激光剥蚀采样-电感耦合等离子体质谱法定性分析金属镀层

应用自制的皮秒激光剥蚀采样系统与电感耦合等离子体质谱法相结合对金属镀层[包括单一金属镀层、有涂层金属镀层、复合(多层)金属镀层等]的定性分析进行了研究。高激光脉冲能量的时间分辨图能确定金属镀层的基体材料,合适激光脉冲能量的时间分辨图能清晰呈现表面涂层、金属镀层和基体材料中各主要元素的先后关系。试验中选用金属镀层厚度标准片和实际样品。该方法应用于黄金饰品的真假鉴别。     

皮秒激光剥蚀固体进样系统的研制

研制了一款皮秒激光剥蚀固体进样系统(ps LA)。该装置由激光器、激光束聚焦系统、样品池、气溶胶传输系统、观察系统、样品移动平台等几部分组成。激光器的输出波长可选,有1064,532,355和266 nm 4种,脉冲宽度30 ps,脉冲频率20 Hz。选用266 nm的波长进行性能表征,脉冲能量可达3.0 m J,剥蚀坑呈圆形,边缘陡峭,空间分辨率小于30μm,时间分辨率小于2 s,单位脉冲剥蚀量为20 nm。该装置与ICP-MS联用可实现固体样品的直接分析。     

激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)法测定涂层氧化锆颗粒铌层中24种微量杂质元素

针对涂层氧化锆颗粒涂层分析需求,建立了LA-ICP-MS分析Nb涂层和Zr基质中24种微量杂质元素测定方法,获得了最佳剥蚀条件(激光束斑44μm、能量密度6 J/cm²、剥蚀频率5 Hz),利用NIST610标样作为外标、Nb和Zr作内标分别校正了Nb涂层及Zr基质层。方法检出限1.5μg/g (Fe)、1.16μg/g(Cr)、0.36μg/g(Ni),其他21种元素检出限0.01～695.7μg/g。成功测定了60件Nb涂层和Zr基质样品中24种微量杂质元素,获得了26种元素深度剥蚀信号-时间轮廓图,激光剥蚀涂层时间为16～110 s。建立了涂层厚度测试方法,利用LA-ICP-MS技术结合环境扫描电镜能谱技术测定了球体涂层的厚度,获得了准确的LA深度剥蚀率0.371 4μm/s,并成功测定了60件样品中涂层的厚度(5.942～40.854μm),实现了涂层氧化锆涂层成分定量。     

激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中15种微量元素

在土壤标准样品中加入内标元素铼,将其压片后直接进样,将激光聚焦在样品表面下100μm,在以下条件下进行激光剥蚀(LA):(1)剥蚀载气氦气流量为600mL·min-1;(2)剥蚀光斑直径为110μm;(3)剥蚀速率为50μm·s-1。剥蚀后形成的气溶胶进入电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS),对其中15种微量元素(铍、钒、铬、钴、镍、铜、锌、镓、砷、镉、锡、锑、铊、铅、铋)进行测定。采用标准加入法,通过校准曲线外推得到各目标元素的含量。检出限(3s)为0.01～0.08μg·g~(-1);用此方法分析了2个土壤标准样品(GSS-3和GSS-14),除铍、锑和镉,其他元素所得测定值均在认定值的允许不确定度范围内,且相对误差(RE)均不超过10%;对土壤标准样品(GSS-14)重复测定5次,15种元素测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)均在10%以内。     

激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定微量溴和碘

采用粉末压片制样,用激光剥蚀进样技术-电感耦合等离子体质谱法直接测定植物和生物试样中微量溴和碘的含量。优化了激光剥蚀参数,考察了载气流量、仪器分辨率以及内标元素的选择对溴和碘测定的影响。方法的检出限(3s)为0.12μg.g-1(溴)和0.08μg.g-1(碘)。方法用于6种标准物质中溴和碘的测定,测定值与标准值吻合。     

激光剥蚀-多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱法 测定含钚颗粒物中240 Pu/239 Pu比值

为高精度、准确地获取含钚颗粒物中具有核保障监督意义和核取证价值的钚同位素比值,建立了激光剥蚀-多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-MC-ICP-MS)测定含钚颗粒物中240 Pu/239 Pu的分析方法.采用检漏、安装排风罩和擦拭剥蚀池内壁等方式有效降低激光剥蚀产物沾污实验室和危及人身安全的潜在风险.联用扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪(SMPS)与激光剥蚀-多接收器等离子体质谱(LA-MC-ICP-MS)研究了激光剥蚀玻璃基体标样产生气溶胶的分布特性,结果表明,剥蚀产物的主要粒径是40~500 nm,应尽量采用水平管道连接激光剥蚀进样系统与MC-ICP-MS,含钚颗粒物分析后剥蚀池持续吹扫时间应大于15 min.采用外标归一化法离线校正质量分馏效应和离子计数器检测效率,建立了含钚颗粒物中240 Pu/239 Pu的LA-MC-ICP-MS分析方法,固定束斑直径30μm、脉冲重复率5 Hz、剥蚀时间5 s,调节能量密度使含钚颗粒物模拟样品中239 Pu的信号强度分别达2×104 cps和2×105 cps,本方法对240 Pu/239 Pu测量的相对实验标准不确定度小于1.4%(n=6),测量结果与参考值的相对偏差小于4.7%,仪器调试时间和单个样品测量时间分别为9.0和0.5 h.含钚颗粒物模拟样品分析结果表明,本方法精度高、结果准确、分析速度快,可满足核保障监督、禁产核查和核取证中含钚颗粒物直接分析的需求.     

激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱 (ICP-MS)法测定纯钌中19种杂质元素

建立了激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)法测定纯钌中Mg、Al、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Rb、Rh、Pd、Mo、Ag、Cd、Sn、Ba、Ir、Pt、Au、Pb和Si等19种杂质元素的分析方法.优化了仪器参数,给出了激光能量为60％,剥蚀孔径为110μm,扫描速率为50μm/s,脉冲频率为10 Hz,载...     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法分析镀锌及镀铝锌钢板镀层化学成分

镀锌是应用最为广泛的金属防锈方法,目前正向锌铁合金镀层板、锌铝合金镀层板和铝锌合金镀层板方向发展。镀锌及镀铝锌板质量的关键在于镀层厚度和镀层中合金元素含量。镀层厚度的测定已有相应的国家标准方法GB/T13825-1992《金属覆盖层黑色金属材料热镀锌层的质量测定称量法》和GB/T 1839—2008《钢产品镀锌层质量试验方     

激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定纯钌中19种杂质元素

建立了激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子-体质谱法(LA-ICP-MS)法测定纯钌中Mg、Al、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、Rb、Rh、Pd、Mo、Ag、Cd、Sn、Ba、Ir、Pt、Au、Pb和Si等19种杂质元素的分析方法。优化了仪器参数：给出了激光能量为60%,剥蚀孔径为110 μm,扫描速率为50 μm/s,脉冲频率为10Hz,载气流量为0.74L/min条件下,信号强度和稳定性最佳。由于钌标准样品难以获得,本文选择用纯钌粉样品,高温高压溶解后,采用ICP-MS定值所测元素（除硅外）。根据钌粉样品的ICP-MS定值结果确定了测定元素的相对灵敏度因子（RSF）,对归一法结果进行较正,提高了方法准确度。方法的检出限为：0.001~12.81μg/g,相对标准偏差(RSD)为：10%～30%。采用本方法测定纯钌中杂质元素,结果与ICP-MS测定的结果吻合。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定镀锌钢板镀层质量

提出了用X射线荧光光谱法测定镀锌钢板镀层(包括锌层、锌铁合金层、钝化层、磷化层和耐指纹层等)的质量。详细叙述了用于上述各层测定所需的系列标准样品的制备方法,分别通过对各不同层的特征组分的荧光强度进行测定,并根据校准曲线计算,分别得到各不同层的单位面积质量(g·m-2)。根据测定各不同组分时谱线荧光强度的强弱,选择不同的测量时间,试验选择直径为30 mm的测量面积。采用与样品相同类型的标准样品作校准曲线,重复10次测定6种镀层样品,其测定值的相对标准偏差在0.10%~0.32%之间。各镀层的测定值与重量法及电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法的测定值相比,经t-检验法验证(α=0.05),不存在显著差异。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。