Pheromone synthesis. Part 255: Synthesis and GC–MS analysis of pheromonal triacylglycerols of male Drosophila fruit flies

Pheromonal triacylglycerols and their analogs, 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, and 3C, of male Drosophila fruit flies were synthesized and analyzed by GC–MS. Their GC retention times were found to be a reliable measure to analyze and identify these triacylglycerols with acetyl, oleoyl and tigloyl groups, although the stereo- and regioisomers of 1 (1A and 1B), 2 (2A and 2B), and 3 (3A, 3B, and 3C) could not be distinguished from each other by MS alone.     

The correlation between molecular structure parameters of O-ethyl N-isopropyl phosphoro(thioureido)thioates and their retention data in RP-HPLC

A retention prediction system(RPS)of seven O-ethyl N-isopropyl phosphoro(thioureido)-thioates in reversed phase HPLC was investigated.The system is based on the solvent selectivitytriangle concept.Three molecular structure parameters(hydrophobicity Ⅱ,substituent length L,and substituent maximum width B_5)were used to describe the quantitative structure-retention relation-ships.With these quantitative relationships,the retention behaviours of other eight homologsfor different mobile phase composition were predicted.The predicted values were consistent with themeasured values within relative error of 10%,which means that it is possible to apply the reportedmethod to predict retention values for qualitative purposes for different mobile phase compositions.     

气相色谱法测定多溴联苯的蒸气压

采用气相色谱法,以二氯二苯三氯乙烷(DDT)为参考化合物,测定了6个多溴联苯(PBBs)在不同温度条件下的蒸气压, 然后使用Slide数理统计软件、以最小二乘法回归计算出Antoine方程的A,B,C参数,从而建立了6个PBBs的蒸气压与温度 的关联式。初步探讨了分子连接性指数与蒸气压的相关性,结果发现一阶拓扑指数与蒸气压表现出很好的线性关系,两者 的相关系数的平方大于0.99,标准偏差小于0.08。     

Solvent polarity studies. Part I. NewZ values and relationships with other solvent polarity scales

Z values are reported for 41 solvents, thereby almost doubling present knowledge. Linear correlations amongZ, Y, logk _ion, _B, , andF solvent polarity scales have been examined statistically. Correlation coefficients are greater than 0.95, and it is shown that solvent polarity values may be predicted to within a few percent. TheZ value for water is reexamined and a new lower value of 91.8 kcal-mole^–1 is advocated.     

Retention Prediction System of O‐Aryl,O‐(1‐methylthioethylidene‐amino)phosphates on RP‐HPLC

Using factor analysis and stepwise linear regression methods, two parameters – CMR and ECCR – were selected from eight solute‐related structure parameters as the most retention‐influencing parameters. The relationships between the retention data (k ´) and the two structure parameters were established for 13 O‐aryl,O‐(1‐methylthioethylideneamino)phosphate compounds under a wide range of experimental conditions. The retention data (k ´) of another seven compounds with similar structures were predicted using these QSRR equations. Good agreement was obtained between the experimental k ´ values and predicted ones.     

Theoretical Study of the Products of Acetylene Addition to HgCl2

The ab initio MP2 method is used with the LANL2DZ basis to calculate the mercury chloride ,-complex with two acetylene molecules (1) and various isomeric forms of mercury di()-vinyl chloride -complexes (2): cis-cis (2A), cis-trans (2B), and trans-trans (2C). The ,-complex is the most stable form of all those considered; the difference between 1 and 2A is 24.9 kcal/mole. A relation between the total energies (kcal/mole) for isomeric forms 2 is established to be 2A (0) < 2B (0.98) < 2C (1.58). Complex 1 is shown to be transformed into 2A via the intermediate formation of 3, which is a hybrid form of the complex (,-complex of mercury chloride with two acetylene molecules). The structures of the transition states for the transformations of 1 into 3 (structure 4) and of 3 into 2A (structure 5) and the corresponding transition activation energies are determined. The interaction of 2A, 2B, and 2C with the Cl^- anion as a model nucleophile is considered. It is shown that the resulting anions (6A, 6B, 6C) have a planar structure with the relative stability increasing in the series 6A<6B<6C.     

Ab initio study of the low-lying electronic states of the CH2NO2 radical

Ab initio electronic structures calculations are reported for the four low-lying electronic states X ²B₁, ²B₂, ²A₂, and ²A₁ of the CH₂NO₂ radical. The geometric parameters for the ground-state X ²B₁ are predicted by MRSDCI calculations with a double zeta plus polarization basis set. The vertical excitations energies for these electronic states are determined using MRSDCI /DZ +P calculations at the ground-state equilibrium geometry and in agreement with the recent experimental data obtained via PES of the CH₂NO anion. The oscillator strenghts and the radiative lifetimes for these electronic states and the spin properties for the ground state are calculated based on the MRSDCI wave functions, predicting results in good agreement with available experimental data. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The retention equation in reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography

In this paper, by combination of the statistical thermodynamic method with the Freundlich isotherm, the retention equations to describe the effects of the mobile phase composition, concentration of the ion-pair reagent and the ionic strength on the amount of adsorbed ion-pair reagent and the retention value of the ionic solute have been reported by simultaneously considering the electrostatic and molecular interaction between solutes, ion-pair reagent and molecule or ion in each phase in the reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography. The validity of these retention equations has been confirmed by calculation of capacity factor of the different phenylamine and naphthylamine sulphonic acids during systematic change of concentration of the strong solvent, the ion-pair reagent and the ionic strength in the mobile phase.Symbols a, b, c, d, d ₁,e, f, h, g anda, b, c, d, e, f', g, h parameters related to chromatographic system - A solute - B constant - B _i solventi - C _b andC _p concentration of strong solvent and ion-pair reagent - C _P ^a amount of adsorbed ion-pair reagent - D dielectric constant - E _AP , andE _pp molecular interaction of adjacent pair of solute-ion-pair reagent, solute-solventB _i , ion-pair reagent-solventB _i and ion-pair reagent-ion-pair reagent - E _p ^a andE _e ^a non-electrostatic and electrostatic adsorption energy of ion-pair reagent - F Faraday constant - h Planck constant - I ionic strength - j _A , andj _p internal partition function of solute, solventB _i and ion-pair reagent - k Boltzmann constant - k capacity factor - k _p ,n _p andk ₁,n ₁ parameters of Freundlich isotherm of ion-pair reagent and solventB ₁ - K _AP , and constants related with the molecular size of solute, ion-pair reagent and solventB _i - m _A ,m _P and molecular weight of solute, ion-pair reagent and solventB _i - N _A ,N _P and numbers of solute, ion-pair reagent and solventB _i in solution - N _A ^a ,N _P ^a and numbers of solute, ion-pair reagent and solventB _i adsorbed on the surface - N _s number of adsorbed sites on the surface - P ion-pair reagent - R gas constant - T absolute temperature - V ₀ volume of solution - V _p and volume of ion-pair reagent and solventB - X potential function - X _P ¹ andX _P ^l potential function of ion-pair reagent on the surface and in the solution - X _A ^a andX _A ^l potential function of solute on the surface and in the solution - Z _A ,Z _P andZ _i charge numbers of soluteA, ion-pair reagent and inorganic ioni - Z _AP and numbers of ion-pair reagentP and solventB _i surrounding the soluteA - ₀ permittivity in a vacuum - electrostatic potential of the surface Dedicated to Professor J. F. K. Huber on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

Systematic trends in the line strengths of E1 transitions in the carbon isoelectronic sequence

Line strengthsS for the dipole allowed transitions within then=2 complex of the carbon isoelectronic sequence have been fitted in the formZ ² S=A+B/(Z–C), whereZ is the nuclear charge of a particular ion. The constantsA,B andC are determined by using a non-linear least square method. The data forS is taken from the configuration interaction calculations which included internal, semi-internal and all external type correlations for ions in the rangeZ=8–26. It is shown that the values ofA obtained from the fit for all the transitions are in excellent accord with the ab-initio values obtained in the hydrogenic limitZ provided near degeneracy effects are included.     

Testing the capability of a polynomial‐modified gaussian model in the description and simulation of chromatographic peaks of amlodipine and its impurity in ion‐interaction chromatography

In this paper, the capability of a polynomial‐modified Gaussian model to relate the peak shape of basic analytes, amlodipine, and its impurity A, with the change of chromatographic conditions was tested. For the accurate simulation of real chromatographic peaks the authors proposed the three‐step procedure based on indirect modeling of peak width at 10% of peak height (W_0.1), individual values of left‐half width (A) and right‐half width (B), number of theoretical plates (N), and tailing factor (Tf). The values of retention factors corresponding to the peak beginning (k_B), peak apex (k_A), peak ending (k_E), and peak heights (H₀) of the analytes were directly modeled. Then, the investigated experimental domain was divided to acquire a grid of appropriate density, which allowed the subsequent calculation of W_0.1, A, B, N, and Tf. On the basis of the predicted results for Tf and N, as well as the defined criteria for the simulation the following conditions were selected: 33% acetonitrile/67% aqueous phase (55 mM perchloric acid, pH 2.2) at 40°C column temperature. Perfect agreement between predicted and experimental values was obtained confirming the ability of polynomial modified Gaussian model and three‐step procedure to successfully simulate the real chromatograms in ion‐interaction chromatography.     

Surface Energy of Silica-TEOS-PDMS Ormosils

Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) was applied to characterize the surface energy of organically modified silicates (ormosils) by measuring the interaction of molecular organic probes with the ormosil surface. Ormosils were prepared by the sol-gel method by the reaction of TEOS (tetraethoxysilane), PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) and different types of silica (Aerosil 130, Aerosil 200 and Aerosil 380). The isosteric heat of adsorption, q _st, and the dispersive component of the surface energy, _s ^D, were estimated by using the retention volume of different nonpolar and polar probes at infinite dilution. The dispersive component shows an increase as the specific surface area of the silica is increased from 29.6 mJ/m² to 51.4 mJ/m² at 60°C. Such values are lower than that obtained for aerosil particles meaning that PDMS chains impede the interaction with silanol groups located on the silica surface. The specific interaction parameter, I^SP, and the enthalpy of specific adsorption, H _a ^SP, of polar probes on the ormosil surface were also measured in order to obtain the acid-base character of ormosil surface. The H _a ^SP, was correlated with the donor, DN, and the acceptor, AN, numbers of the probes to quantify the acidic, K _A, and the basic, K _B, parameters of the substrate surface. The obtained results suggest that the silica particles were covered by PDMS chains in a different way depending on the type of silica used. The values of K _A and K _B suggest that the ormosil surface is amphoteric, with predominantly acceptor electron sites.     

Prediction of retention of O-ethyl,O-aryl and N-isopropyl phosphoroamidothioates in RP-HPLC from molecular structure parameters

Summary Multi-variable regression analysis between lnk_w, c (in retention equation lnk=lnk_w+cC_b) and molecular structure parameters, including hydrophobicity, electric effect, field effect and position-specific effect constant, was carried out with O-ethyl, O-aryl and N-isopropyl phosphoroamidothioates as test solutes. With these quantitative relationships, the retention behaviour of these solutes for different mobile phase compositions was predicted. The results showed that there are only 26.7% of total, experimentally measured, capacity factors with relative deviations larger than 5% and only 2.2% with deviations larger than 10%, which means that it is possible to apply the method reported to predict retention values for qualitative purposes for different mobile phase compositions.     

Predicting retention in reverse‐phase liquid chromatography at different mobile phase compositions and temperatures by using the solvation parameter model

The prediction capability of the solvation parameter model in reverse‐phase liquid chromatography at different methanol‐water mobile phase compositions and temperatures was investigated. By using a carefully selected set of solutes, the training set, linear relationships were established through regression equations between the logarithm of the solute retention factor, logk, and different solute parameters. The coefficients obtained in the regressions were used to create a general retention model able to predict retention in an octadecylsilica stationary phase at any temperature and methanol‐water composition. The validity of the model was evaluated by using a different set (the test set) of 30 solutes of very diverse chemical nature. Predictions of logk values were obtained at two different combinations of temperature and mobile phase composition by using two different procedures: (i) by calculating the coefficients through a mathematical linear relationship in which the mobile phase composition and temperature are involved; (ii) by using a general equation, obtained by considering the previous results, in which only the experimental values of temperature and mobile phase composition are required. Predicted logk values were critically compared with the experimental values. Excellent results were obtained considering the diversity of the test set.     

Crystal and molecular structure ofN-phenyl-4-nitrobenzamidoxime

N-Phenyl-4-nitrobenzamidoxime has been studied by X-ray structural analysis. In two crystallographically independent molecules1A and1B, amidoxime groups adopt a planarZ configuration, and these fragments are in ans-trans conformation with respect to the =N-O and C-N(H) bonds; an intramolecular NH...O bond occurs. The nitrophenyl and phenyl groups are rotated with respect to the amidoxime plane [ONCN] by –57 and –32° in1A and –38 and –22° in1B, respectively. The rotation of the fragments about the C(1)-N(2) bond is –28 (1A) and –35° (1B). In crystals, molecules1A and1B are linked in oxime dimers through two intermolecular =N...(HO) hydrogen bonds; dimers form double chains through two NH...(O₂N) hydrogen bonds.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1516–1519, August, 1995.The work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project No. 93-03-05069).     

Determination of polybrominated biphenyls in Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) by gas chromatography coupled to electron capture negative ion tandem mass spectrometry or electron ionization high‐resolution mass spectrometry

Two gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) methods for the determination of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) by isotope dilution analysis (IDA) using ¹³C₁₂‐PBB 153 in the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were compared. Recovery of ¹³C₁₂‐PBB 153 which was added to the extracted lipids before sample purification was commenced ranged from 88–117% (mean value 98.2 ± 8.9%). Nevertheless, IDA analysis of PBBs using ¹³C₁₂‐labelled congeners is limited by the potential co‐elution of PBBs with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The pair PBB 153 and BDE 154 was inspected since M⁺ and [M–2Br]⁺ ions of ¹³C₁₂‐PBB 153 and BDE 154 were only separated by 4 u. Gas chromatography/electron ionization high‐resolution mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring (GC/EI‐HRMS‐SIM) was suitable when m/z 475.7449 and m/z 477.7429 were used for ¹³C₁₂‐PBB 153 because they are below the monoisotopic peak of the [M–2Br]⁺ fragment ion of hexaBDEs at m/z 479.7. Gas chromatography/electron capture negative ion tandem mass spectrometry selected reaction monitoring (GC/ECNI‐MS/MS‐SRM) measurements could be applied because ¹³C₁₂‐PBB 153 and BDE 154 were separated by GC on a 25‐m Factor Four CP‐Sil 8MS column. Comparative measurements with GC/EI‐HRMS‐SIM and GC/ECNI‐MSMS‐SRM were carried out with samples of Tasmanian devils from Tasmania (Australia), an endangered species due to a virus epidemy which has already proved fatal for half of the population. Both techniques verified concentrations of PBB 153 in the range 0.3–11 ng/g lipids with excellent agreement of the levels in all but two samples. The PBB residue pattern demonstrated that PBB pollution originated from the previous discharge with technical hexabromobiphenyl which is dominated by PBB 153. Other congeners such as PBB 132 and PBB 138 were detected in the Tasmanian devils but the proportions relative to PBB 153 were lower than in the technical product. Samples of healthy and affected Tasmanian devils showed no significant difference in the PBB pollution level. The PBB concentrations in the Tasmanian devils were significantly below those causing toxic effects. On the other hand, PBB concentrations were one level or even higher than PBDEs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Travelling waves in an open cubic autocatalytic system

A continuous-flow, unstirred reactor (CFUR) is considered in which the reaction is purely cubic autocatalysis and in which the exchange of reactants between the reactor and its reservoir is modelled by linear diffusive interchange terms. The system is capable of supporting two, stable, spatially uniform stationary states. The possibilities of initiating travelling waves of permanent form (front waves), in which the concentrations vary monotonically between these two stationary states is, investigated. It is seen that the formation of front waves requires the dimensionless parameter D _A /D _B (D _A ,D _B being the diffusion coefficients of reactant and autocatalyst, respectively) to be such that 4, a result confirmed by numerical integrations of an initial-value problem. For values of larger than this, permanent-form waves are not initiated with a more complex structure evolving in the initial-value problem. Here the forward-propagating front leaves behind a region in which oscillations in the concentrations of both species are observed. These individual oscillations are spatially fixed with the region where this oscillatory response is observed propagating backwards into the region of spatially uniform concentration.     

The use of recurrent equations in chromatography

Recurrent equations A(x + k) = aA(x) + b were shown to be applicable to the approximation not only of virtually arbitrary properties of organic compounds (A) in homologous series (A = n _C, k = 1 or 2) but also of the dependences of chromatographic retention parameters on the number of carbon atoms in homologue molecules (A = t _R). The same equations described the temperature dependences of retention times of arbitrary compounds under isothermal separation conditions in gas chromatography (x = T, k = ΔT = const) and the dependences of retention times on the concentration of an organic solvent as an eluent component (x = C, k = ΔC = const) under isocratic separation conditions in high performance liquid chromatography.     

Apatite metaprism twist angle (φ) as a tool for crystallochemical diagnosis

[A^I]₄[A^II]₆(BO₄)₆X₂ apatites can flexibly accommodate numerous cationic, metalloid and anionic substitutions. Using a combination of new refinements and published structures, this paper reviews correlations between substituent type and framework adaptation through adjustment of the A^IO₆ metaprism twist angle, φ. These systematics are illustrated through powder neutron diffraction refinement of the crystal chemistry of A₁₀(PO₄)₆F₂ (A=Ca, Sr) fluorapatites. Variations in φ reflect changes in the relative size of the A^I₄(BO₄)₆ framework and A^II₆X₂ tunnel content and can be used to quantitatively assess the reliability of A^I/A^II cation partitioning coefficients determined by Rietveld analysis. In the simplest cases of bi-ionic substitution, the metaprism twist systematics conform to three principle trends

• (i) 

  For A-type divalent substitution, the larger A2+ species preferentially enters the channel before partitioning to the framework. This leads to parabolic modification in φ across the compositional series;

• (ii) 

  For B-type pentavalent compounds, the φ variation will be linear in accord with the relative B5+ ionic size; and

• (iii) 

  For X-type substitution of halide anions, φ will be reduced as the average size increases.

Departures from these trends may indicate polymorphism, compositional anomalies, A^I/A^II order disequilibrium, or poor structure refinement, and may be extended to chemically complex apatites with simultaneous substitutions over the A, B and X sites.