学前缘、尾缘的降噪效果。设计的传声器阵列是同一平面上的单支螺旋线结构,用于二维平面声源定位。实验结果表明:在低湍流度、自由来流情况下,尾缘噪声超过前缘噪声,是翼型噪声的最主要来源,锯齿形尾缘能够有效地降低翼型的尾缘噪声;在较大的宽频范围内,锯齿形尾缘均起到很好的降噪效果,尾缘最大降噪量可以达到10 dB。而波浪形前缘的波长越短,对翼型尾缘的降噪量越明显;波浪形前缘对尾缘噪声的降噪效果在低频时较为明显,而在高频情况下,可以忽略不计。对于湍流-翼型干涉噪声的研究表明:湍流-翼型干涉噪声主要发生于翼型前缘,其声压级远大于尾缘;且锯齿尾缘几乎对湍流-翼型前缘干涉噪声的降噪没有贡献;波浪形前缘可以显著地降低湍流-翼型干涉噪声的声压级,达到良好的降噪效果。     

凹槽对风力机叶片尾缘襟翼性能的影响

本文采用单方程S—A湍流模型计算了尾缘襟翼与主体翼型连接处的凹槽对二维翼型气动特性及流场的影响。选用带有30％弦长固定偏斜20°角度尾缘襟翼的NACA0015翼型作为研究对象,分析了流场的相关特性。数值计算结果表明：凹槽对于带有尾缘襟翼的二维翼型气动特性有一定影响,在负攻角及较小正攻角时,减小翼型升力系数;随着攻角增大...     

风力发电机叶轮的数值优化设计法

１引言目前，在风力机叶轮的气动设计方面，还没有其系统的设计模型和方法，只有一些针对某一方面的模型，这些模型还无法规纳成一套可靠的系统的设计模型［１］，Ｇｏｕｒｉｅｒｅｓ在他的风力机设计理论的书中也只能介绍几种简化的有关设计模型［２］。所用的设计方法主要还是以经验设计为主，不是全面系统地考虑叶轮的各种影响因素，如Ｈａｂａｌｉ［３］在他的设计工作中主要考虑了叶片翼型对叶轮运行的气动作用，ＶＯｕｔｓｉｎａｓ［４］只是对偏航工况下叶轮的气动特性及操作进行了分析研究，文献［５］也仅对叶轮功率等气动特性进行…     

锯齿尾缘降噪翼型优化设计研究

大量研究工作表明旋转风电叶片的主要气动噪声来自叶尖尾缘区域,一直以来都是严重影响居民生活和叶片气动性能发挥的重要因素之一.为此,针对决定叶片重要气动特性单元——二维翼型,采用有别于传统的仿猫头鹰翅膀锯齿尾缘流动控制方法,将锯齿关键尺寸参数融入到风力机翼型设计之中,从而开发仿生锯齿翼型的优化设计方法,获得低噪声与高气动性...     

钝尾缘翼型非定常气动特性及机理

钝尾缘翼型气动特性受到尾涡脱落的影响,在翼型DU 91-W2-250的基础上对称加厚得到了新钝尾缘翼型DU91-W2-250_6,利用密网格进行了非定常气动特性的数值研究。在各个攻角下钝尾缘翼型气动特性都具有周期性的特点,具体的波动特征如波动幅值及周期等则受脱落涡的大小、脱落位置及尾迹宽度的影响,而升力系数波峰、波谷则分别出现在顺时针涡及逆时针涡脱落的时刻。     

风力机翼型绕流分析边界层方法与应用:二维流动

本文采用翼型位势绕流与边界层逆解法的互相迭代,求解了风力机二维翼型的流动性能分析。定常流动的计算结果与实验结果在失速点以前,具有良好的计算精度。振荡翼型流动的非定常计算结果完全体现了气动参数的包络线特征。前缘结冰的计算结果不仅得到了气动性能,而且给出了物理说明。这些结果表明:边界层理论和方法,在风力机尤其是大型风力机的气动性能分析领域是很有应用前途的。     

低Reynolds数翼型绕流主动控制技术

在低Reynolds数条件下,翼型绕流的上表面边界层由于抗逆压梯度能力变差容易发生流动分离,从而形成长层流分离泡.分离泡通常是非定常的,会诱发边界层的转捩、再附并形成湍流边界层.这个过程会使翼型的气动性能急剧下降,并伴随着强非线性效应.转捩后形成的湍流边界层也会产生高摩擦阻力.针对这种现象,文章以NACA0012翼型为例,通过隐式大涡模拟研究了有效的主动控制方案.为了统一分离控制技术和湍流边界层减阻技术,研究了在平板或槽道湍流中取得较好控制效果的壁面垂向反向控制方案.首先利用隐式大涡模拟研究了低Reynolds数条件下NACA0012翼型绕流的流场特征.其次分析并验证了反向控制方案在分离区控制流场的可行性,发现反向控制在分离区的作用相当于基于流场信息的壁面抽吸控制,且控制具有实时性和高效性,控制抽吸了前缘的低能流体,使得翼型前缘附面层变薄,并增强了其抗逆压梯度的能力,较大程度提高了翼型的气动性能.最后在湍流边界层验证了其减阻控制效果,发现反向控制阻断了流向涡的法向输运,抑制了涡结构的发展,并减弱了猝发过程,使得湍流的高摩阻力得到了有效降低.      

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.