Creep and long-time strength of tubular specimens of asbopolyethylene

Results are presented of an experimental investigation into the mechanical properties of asbopolyethylene obtained by adding 25 parts by weight of asbestos to pure low-density polyethylene to improve strength and stiffness characteristics. Test data on the creep and static strength of tubular specimens of asbopolyethylene at room temperature in uniaxial tension are given. The long-time strength of asbopolyethylene was determined at 20°, 50°, 80° and 100° C. To estimate the effect of adding asbestos to the polyethylene the mechanical characteristics of pure polyethylene and asbopolyethylene are compared.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 51–57, 1965     

Study of a polyethylene terephthalate film by an acoustic method

The effect of orientation on the acoustic properties of a polyethylene terephthalate film is examined. In a crystallized, uniaxially oriented film the velocity of ultrasound measured along the orientation axis is lower than in an amorphous oriented film, while the velocity of ultrasound measured at angles of over 35° to the direction of orientation rises after crystallization. Evidently the supramolecular organization of the polyethylene terephthalate film before and after heat treatment is quite different.Scientific-Research Institute of Plastics, Moscow. Voronezh Branch of the Experimental Design Office of Automation. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 4, pp. 759–761, July–August, 1972.     

Effect of supermolecular structure on deformation and strength properties of low-pressure polyethylene

The effect of the supermolecular structure on the mechanical properties of polyethylene was studied. A change in the structure of films was achieved by varying the isothermal crystallization conditions. Films have been prepared from low-pressure polyethylene (LPPE) which have fine spherulitic and lamellar structures. It has been demonstrated that the strength of unorientated films with a fine spherulitic structure is twice that of unorientated lamellar specimens. This difference in the strengths was also retained after orientational elongation to 20 times the length at a high temperature (102°C). The conclusion was reached that the casting of LPPE plays an important part in preparing high-strength orientated polyethylene films.A. F. Ioffe Physicotechnic Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 6, pp. 963–966, November–December, 1972.     

Properties of multicomponent polymers systems

In order to design materials having different mechanical properties combined with a permittivity of 2.2–2.6 and tg =2·10^–4-4.10^–4 at 20±1° C and 10⁶ Hz, it is possible to use compositions consisting of polystyrene, polyisobutylene and polyethylene. Projections of the three-dimensional triangular composition-property diagrams are presented for selecting the composition corresponding to spcified properties (hardness at 20 and 50° C and breaking stress and elongation).Central Scientific-Research Institute of Communications, Moscow. Moscow Krupskaya Regional Pedagogical Institute. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 4, No. 6, pp. 133–1135, November–December, 1968.     

Effect of annealing temperature on the mechanical properties of polyethylene terephthalate fiber

The mechanical properties of polyethylene terephthalate fibers stretched at 45 and 110° C have been investigated in relation to annealing temperature. It is shown that for fibers with the maximum degree of stretch the annealing temperature has no effect on mechanical strength. Reduction in the stretch of the fibers leads to an increase in strength upon annealing, and this may be associated with densification of the amorphous zones due to the formation of a large number of intermolecular bonds between the links of the polymer chains.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 503–506, 1967     

The dynamic properties of polyethylene and an acrylonitrile — Butadiene — Styrene material in a broad range of temperature and strain-rate variation

Conclusions The mechanical properties of an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene material and polyethylenes of densities =0.92 and 0.96 g/cm³ are studied within the temperature range of from 100 to –196°C and at strain rates of from 10^–3 to 1.3 · 10³ sec^–1. It is observed that under low-temperature and high-strain-rate conditions, the laws governing the mechanical properties of the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene material and polyethylenes are similar. Regions of strain rates and temperatures are found for which the behavior of the test materials is in good agreement with the Ree-Eyring equation, and, consequently, conforms to a temperature-time analogy. No embrittlement of the polyethylene is observed during tests at strain rates to 1.3 · 10³ sec^–1 and temperatures down to –196°C. In approximating these values of and T, the mechanical properties of polyethylenes will cease to be dependent on initial density.Institute of Polymer Mechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR, Riga. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 6, 1027–1033, November–December, 1978.     

Investigation of the elastic properties of friction plastics with ultrasound

Using data on the rate of propagation of longitudinal vibrations and the dynamic Young's modulus, we studied two-component friction plastics over the temperature range 20–150°C by an ultrasonic pulse method at a frequency of 1 Mc. The changes in acoustic characteristics were investigated in relation to the degree of vulcanization, plasticization and polarity of rubber at 20°C.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 152–158, 1965     

Effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of boron fibers

The effect of exposure to temperatures on the interval 20–600°C for up to 1000 h on the physicomechanical properties of boron fibers at room temperature has been investigated. Prolonged exposure to temperatures up to 200°C does not have much effect on the mechanical characteristics of the fibers, whereas heating for one hour at 300–350°C increases the strength of the fibers by 10–12%.All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Aviation Materials, Moscow. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 2, pp. 329–332, March–April, 1971.     

Study of the effect of various factors on the low-temperature strength of polyethylene with graft polyacrylonitrile

Low-density polyethylene film has been subjected to graft polymerization with acrylonitrile. The effect of the graft polymerization conditions and subsequent treatment on the strength of the grafted film has been investigated. The strength was measured at -196°C. The grafted film behaves like a heterogeneous material in which the unoriented polyacrylonitrile macrostructures play the part of filler particles. The strength of the grafted film is additively composed of the strengths of the polyethylene and the polyacrylonitrile and the change in strength after stretching, heating, and other treatments is determined by the changes in the degree of orientation of the polyethylene.V. I. Lenin Belorussian State University, Minsk. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 4, pp. 589–593, July–August, 1973.     

Impact strength of high-density polyethylene with various molecular weight distributions

The Charpy impact strength of high-density polyethylene specimens prepared under low pressure with average molecular weight from 60·10³ to 1.5·10⁶ and differing substantially in molecular weight distributions has been studied at room temperature and at –190°C. It is shown that, both at room temperature and at temperature considerably below the glass-formation temperature, the impact strength of polyethylene in the range of molecular weights mentioned is determined mainly by the content of fractions with molecular weights about 10⁵ and more and does not depend on the width of the molecular weight distribution."Plastpolimer" Scientific-Research Association, Leningrad. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 5, pp. 919–921, September–October, 1973.     

On the number of relaxation regions in polyformaldehyde

The mechanical relaxation of a polyformaldehyde homopolymer free from surface grease and the additives normally used as stabilizers has been studied at a frequency of 10^–2 Hz in the temperature region 77–413°K. Six relaxation regions are observed on the curve of tangent of angle of mechanical losses as a function of temperature.T. G. Shevchenko Kiev State University. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 5, pp. 925–927, September–October, 1973.     

Temperature dependence of the mechanical properties of polymers of different chemical structure in the temperature range from 4.2 to 300°K

Conclusions 1. The temperature dependences obtained for the ultimate alongation, tensile strength, and elastic modulus of various polymers showed that the relationship between the mechanical properties and chemical structure of macromolecules found in our earlier work at 4.2°K is retained at 78°K and, possibly, up to 90°K.2. It was shown that the passage of the tensile strength through a maximum upon warming from 4.2°K results from a corresponding increase in deformability, which is accompanied by a decrease in the elastic modulus and deviation of the polymer bodies from Hooke's law progressively with increasing temperature.3. It was shown that the amorphization of crystallizing polymers, for example, by quenching, gives a marked change in the deformability, tensile strength, and elasticity of the polymer body over the entire range from 300 down to 4.2°K.4. Study of the mechanical properties of polymers at 78°K in a helium medium and liquid nitrogen showed a marked effect of contact of the polymer with liquid nitrogen on these properties. This effect is different for polymers of varying chemical structure as well as for the same polymer in different physical states.Report presented at the Third All-Union Conference on Polymer Mechanics, Riga, November 10–12, 1976.L. Ya. Karpov Scientific-Research Institute of Physical Chemistry, Moscow. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 3, pp. 387–391, May–June, 1977.     

Rheological characteristics of a low-molecular branched polyethylene melt near the melting point

Data are presented on the rheological characteristics of low-density polyethylene with near-critical molecular weight at 110°C. A comparison of the shear rate dependence of the viscosity in repeat measurements indicates that the material has a kinetic memory for isothermal, shear flow-initiated crystallization from the melt.Institute of Polymer Mechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR, Riga; Plastpolimer Research and Production Association, Leningrad. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 6, pp. 1129–1132, November–December, 1973.     

Effect of modification on the structure and and mechanical properties of chlorosulfonated polyethylene films

Structure formation in chlorosulfonated polyethylene films is described. Modification with phenol-formaldehyde resin leads to a change in the supermolecular structures, which are stabilized by introducing 1% aluminum diisobutoxymonoacetoacetate into the system. It is shown that modifying the chlorosulfonated polyethylene leads to the formation of stable supermolecular structures and a considerable improvement in the mechanical properties of the films.State Scientific-Research and Planning Institute of the Paint and Varnish Industry, Moscow. Karpov Scientific-Research Physico-Chemical Institute. Riga Polytechnic Institute. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 3, pp. 387–390, May–June, 1969.     

Reversible changes in the adhesion of polymers to solid surfaces

The adhesion of low-density polyethylene to steel and glass changes when water and acid molecules penetrate to the polymer-substrate interface. Their removal leads to total or partial recovery of the initial adhesion. An adhesive bond between polyethylene and the substrate was observed at room temperature as well as at 50° C. The results are explained in terms of the dynamic adsorption-desorption behavior of polyethylene adhesion. It is suggested that the adhesion is based is based on the van der Waals interaction between the substrate and the polar surface groups of the polymer.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 309–313, 1968     

Relationship between the rheological characteristics of teflon determined for different loading regimes and temperatures

Specimens of teflon investigated in the temperature range from –40 to +60°C at various strain rates and in various loading regimes are used to demonstrate the relationship between changes in the theological properties of a material at constant standard loading rates (in the =vt regime) and the rheological characteristics determined by acoustic methods.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 619–624, 1967Presented on 3 February 1967 at the 4-th All-Union Conference on Strength and Plasticity, Moscow.     

Cross-Linked Thermoplastic Blends of Polyethylene with an Elastomer 2. Some Structural Characteristics and Their Relationship with Mechanical Properties

Results of an experimental investigation into the changes of some structural characteristics of binary blends of high-density polyethylene and low-density polyethylene with an elastomer (ethylene-propylene-dicyclopentadiene terpolymer, EPDM) in the course of γ-radiation and chemical cross-linking are reported for a wide range of component ratios. The data on changes in the crystallinity, density of the blends, content of the cross-linked part, as well the correlation of these characteristics with some mechanical properties, are discussed. Suggestions are put forward about the possibility of formation of a combined amorphous PE-EPDM phase with a higher structural arrangement than that in the individual components.__________Translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 545–562, July–August, 2005.     

Effect of hot-drawing conditions on the orientation characteristics of carbon-chain fibers determined by the acoustic method

The orientation characteristics of polypropylene, polyacrylonitrile, and chlorinated PVC fibers, determined by the acoustic method, have been investigated in relation to the fiber drawing conditions (draw ratio, speed, and temperature). It is shown that there is a correlation between the mechanical characteristics and the degree of acoustic anisotropy.Tashkent Institute of the Textile and Light Industries. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 3, pp. 552–554, May–June, 1971.     

Effect of extension on the structure and thermophysical properties of kapron (nylon 6)

The effect of extension on the structure and thermal conductivity of kapron has been investigated experimentally in the temperature range +20–130° C. The thermophysical characteristics were determined via a method based on the principle of the regular regime. The structure of the kapron was investigated by infrared spectroscopy and x-ray and microstructural analysis. The mechanical loads produced important structural changes that affected the thermophysical parameters of the kapron.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 180–182, 1968     

Strength of polyethylene and capron as a function of stretch ratio

The relation between the strengths and stretch ratios of a capronmonofilament and a high-pressure polyethylene film has been investigated for various stretching temperatures and stretching rates. The strength, measured at –196°C (_–196), is directly proportional to the stretch ratio (). For a given , _-196 does not depend on stretching temperature and stretching rate. The breaking load at –196° C (for a given initial cross section of the starting unoriented specimen) does not vary with . A possible explanation is offered.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 591–595, 1967