Vortices and wall shear stresses in asymmetric and symmetric channels with sinusoidal wavy walls for pulsatile flow at low Reynolds numbers

Numerical simulation and flow visualization were performed to study the dynamical behavior of vortices generated in channels with two different geometries, i.e., a periodically converging–diverging channel and serpentine channel, both having sinusoidal wavy walls. This system for pulsatile flow is used to enhance heat and mass transfer in very viscous liquids. The numerical results predict well the dynamical behavior of vortices and agree with the flow visualizations. For both channels, the vortex expands in each furrow of the channel walls during the deceleration phase and shrinks during the acceleration phase, which leads to fluid exchange between the vortex and the mainstream. The time-averaged vortex strength and wall shear stresses increase, as the frequency of fluid oscillation increases under a fixed oscillatory fraction of the flow rate. However, above a certain value of the frequency, they reversely decrease due to viscous effects. This frequency for the serpentine channel is smaller than that for the converging–diverging channel. The channel geometries are found to have an important effect of the flow characteristics.     

Two-phase non-linear model for blood flow in asymmetric and axisymmetric stenosed arteries

The pulsatile flow of a two-phase model for blood flow through axisymmetric and asymmetric stenosed narrow arteries is analyzed, treating blood as a two-phase model with the suspension of all the erythrocytes in the core region as the Herschel-Bulkley material and plasma in the peripheral layer as the Newtonian fluid. The perturbation method is applied to solve the resulting non-linear implicit system of partial differential equations. The expressions for various flow quantities are obtained. It is found that the pressure drop, plug core radius, wall shear stress increase as the yield stress or stenosis height increases. It is noted that the velocity increases, longitudinal impedance decreases as the amplitude increases. For asymmetric stenosis, the wall shear stress increases non-linearly with the increase of the axial distance. The estimates of the increase in longitudinal impedance to flow of the two-phase Herschel-Bulkley material are significantly lower than those of the single-phase Herschel-Bulkley material. The results show the advantages of two-phase flow over single-phase flow in small diameter arteries with stenosis.     

Influence of drag reducing additives on the structure of turbulence in a mixing layer

The structure of a free turbulent mixing layer in Newtonian and drag reducing fluids is discussed using results from visualization and LDA-techniques. Particular emphasis is placed on results for the turbulent shear stress and the time correlation function.     

Experimental and computational studies on the flow fields in aortic aneurysms associated with deployment of AAA stent-grafts

Pulsatile flow fields in rigid abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) models were investigated numerically, and the simulation results are found in good agreement with particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. There are one or more vortexes in the AAA bulge, and a fairly high wall shear stress exists at the distal end, and thus the AAA is in danger of rupture. Medical treatment consists of inserting a vascular stent-graft in the AAA, which would decrease the blood impact to the inner walls and reduce wall shear stress so that the rupture could be prevented. A new computational model, based on porous medium model, was developed and results are documented. Therapeutic effect of the stent-graft was verified numerically with the new model. The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10672090). The English text was polished by Yunming Chen.     

Investigation of the velocity field in a full-scale model of a cerebral aneurysm

Due to improved and now widely used imaging methods in clinical surgery practise, detection of unruptured cerebral aneurysms becomes more and more frequent. For the selection and development of a low-risk and highly effective treatment option, the understanding of the involved hemodynamic mechanisms is of great importance. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), in vivo angiographic imaging and in situ experimental investigations of flow behaviour are powerful tools which could deliver the needed information. Hence, the aim of this contribution is to experimentally characterise the flow in a full-scale phantom model of a realistic cerebral aneurysm. The acquired experimental data will then be used for a quantitative validation of companion numerical simulations. The experimental methodology relies on the large-field velocimetry technique PTV (Particle Tracking Velocimetry), processing high speed images of fluorescent tracer particles added to the flow of a blood-mimicking fluid.First, time-resolved planar PTV images were recorded at 4500 fps and processed by a complex, in-house algorithm. The resulting trajectories are used to identify Lagrangian flow structures, vortices and recirculation zones in two-dimensional measurement slices within the aneurysm sac. The instantaneous inlet velocity distribution, needed as boundary condition for the numerical simulations, has been measured with the same technique but using a higher frame rate of 20,000 fps in order to avoid ambiguous particle assignment. From this velocity distribution, the time-resolved volume flow rate has been also derived. In this manner, a direct comparison between numerical simulations and PTV measurements will be possible in the near future, opening the door for highly accurate computational predictions.     

Instability of a viscoelastic liquid jet with axisymmetric and asymmetric disturbances

The temporal instability behavior of a viscoelastic liquid jet in the wind-induced regime with axisymmetric and asymmetric disturbances moving in an inviscid gaseous environment is investigated theoretically. The corresponding dispersion relation between the wave growth rate and the wavenumber is derived. The linear instability analysis shows that viscoelastic liquid jets are more unstable than their Newtonian counterparts, and less unstable than their inviscid counterparts, for both axisymmetric and asymmetric disturbances, respectively. The instability behavior of viscoelastic jets is influenced by the interaction of liquid viscosity and elasticity, in which the viscosity tends to dampen the instability, whereas the elasticity results in an enhancement of instability. Relatively, the effect of the ratio of deformation retardation to stress relaxation time on the instability of viscoelastic jets is weak. It is found that the liquid Weber number is a key measure that controls the viscoelastic jet instability behavior. At small Weber number, the axisymmetric disturbance dominates the instability of viscoelastic jets, i.e., the growth rate of an axisymmetric disturbance exceeds that of asymmetric disturbances. When the Weber number increases, both the growth rate and the instability range of disturbances increase drastically. The asymptotic analysis shows that at large Weber number, more asymmetric disturbance modes become unstable, and the growth rate of each asymmetric disturbance mode approaches that of the axisymmetric disturbance. Therefore, the asymmetric disturbances are more dangerous than that of axisymmetric disturbances for a viscoelastic jet at large Weber numbers. Similar to the liquid Weber number, the ratio of gas to liquid density is another key measure that affects the viscoelastic jet instability behavior substantially.     

贯流风机流场的实验和数值研究

贯流风机流场的分析研究是对其进行结构调整、性能优化的前提。本文运用烟迹和闪光照相的方法对贯流风机的内部流动进行了流场显示研究，得到了瞬态流场照片，并通过多点总压和静压测量得到了速度分布。本文还对贯流风机的流场进行了数值模拟。结果表明：数值计算与实验结果符合得较好，这两者的结合是研究贯流风机流动和改进其性能的有效手段。本文最后就贯流风机的噪声进行了初步研究，得出了一些有价值的结果。     

Steady Streamwise Structures in the Boundary Layer on a Swept Wing with Elevated Turbulence of the Incoming Flow

Results for a turbulized flow past the windward side of a swept wing model are presented. Origination of steady disturbances in the form of streamwise structures is found. The greatest effect on the formation of these disturbances is exerted by the curvature of the external flow streamlines. The secondary flow in the boundary layer leads to an increase in the characteristic scale of disturbances in the transverse direction, as compared to the flow around the model at a zero yaw angle.     

激光片光源技术在水垫塘流场显示中的应用

文中研制了一套以激光作片光源的流场显示装置，并对单股和双股射流水垫塘流场进行了可视化研究．流场显示表明：双股射流的水垫塘流动结构可划分为六个区域，比通常的单股射流塘内水流结构增加了股间混掺区和“动水垫”影响区两个流区．分析讨论指出，双股射流入塘后水舌扩散加快和产生动水垫效应是其流态优于单股射流的两个显著特征．本文成果将为以降低塘底动水压强和充分发挥水垫塘消能效率为目标的水垫塘优化设计与计算提供指导和依据     

应用小干扰柱体控制角区马蹄涡结构的实验研究

本文提出一种简单的抑制和控制角区马蹄涡的被动控制方法.即在角区平板上游放置一个远小于主柱体的小干扰柱体,用其产生的弱马蹄涡来抑制和控制角区的马蹄涡结构.目的是使角区原来的马蹄涡结构由强变为弱、由大变为小、由多变为少、由非定常变为定常,以获得减小冲刷、抑制湍流、降低噪声、避免振动的工程效果.作者在风洞中采用烟线法和激光片光流动显示的方法开展研究,实验表明,在平板上游适当位置放置小干扰柱体的确可以有效抑制和控制角区马蹄涡结构.实验发现,当小干扰柱体放置在原角区马蹄涡生成区时,其抑制和控制效果最佳;当小干扰柱体放置在上游区或下游区时,控制效果不好.本文讨论了小干扰柱体控制角区马蹄涡的机理.此外,实验还研究了小干扰柱体相对尺度和截面形状对角区马蹄涡结构抑制和控制的影响.     

底部喷流及后掠翼前缘涡破碎的流动显示研究

本文介绍了在中国科技大学立式水洞中进行的底部喷流流动显示及底压测量实验以及对x型翼体组合体弹翼上前缘涡破碎的观察,系统地比较了有、无喷流及有、无尾罩下各种底部流态,为工程应用提供了实验依据.     

Analysis of Streamwise Velocity Fluctuations in Turbulent Pipe Flow with the Use of an Ultrasonic Doppler Flowmeter

Data collected from several studies of experimental and numerical nature in wall-bounded turbulent flows and in particular in internal flows (channel and pipe flows, Mochizuki and Nieuwstadt [1]) at different Reynolds numbers R ⁺(Ru _*/ν), indicate that: (i) the peak of the rms-value (normalized by u _*) of the streamwise velocity fluctuations (σ _u ⁺|_peak) is essentially independent of the Reynolds number, (ii) the position of the rms peak value (y ⁺|_peak) is weakly dependent of the Reynolds number, (iii) the skewness of the streamwise velocity fluctuations (S _u ) is close to zero at the position in which the variance has its peak. A series of measurements of streamwise velocity fluctuations has been performed in turbulent pipe flow with the use of an Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimeter and our results support those reported in [1]. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Flow visualization and LDV measurements of laminar flow in a helical square duct with finite pitch

Flow visualization and LDV measurements are performed on laminar flow in a helical square duct with finite pitch. The experimental observations are compared to results of numerical calculations employing the finite-volume method and assuming a fully developed flow. Good agreement is found between measured and computed velocity profiles. This suggests that the physical velocity components used in the numerical calculations are suitable to describe the flow. It is further demonstrated that the contravariant velocity components employed by some authors may lead to results that are difficult to interpret. Two stable solution branches are detected in the numerical calculations. For Reynolds numbers between the stable branches, unsteady and fully developed computations predict an oscillating flow between a two-vortex and a four-vortex structure. In the experiments, the flow normally retained a stable two-vortex structure in the numerically predicted unstable regime. However, by disturbing the flow at the duct inlet, a four-vortex flow that showed similarities to the computed flow could occasionally be obtained. For Reynolds numbers above 600, unsteady flow behavior was observed both experimentally and numerically, which might be an early sign of transition. In the experiments, Gdrtler-like extra vortices emerged spontaneously from the outer wall without disturbing the flow at the inlet. The same phenomenon was observed in the numerical calculations, assuming an unsteady and fully developed flow, but the extra vortices appeared with a lower frequency than in the experiments.     

Flow in a symmetric channel with an expanded section

We consider the flow in a symmetric two-dimensional channel with an expanded section. By examining the effect of varying the ratio of the inlet and outlet channel widths, we are able to place the earlier results of Mizushima et al. (Phys. Fluids 8 (1996) 2933) within an entire spectrum of nonlinear phenomena. Laboratory experiments support predicted behaviour in two regions of parameter space and highlight the importance of imperfections in the experimental apparatus.     

激波风洞内超燃冲压发动机三面压缩进气道流场实验观测

主要进行了超燃冲压发动机三面压缩进气道的实验观测。利用来流马赫数4.5的直通式激波风洞,考察了三组具有不同压缩角度的进气道模型内部的流场情况。实验观测手段为油流法、丝线法和高速纹影,同时,辅以数值模拟以有助于流场细节分析。纹影照片展示了进气道内部以激波边界层相互作用为主要影响因素的流场复杂结构,数值模拟也显示了相近的结果。油流技术与丝线法显示了近壁面处的流动图像,照片中可见激波、分离线、再附线等分界线位置。根据实验结果,可以推测唇口激波与进气道内边界层的相互作用及其引起的壁面分离是影响进气道内流动的主要因素。同时,尝试了利用抽吸方法减弱激波与边界层相互作用诱发的壁面流动分离,并取得一定结果。     

Flow pattern and flow characteristics for counter-current two-phase flow in a vertical round tube with wire-coil inserts

Flow pattern, void fraction and slug rise velocity on counter-current two-phase flow in a vertical round tube with wire-coil inserts are experimentally studied. Flow pattern and slug rise velocity are measured visually with a video camera. The void fraction is measured by the quick-closing valve method. Four kinds of coils with different coil pitches and coil diameters are used as inserts. The presence of wire-coil inserts induces disturbance into gas and liquid flows so that the shape and motion of gas slug or bubbles in a wire-coil inserted tube are quite different from those observed in a smooth tube without insert. The bubbly flow occurs in the low gas superficial velocity region in the wire-coil inserted tube, while the slug or churn/annular flow only appears in the smooth tube without insert over the all test range. The measured slug rise velocity in the wire-coil inserted tube is higher than that in the smooth tube. With modified mean flow velocity calculated with core area, the slug rise velocity in wire-coil tube inserted is in good agreement with Nicklin's correlation. The void fraction in a wire-coil inserted tube is lower than that in a smooth tube in the range of high gas superficial velocities. By introducing a simple assumption on considering the effective flowing area, the measured void fractions in a wire-coil inserted tube are in relatively good agreement with the predicted result based on the drift flux model proposed by others with the correlation for slug rise velocity given by others when the coil pitch is dense.     

Flow and heat transfer over a backward-facing step with a cylinder mounted near its top corner

A study was made to see if it is possible to enhance the heat transfer in the downstream region of a backward-facing step, where heat transfer is normally deteriorated, by the insertion of a cylinder near the top corner of the step. Cylinder size and streamwise position of the cylinder were kept constant but the cross-stream position of the cylinder was changed in three steps. Results of the heat transfer experiment, flow visualization, and measurement of the averaged and fluctuating flow fields were reported. When the cylinder was mounted at a position, a little higher than the top surface of the step, a jet-like flow pattern emerged in the averaged velocity profile beneath the cylinder and the recirculating flow was intensified. Therefore, the velocity of recirculating flow near the wall is increased at some streamwise positions. Additionally, the velocity fluctuation was intensified not only in the shear layer between the jet-like flow and the recirculating flow regions but also in the near wall region, resulting in the effective augmentation of heat transfer in this case. Therefore, it is concluded that the mounting of a cylinder is effective in the enhancement of deteriorated heat transfer in the recirculating flow region, if its is mounted in a proper position.     

Response of a finite beam in contact with a tensionless foundation under symmetric and asymmetric loading

In this work a general analytical model is developed for the static response of a beam resting on a tensionless elastic foundation subjected to a lateral point load. This load may either be located at the center of the beam or may be offset. An analytical/numerical solution is obtained to the governing equations; this solution makes no assumption about either the contact area or the kinematics associated with the transverse deflection of the beam. This is in contrast to previous work in which, for an infinite beam (where the load is symmetric by definition), implicit assumptions about the contact area and the response kinematics were made. Because these assumptions are dropped, the contact behavior differs in several fundamental ways from its infinite counterpart. Specifically, it is shown that (i) the contact area is a sensitive function of the beam length and that this function may change nonmonotonically, (ii) the contact area may depend on the magnitude of the load, (iii) asymmetric loads, which cannot exist in the infinite problem, have a dramatic influence the contact area for the finite system. These features are demonstrated with specific examples and explained in terms of the fundamental physics of the system. The implications for these behaviors are also discussed.     

Pulsatile flows in a lateral aneurysm anchored on a stented and curved parent vessel

We present particle tracking velocimetry measurements and flow visualization of pulsatile flow fields in a stented cerebrovascular lateral aneurysm model with a wide ostium anchored on a curved parent vessel. Among the stent parameters, the blocking ratioC _α ranging from 0% to 75% was selected to study its effect on the changes of intra-aneurysmal hemodynamics for the reference of minimally invasive endovascular aneurysm treatment. The Womersley number was 3.9 and the mean, peak, and minimal Reynolds numbers based on the bulk average velocity and diameter of the parent vessel were 600, 850, and 300, respectively. The results are characterized in terms of velocity vector field, coded streak images, region averaged velocity, vorticity, and wall shear stress. A critical range ofC _α related to the inflow location as well as the shape and number of intra-aneurysmal vortices is identified. The intra-aneurysmal flow activity, vortex strength, and wall shear stress are found to decrease with increasingC _α. Among theC _α examined,C _α=75% is the most favorable in attenuating the risk of aneurysmal rupture and promoting intra-aneurysmal thrombus.     

油水两相渗流压力脉动的实验及数值分析

本文用高精度的压差传感器和高速度的数据采集设备同时测量出油水两相流体在多孔介质流动时产生的较大压力降和微小压力脉动,应用自行研制的大型数据处理软件对恒流速水驱油的两相渗流压力脉动实验数据进行了分析,发现不同阶段压力脉动具有明显的频谱特性和时间相关特性的不同,在第三阶段（油为主,水增加阶段）谱能增加最大,时间正相关程度最强。