Measurement of small differences in refractive indices of solutions with interferometric optical method

Based on the principles of both surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and heterodyne interferometry, an optical method for measuring small differences in refractive indices of solutions was proposed. On a specially designed probe, two light beams are incident on both reference and test solutions. The phase differences between the p- and s-polarizations of each reflected light under SPR condition are measured simultaneously with heterodyne interferometric technique. The phase values are substituted into special equations derived from Fresnel's equations. Finally, the difference between the refractive indices of these two solutions can be estimated. The feasibility of this method was demonstrated and the measurement sensitivity of refractive index can reach a value of at least 8.57×10⁻⁷. This method should bear the merits of a simple structure, easy operation, high sensitivity and rapid measurement.     

Calculation of the absorption coefficients of optical materials by measuring the transmissivities and refractive indices

In this paper, a formula for accurate calculation of the absorption coefficient of optical material is deduced by the relationship of its transmissivity, refractive index and absorption coefficient. Because the values of transmissivity and refractive index of the optical material with a higher accuracy can be determined by the instruments or obtained directly from the references, the calculated results of the absorption coefficients with a higher accuracy is certified. The absorption coefficients of some optical materials are calculated with it, and the results are discussed.     

用布儒斯特角法同时测定单轴晶体的折射率和光轴方向

在理论上分析了光轴任意方向的单轴晶体的折射率．根据布儒斯特角原理,当线偏振光的电场矢量平行于入射面时,通过测出对样品三个表面的布儒斯特角,就能同时确定单轴晶体的折射率和光轴方向．并利用分光计,在光轴不确定的情况下,测定了方解石的两个主折射率和光轴方向．     

Automatic determination of refractive index profile of fibers having regular and/or irregular transverse sections considering the refraction of light rays by the fiber

A new model, using non-destructive two- and/or multiple-beam interferometric techniques, is suggested for measuring the refractive index profile of fibers having regular and/or irregular cross-sectional shape taking into consideration the refraction of the light rays by the fiber. The proposed model is applied for three different fibers having different cross-sectional shapes and different refractive index profiles. These fibers are PPT, homogeneous fiber, with circular cross-section, graded index optical fiber of circular cross-sectional shape and Dralon fiber of irregular cross-section. To validate the proposed model it is used, firstly, to calculate the index profile for a standard PPT fiber. Secondly, the calculated results for the irregular Dralon fiber and GR-IN optical fiber are compared with that calculated using other conventional method. From this comparison, we recommend that the refraction must be taken into account to obtain accurate results especially for birefringent fibers and graded index optical fibers.     

Novel optical devices based on the tunable refractive index of magnetic fluid and their characteristics

As a new type of functional material, magnetic fluid (MF) is a stable colloid of magnetic nanoparticles, dressed with surfactant and dispersed in the carrier liquid uniformly. The MF has many unique optical properties, and the most important one is its tunable refractive index property. This paper summarizes the properties of the MF refractive index and the related optical devices. The refractive index can be easily controlled by external magnetic field, temperature, and so on. But the tunable refractive index of MF has a relaxation effect. As a result, the response time is more than milliseconds and the MF is only suitable for low speed environment. Compared with the traditional optical devices, the magnetic fluid based optical devices have the tuning ability. Compared with the tunable optical devices (the electro-optic devices (LiNbO₃) of more than 10 GHz modulation speed, acoustic-optic devices (Ge) of more than 20 MHz modulation speed), the speed of the magnetic fluid based optical devices is low. Now there are many applications of magnetic fluid based on the refractive index in the field of optical information communication and sensing technology, such as tunable beam splitter, optical-fiber modulator, tunable optical gratings, tunable optical filter, optical logic device, tunable interferometer, and electromagnetic sensor. With the development of the research and application of magnetic fluid,a new method, structure and material to improve the response time can be found, which will play an important role in the fields of optical information communication and sensing technology.     

光学材料中横向SBS的稳态分析

 从非线性光学的耦合波理论出发，建立了种子光入射的窄带泵浦的横向受激布里渊散射的二维理论模型，并对稳态情形进行了数值模拟，得到了散射光强的二维分布。计算表明，散射光场在入射面内呈现出“局部集中”的特点，而且由于“空间压缩”效应，使得获得的最大散射光强远大于初始泵浦光强。还分析了光场及材料参数对获得的散射光强的影响，得出：入射的激光功率密度越大，光学元件的横向尺寸越长，材料的吸收系数越小，受激散射产生的散射光和弹性声波强度就越大，在材料内部引起的应力也越强，从而越有可能造成材料的破坏。     

Interferometric studies on the influence of temperature on the optical and dispersion parameters of GRIN optical fibre

Opto-thermal device attached to automate Fizeau interferometer is used to investigate the influence of temperature on opto-thermal properties of multimode graded-index (GRIN) optical fibre in the range from 27 to 54 °C. The effect of temperature on the refractive index profile of fibre is studied. The optical parameters and the opto-thermal coefficient of this fibre are determined. Also the variation of oscillation and dispersion energies, zero dispersion wavelengths, coupling efficiency, normalised frequency, number of propagation modes with the temperature and the material dispersion with the wavelength at different temperatures are calculated. Microinterferograms are given for illustration.     

光学材料中横向SBS的稳态分析

从非线性光学的耦合波理论出发,建立了种子光入射的窄带泵浦的横向受激布里渊散射的二维理论模型,并对稳态情形进行了数值模拟,得到了散射光强的二维分布。计算表明,散射光场在入射面内呈现出“局部集中”的特点,而且由于“空间压缩”效应,使得获得的最大散射光强远大于初始泵浦光强。还分析了光场及材料参数对获得的散射光强的影响,得出：入射的激光功率密度越大,光学元件的横向尺寸越长,材料的吸收系数越小,受激散射产生的散射光和弹性声波强度就越大,在材料内部引起的应力也越强,从而越有可能造成材料的破坏。     

Construction of the refractive index profiles for few-mode planar optical waveguides

We present a nondestructive technique to predict the refractive index profiles of isotropic planar waveguides, on which a thin gold film is deposited to as the cladding. The negative dielectric constant of the metal results in significant differences of effective indices between TE and TM modes. The two polarized modes and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with abundant information of the surface index can be used to construct the refractive index profiles of single-mode and two-mode waveguides at a fixed wavelength.     

Effect of pressure on intersubband optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes in a V-groove quantum wire

In this paper, the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the intersubband optical absorption and the refractive index changes in a GaAs/Ga_1−xAl_xAs ridge quantum wire are studied. We use analytical expressions for the linear and third-order nonlinear intersubband absorption coefficients and refractive index changes obtained by the compact-density matrix formalism. The linear, third-order nonlinear, and total intersubband absorption coefficients and refractive index changes are investigated at different pressures as a function of photon energy with known values of width wire (b$b$), the incident optical intensity (I$I$), and the angle θ$\theta$. According to the results obtained from the present work, we have found that the pressure plays an important role in the intersubband optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes in a V-groove quantum wire.     

光纤折射率剖面的折射近场法测量的研究

本文叙述了折射近场法(简称RNF)测量光纤折射率剖面的基本原理及实验方法.提供了对单模光纤和多模光纤的测量结果,并与反射法、近场法进行了比较.实验中获得空间分辨率优于0.8μm,折射率灵敏度优于2×10~(-4).     

Theoretical expression for change of extraordinary refractive index in annealed proton exchanged LiNbO3 optical waveguides

A general expression for the change in extraordinary refractive index of the annealed proton exchanged LiNbO₃ waveguide has been deduced. The expression deduced explains the experimental results of decrease in change of extraordinary refractive index with annealing. The effect of annealing time has also been incorporated following Cao's model (Cao, Ramaswamy, Srivastava, J. Lightwave Technol. 10 (1992) 1302–1313). The concentration profile of protons in the annealed waveguide has been deduced theoretically, which is consistent with the previous results. The spontaneous polarization has been considered as the central mechanism for change in extraordinary refractive index due to proton exchange with annealing.     

Theoretical studies on the optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes in parabolic quantum dots in the presence of electric and magnetic fields

The optical absorption coefficients and the changes in the refractive index in GaAs/AlGaAs parabolic quantum dots(QDs) with applied electric and magnetic fields are studied in detail. Analytical expressions for the linear and nonlinear intersubband absorption coefficients and refractive index changes are obtained by using a compact density matrix approach and an iterative procedure. Finally, the calculated results show the incident optical intensity, the frequencies of the confined potential of the QDs and the applied electric and magnetic fields have a great influence on the optical absorption coefficients and refractive index changes in this system.     

Size effect in the optical properties of small metallic particles: A solvable model for cubic symmetry

Summary A solvable tight-binding model for the electronic states of cubic crystals of arbitrary size is used to compute the real and the imaginary part of the dielectric function of metallic particles. Two types of microscopic processes are discussed: first-order transitions between electronic states and second-order transitions due to collisions with vibrational states and impurities. Interband and intraband transitions are both taken into account fors andp bands. The results display very strong size effects due to the lack of translational symmetry and to the presence of surface states; the Lorentz-Drude behaviour of the bulk metal is approached as the number of atoms in the particles increases. The size effects in the optical functions of the metallic particles are shown to depend on the environment and this is made to account for the basic features in the optical properties, in particular for the resonance plasma absorption. The case of silver particles in a glassy environment is investigated, experimental trends of the optical absorption with varying particle sizes are explained and reasonable agreement with experimental data is obtained. Based on work supported in part by the Italian Research Council (C.N.R.) through a contract G.N.S.M. and by the French Ministry of National Education (Ministère de l'Education Nationale).     

Influence of different stabilizers on the optical and nonlinear optical properties of CdTe nanoparticles

CdTe semiconductor nanocrystals were synthesized with three different stabilizers: Mercaptoacetic Acid (MAA), Mercaptopropionic Acid (MPA) and 2-Mercaptoethanol (ME) at pH ≈ 11.2 by wet chemical route using potassium tellurite and cadmium chloride as starting materials. The effect of capping agent on the preparation of these samples was evaluated using UV-Visible absorption and photoluminescence analysis. With the same reaction time but with different stabilizers, nanocrystals of different diameters were obtained. The average full width at half maximum of the photoluminescence spectra was about 69 nm which indicates that the monodispersity was quite good. The particle size was calculated by Debye-Scherrer equation from XRD data. Further characterization studies such as FT-IR and optical nonlinearity studies on the samples were carried out and the results are discussed.     

A novel technique for measurement of self-generated magnetic fields and the plasma density in laser produced plasmas from the Faraday rotation using two color probes

Diagnostic information about the self-generated magnetic fields (SGMF) generated in laser produced plasmas is normally obtained by measuring the Faraday rotation angle (FRA) of a linearly polarized laser probe beam passing through the plasma. Simultaneous recording of the corresponding interferogram is required to get the density information necessary for estimating the magnetic field. The problem with this method is that the visibility of the fringes in the interferogram can be poor, and the SGMF cannot be calculated in the regions where the interference fringes are not observable. In this paper, we propose a new method to obtain the density distribution and the SGMF from two simultaneous measurements of FRA using two probe beams of different colors, which allows one to calculate the SGMF without the need of interferometry.     

Design and analysis of the four-mirror optical system

Based on the methods to design the three-mirror reflective system, the aberrations formulae for the four-mirror optical reflection system have been deduced and presented for the first time. The diversity of parameter ranges for the designed system for different structures is also studied to select the parameters to obtain the practicable initial structure. Example designs with proposed methods are presented here and their performance evaluations demonstrate that the image qualities of these examples attain the diffraction limits.     

Beam reception and data transmission performance analysis of optical taper used in a mobile wireless optical communication

Mobile wireless optical communication system was demonstrated experimentally by using a special solid coupling optical taper. The performance of special solid coupling optical taper and the data transmission performance with 240 Mbit/s were investigated on the rectilinear orbit between the mobile terminal and the fixed terminal. The experimental results shown that the scheme used in the mobile wireless optical communication system is reliable and quite simple, which could be widely used in future.     

Crystal growth and characterisation of new organic nonlinear optical materials: 6-cyano and 6-nitro-2,2-dimethyl-3,4-epoxychroman

Two chiral organic nonlinear optical materials, (3S,4S)-(−)-6-cyano-2,2-dimethyl-3,4-epoxychroman (1) and (3R,4R)-(+)-6-nitro-2,2-dimethyl-3,4-epoxychroman (2), have been grown into single crystals of cm³-size. Although both compounds crystallise in the orthorhombic P2₁2₁2₁ space group, they are not isomorphous and their crystal packings are quite different. Angle tuned type II phase-matched second harmonic generation between 0.8 and 1.064 μm has been evidenced, with effective nonlinear coefficients d_eff of 1 and 5 pm/V at 0.96 μm for 1 and 2, respectively. These values are in agreement with those estimated in the oriented gas model approximation using EFISH first order hyperpolarisability values (β₀=2.6 and 4.0×10⁻³⁰ esu for 1 and 2, respectively).     

光通信系统中分光系统光学调整的误差分析

在平行光路中,光学系统的光学元件的误差或微量运动可抽象为绕定点的微量转动,其成像关系可归结为在微量转动下物像共轭关系的依次迭代,利用光学系统这种动态成像关系的思想,建立一个统一的光学调整及误差分析的数学模型。利用此模型分析光通信系统中分光系统的机械安装误差对系统的影响,建立每个反射镜的机械调整坐标,从理论上指导分光系统中每个反射镜的机械调整,最终使通信激光发射系统和精信标激光接收系统的光轴平行度达到5。