Removal of iron (III) oxide particles from a quartz plate by liquid flow

The detachment of submicron particles of iron (III) oxide from a quartz plate in aqueous solutions was investigated by using a well-defined flow of electro-osmosis in comparison with the ordinary flow of water without electrokinetic effect. A rectangular quartz cell was used for removal experiments. Zeta potentials of the particles and the plate were determined by electrophoresis and electro-osmosis, respectively. When the iron (III) oxide particles adhering to the quartz plate were removed by the electro-osmotic flow or the ordinary (Poiseuille) flow, the removal efficiency increased with increasing hydrodynamic force. The removal efficiency by electro-osmotic flow was almost the same as that by ordinary flow under the condition of the same magnitude of applied hydrodynamic force. The values of volume flow rate for the removal efficiency of 0.5 for the electro-osmotic flow was extremely small compared with that for the ordinary flow, showing the effectiveness of particle removal by electrokinetic effect of electro-osmosis. The kinetic analysis of the particle removal process showed that it was characterized by two different rate constants, the rate constant of the rapid process and that of the slow process. The rate constant of slow process increased with increasing electro-osmotic velocity. This shows that the electro-osmotic flow acts as a mechanical force to overcome the energy barrier in the removal process. The rate constant increased with increasing surfactant concentration and this trend became more noticeable as electro-osmotic velocity increased. It is concluded from this result that the effect of surfactant on particle removal is enhanced by the mechanical force in removal processes.     

Retention of tannic acid and condensed tannin by Fe-oxide-coated quartz sand

This paper intends to shed light on the interactions between tannin and mineral soil particles. For that purpose, aqueous solution of condensed tannin (CT) (derived from Black pine (Pinus nigra var. maritima)) and commercially available tannic acid (TA) were added to purified quartz (Qtz) sand and quartz sand coated with either goethite (Gt) or ferrihydrite (Fh). After solvent removal by evaporation the samples were extracted by water. The extracts were analysed for organic carbon, total phenolics and CT. The extractability of the two tannins was small and increased in the order Qtz-Fh < Qtz-Gt < Qtz. For all mineral samples, TA was more extractable than CT. Bonding of tannins to the mineral samples and the partial peptisation of the Fe oxide coatings upon the binding resulted in complex tannin release curves. Our results suggest that the inextractability of tannins from natural soils and the absence of tannins in soil leachates might be caused by strong adsorption on soil minerals such as Qtz and Fe (oxy)(hydr)oxides. The results of competition experiments with mixtures of both tannins demonstrate that the CTs, and TA in particular, can release large amounts of Fe (oxides), suggesting that the tannins are excellent metal-mobilising agents. We therefore suggest that the fate of tannins in the mineral soil environment is highly dependent on the abundance of weakly bonded secondary oxides.     

The detachment of nylon particles from quartz plate by electro-osmotic flow

The direct application of electrokinetic phenomena to detergency was investigated. Experiments were carried out to remove particles from substrate by electro-osmosis. A model system which consisted of spherical nylon particles of 5m in mean diameter, a quartz plate, and wash liquid were used in analyzing the kinetic process of particle removal from substrate. When an electric field was applied to the system, electro-osmotic flow took place, and hence the particles were removed from the quartz surface. The -potentials of nylon particles and quartz plate were measured by electrophoresis. The rate constants of removal,, were obtained from the changes with time in the ratio of particle residue by applying the first-order reaction scheme. The value of increased with increasing electric field and with increasing concentration of surfactant. The total force of interaction between particle and plate was calculated on the basis of heterocoagulation theory of colloid stability.It was found from results thus obtained that the hydrodynamic force due to the electro-osmotic flow worked effectively as a mechanical force on the removal process and the adhesion force of particle to substrate reduced by adding surfactant.     

Modification of carbonyl iron particles by carboxyl-containing polydimethylsiloxanes

The possibility of preparing magnetic particles with the “core–shell” structure was demonstrated. The procedure is based on the treatment of carbonyl iron particles with polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) containing terminal or distributed over the chain carboxyl groups attached via the alkyl or aryl spacer. The presence of carboxyl-containing PDMS grafted to the surface of carbonyl iron particles was revealed by electron microscopy. Magnetorheological fluids and magnetic elastomers containing magnetic particles with the “core–shell” structure were obtained, and their rheological properties were studied.     

Pre-visual detection of iron and phosphorus deficiency by transformed reflectance spectra

Reflectance spectroscopy and strategies for spectral analysis over the visible range from 380 to 780 nm were used to provide diagnostic information on iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) status of Brassica chinensis L. var parachinensis (Bailey) grown under hydroponics conditions. Leaf reflectance (R) spectra were collected and normalized inner reflectance (NR(I)) spectra were calculated. The regression coefficients (B-matrix) and variable importance for projection (VIP) in partial least squares regression were used to determine important wavelengths that correlate with total chlorophyll (Chl) content. No single wavelength that showed good correlation with Chl content was found. Therefore, NR(I) was transformed into CIELAB color values, which simplified the whole visible spectrum into three values. Our results showed that upon Fe deprivation, plants entered into a deficiency state very rapidly, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis. The direct effect of Fe on leaf Chl content allowed CIELAB color values to be used for pre-visual detection of Fe deficiency 2 days before the appearance of visually distinguishable morphological changes. On the other hand, P-deprived plants showed a marked decline in cellular P levels but remained above critical threshold concentrations after 7 days. The Chl content was not affected by the leaf P content and CIELAB color values showed no difference with control plants.     

Ion chromatographic determination of trace level phosphorus in purified quartz

Trace levels of phosphorus in purified quartz are determined by ion chromatography. In situ reagent purification, matrix digestion and oxidation of phosphorus to orthophosphate ion are carried out simultaneously in a vapour phase digestion (VPD) assembly using a mixture of HF, HNO3 and H2O2. A drastic reduction (475 times) in phosphate blank from reagents (HF/H2O2) was achieved in the VPD through in situ purification of the reagent. The residues remaining after volatilisation (solvent/matrix), mostly consisting of insoluble phosphate/fluoride salts of divalent and trivalent cations, were solubilised by ion-exchange dissolution. Phosphate was analysed on the IonPac AS17 column with suppressed conductivity detection. The results of the ion chromatography (IC) method were compared with a spectrophotometric method. Accuracy was evaluated by analysing a certified reference material (silicon, NIST 57a). The method detection limit was 0.05 microg g(-1).     

Adhesion of nylon particles to a quartz plate in an aqueous solution and their removal by electro-osmosis

Particle removal by electro-osmotic flow was investigated by comparison with the removal by ordinary flow of water without electrokmetic effect. The relationship between adhesion and removal of particles in terms of force acting on the particle was also discussed. Experiments were carried out in an aqueous solution using nylon particles and a quartz plate. The adhesive force,F _T, for the particles which adhered to the quartz plate in secondary minima in the total potential energy of interaction versus separation distance curves was calculated. Particle removal experiments were carried out applying electro-osmotic and Poiseuille flows. The hydrodynamic force,F _d, which was required to remove particles from the plate was estimated using flow velocities. The effectiveness of electro-osmotic flow on particle removal was larger than that of Poiseuille flow. In the particle removal by electro-osmotic flow, the minimum of the ratioF _d/F _t for particle removal was found to be 50 and the ratio for removal efficiency of 0.5 was about 140.     

Plasma polymerized allylamine coated quartz particles for humic acid removal

Nowadays, titanium is a very commonly used biomaterial for the preparation of orthopedic and dental implants. Its excellent mechanical and biochemical bulk properties are nevertheless counterbalanced by its propensity to long term degradation in physiological conditions and its weak osseointegrative capacities. In this context, surface modifications can significantly hinder titanium weaknesses. The approach considered in this work relies on the preparation of thin composite coatings based on tantalum oxide and carbon nanotubes by sol-gel process. Tantalum is particularly interesting for its high biocompatibility and bioactivity, as well as its strong resistance to bio-corrosion. Carbon nanotubes are exploited to reinforce the compactness and homogeneity of the coatings, and can act as a favorable factor to strengthen the interaction with bone components by biomimicry. The composite layers are further modified with specific organophosphonic acid molecular films, able to chemically bind the tantalum oxide surface and improve the hydroxyapatite formation process. The characteristics and the qualities of these hybrid inorganic/organic coatings are evaluated by XPS, SEM, TEM, peeling tests, contact angle measurements, and electrochemical characterizations (free potential, polarization curves).     

纳米氧化铁的研究进展

介绍纳米氧化铁在颜料、气敏材料、催化剂及生物医学等方面的应用,纳米氧化铁的氧化沉淀法、固相合成法、胶溶-相转移法、溶胶-凝胶法、强迫水解法、水热法、柠檬酸铁热分解法等制备方法,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

The α-β inversion in submilligram particles of natural quartz

The bacground to the supposed development of the ‘Beilby layer’ on fine-grinding quartz is briefly reviewed. It is shown, using single crucible thermal analysis and sub-milligram DTA, that grinding quartz can cause a dispersion of the α-β inversion over a temperature range of several degrees; this is a crystallographic effect rather than an impurity effect. The sub-milligram DTA apparatus used is described and some thermal effects, such as impurity zoning, are illustrated.     

The fine structure of submicron iron particles

Summary High resolution electron micrographs are shown of samples of colloidal alpha iron. According to the conditions of manufacture the samples occur as (1) large, well-formed dendrites, (2) shorter, more fragile dendrites, (3) serrated rods, (4) needles and (5) cubic particulates. The central stem is a line-up of single cubic crystals. Representative dimensions are given for the various measurable units. A fine laminar structure in the cubic particulates, and some of the side branches and main stems is noted. The same laminar structure is observed in some of the background platelet material from the mother liquor. Stereoscopic studies show that the dendrites are three dimensional with their branches and main stem not in the same plane. X-ray diffraction detects alpha iron plus some form of Fe₂O₃ in most samples.

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Zusammenfassung Es werden elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahmen mit hohem Aufl?sungsverm?gen von kolloiden α-Eisenteilchen gezeigt. Entsprechend den Herstellungsbedingungen fallen die Teilchen als gro\e, gut ausgebildete Dendriten, als kürzere schw?chere Dendriten, als gezackte Stangen, als Nadeln und als kubische Partikeln an. Der zentrale Stamm ist eine lineare Anordnung aus einzelnen kubischen Kristallen. Repr?sentative Dimensionen sind für die verschiedenen me\baren Einheiten eingezeichnet. Eine fein laminierte Struktur der kubischen Teilchen und von einigen Seiten?sten und Hauptachsen ist zu erkennen. Dieselbe Laminarstruktur wird teilweise an dem pl?ttchenartigen Material, das als Untergrund aus der Mutterflüssigkeit dazwischen liegt, beobachtet. Stereoskopische Aufnahmen zeigen, da\ die Dendriten dreidimensional sind und da\ Seitenzweige und Hauptachsen nicht in der gleichen Ebene liegen. R?ntgeninterferenzen lassen aufα-Eisen, sowie eine Form von Fe₂O₃ in den meisten Proben schlie\en.

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The U.S. Navy Department, Bureau of Aeronautics, Industrial Planning Division, is credited with the development and sponsoring of the process for producing these fine powdered irons under contract No a (S) 52–792 C and NO a (S) 54–5190.

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Presented in part before the Conference and Exhibit on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials held at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 14, 15 and 16, 1955 and before the annual meeting of the Electron Microscope Society of America, held at State College, Pennsylvania, October 1955; abstract, J. App. Phys.26, 1391 (1955).     

Procedure for controlling size of silver particles deposited photochemically on quartz

The results of studying optical properties of silver films deposited photochemically on a quartz surface are presented. The films consist of isolated silver particles of 5–50 nm in size and of agglomerates of several micrometers in size and contain up to 7 wt % of Ag₂O. Treatment of the films with dimethylformamide solution of [Pden₂](BPh₄)₂ results in a decrease in the average particle size due to dissolution of small particles (5–15 nm) and destruction of greater agglomerates.     

Simultaneous determination of silicon and phosphorus in cast iron by 14 MeV neutron activation analysis

A fast (10 min), non-destructive simultaneous determination of silicon and phosphorus in cast iron and steel by 14 MeV neutron activation was developed. The 1.78 MeV²⁸Al activity (T=2.24 min) induced by the reaction²⁸Si(n, p)²⁸Al is counted on a NaI(Tl) detector. Two measurements are made to correct for the 1.81 MeV⁵⁶Mn activity (T=2.58 hr) from the iron matrix. However,²⁸Al is also produced via³¹P(n, α)²⁸Al. By (n, 2n) reaction, phosphorus yields also³⁰P (T=2.6 min), the 0.511 MeV annihilation radiation of which is counted by two opposite NaI(Tl) detectors in coincidence. Again, two successive coincidence measurements are carried out in order to take into account the⁵³Fe activity (β⁺; T=8.9 min) from⁵⁴Fe(n, 2n)⁵³Fe. The²⁸Al measurement is appropriately corrected via the computed phosphorus content. An oxygen flux monitor was used to normalize to the same flux. Nuclear interferences have been examined. Special attention has been paid to the presence of copper. The standard deviation for phosphorus being as high as ca. 0.09% P for a single determination, this technique can only be practical as an independent phosphorus analysis for high phosphorus cast irons. The precision on the²⁸Al measurement is 5% relative for 0.2% Si and 2.5% above 1% Si. Aspirant of the N.F.W.O.     

Formation of iron fine particles in a crystal lattice by the computer simulation

The growing up of the fine particles in a sapphire crystal was simulated with a computer and the expected Mössbauer spectra were calculated by considering the influence of the nearest neighbors and next-nearest neighbors to the magnetic hyperfine field of the iron atoms. The simulated spectra were compared with the Mössbauer spectra observed with a Fe-implanted sapphire and the agreement between them was satisfactory on the whole. It is also revealed that an iron atom implanted into a sapphire crystal may interact, before coming to rest, with the iron fine particles situated within 2–3 nm in the crystal.     

Photochemical precipitation of copper particles on the quartz surface modified with polybutoxytitanium

Results of photochemical precipitation of copper nanoparticles on the surface of polybutoxytitanium film applied to the surface of quartz sublayer and modified by the UV irradiation with the excitation wavelength 254 nm are presented. Photocatalytic activity of polybutoxytitanium film modified by the UV light was confirmed. It was established that photoprecipitated copper nanoparticles form a uniform stable coating consisting of tightly packed particles of 50 nm diameter and 8 nm height.     

Ultrathin polydimethylsiloxane-coated carbonyl iron particles and their magnetorheological characteristics

An ultrathin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer with a mean thickness of 1 nm was coated on soft magnetic carbonyl iron (CI) particles by using a simple thermal evaporation process, and then their physical characteristics were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). Magnetorheological (MR) fluid was prepared by using PDMS-coated CI powder, and its rheological behavior was investigated under different external magnetic field strengths using a rotational rheometer. The CI particles coated by a thin PDMS layer showed higher oxidation temperature than pristine CI particles and MR fluid consisting of PDMS-coated CI particles demonstrated better dispersion stability in a nonmagnetic carrier fluid.     

Stereochemistry of 1-hydroxyphosphonate-phosphate rearrangement. Retention of configuration at the phosphorus atom

1-Hydroxyphosphonate 1 in the presence of triethylamine in acetonitrile solution undergoes irreversible rearrangement to phosphate 2 and reversible retro-phospho-aldol (retro-Abramov) reaction. The X-ray structures for 1 and 2 revealed that the phosphonate-phosphate rearrangement occurs with retention of configuration at the phosphorus atom.