静电纺丝法制备NiO纳米纤维及其表征

纳米级NiO因具有优良的催化和热敏等性能而被广泛用于催化剂^[1]、电池电极^[2,3]、光电转化材料^[4～6]、电化学电容器^[7～8]等诸多方面.迄今,已成功地制备出N iO的纳米颗粒^[9]、纳米线^[10]及纳米薄膜^[11],但是对于具有准一维结构的NiO纳米纤维的制备及性能研究尚未见报道.     

炸药爆轰合成纳米石墨的红外光谱研究

石墨是碳材料中最常见的结晶状态,它具有耐高温、抗腐蚀、自润滑、无毒及价格低廉等特点,广泛应用于润滑剂和添加剂等方面^[1].由于高纯纳米石墨粉在某些高新技术领域中有较好的应用前景,近些年来得到开发和应用,如制成复合导电材料、吸波材料及储氢材料等^[2].以前有学者用纳米金刚石粉加热相转变^[3]和高能球磨^[4,5]的方法制备了纳米石墨,在制备碳纳米管时也有石墨的纳米粒子生成^[6].但用这几种方法制备纳米石墨,既费时又消耗较大能量,成本非常高.     

掺杂态聚苯胺蜂窝状有序多孔薄膜的制备及形成机制的探讨

近年来,由于微米、亚微米及纳米级有序多孔结构薄膜可以用于催化、生物培养基材、分离或吸附介质、光子晶体等诸多方面从而引起了科学家们极大的研究兴趣^[1～6].微制作是使材料表面具有新性能的重要手段,激光刻蚀及其相关技术已经被应用于不同表面的微图案化和微器件的制作^[7],另外,还可通过自组装技术进行多孔薄膜的制备^[8,9].Francois等^[10]于1994年首次提出了水辅助方法(Water-A ssisted Fab-rication),即在高湿度的环境下,以冷凝水滴为模板,在固体基片上制备了孔径分布均一,排列紧密的蜂窝状有序多孔薄膜.继而人们对此方法做了进一步的研究,不仅突破了最初的聚苯乙烯及其共聚物体系^[10～13],而且使用双亲共聚物^[14]、聚离子复合物^[15]和TiO₂前驱体的混合物^[16]等成功地获得了蜂窝状有序多孔薄膜,同时系统地研究了成膜体系及成膜条件对形成蜂窝状有序多孔薄膜的影响,并对形成机制进行了探讨.聚苯胺是典型的导电高分子,有关聚苯胺有序多孔结构薄膜的研究已有报道^[17～19].本文采用水辅助方法,在高湿度环境下,使用4-十二烷基苯磺酸掺杂的聚苯胺(PANI-DBSA)为成膜材料,制备了双层蜂窝状有序多孔薄膜,并通过原子力显微镜(A FM)对薄膜的形貌和电学性质进行了表征.同时在已有成膜机制的基础上,提出了该双层蜂窝状有序多孔薄膜的形成机制.     

N,N,N＇,N＇-四苄基取代方块菁染料LB膜研究

方块菁染料在有机光导材料^[1,2]、有机太阳能存储^[2,3]、光记录^[4、有机光盘中红外吸收器^[4]以及光纤识别功能薄膜等领域中有着广泛应用前景.     

4-甲酰基4-苯乙烯基吡啶分子聚集行为的光谱研究

苯乙烯基吡啶化合物,由于它可能在医学方面^[1]和光电子功能材料^[2]方面有实际应用前景,已引起人们的兴趣。苯乙烯吡啶化合物的光化学性质类似于二苯乙烯化合物,在光照下可以发生顺-反异构反应^[3]、加成反应和二聚反应^[4]等不同的光化学反应。     

硝基磺酚C光度法测定蛋白质的研究

蛋白质的定量分析是生化研究、临床化验和食品检验等领域经常涉及的内容.以有机小分子作光谱探针测定蛋白质,如甲基橙^[1,2]、考马斯亮蓝G-250^[3]、溴酚蓝^[4]、溴甲酚绿^[5]和偶氮胂Ⅲ^[6]等已得到研究.     

四(4-重氮基苯基)卟啉的合成及其与聚苯乙烯磺酸钠自组装的研究

卟啉是一类重要的功能性小分子染料,近年来,在光化学治疗^[1,2]、光电转换^[3,4]、传感元件^[5]、烯烃环氧化催化剂^[6]和光敏化剂^[7]等方面的研究与应用引起了人们的广泛注意.通过两亲卟啉分子衍生物,或带有负电荷的卟啉衍生物,特别是带磺酸基的卟啉分子与正离子聚电解质自组装,制备带有卟啉结构单元的LB膜和自组装膜已有很多报道^[8～14].     

自旋标记荧光探针表征生物活性分子的自由基损伤

生命过程中产生的经基自由基(^˙OH)已引起广泛关注.目前,对于^˙OH的研究主要集中在直接对^˙OH进行定量表征^[1~3]和问接检测^˙OH诱导损伤生物大分了的损伤产物.^˙OH诱导损伤生物大分了,能够产生大量的碳中心自由基^[4,5].     

液液萃取-烷基化衍生-气相色谱-质谱法测定海水中4种烷基酚类化合物的含量

<正>作为重要的精细化工原料和中间体,壬基酚、辛基酚和双酚A等酚类化合物在食品包装材料、个人护理产品、纺织业等多个领域有着广泛的应用^[1]。如双酚A常被用于制造环氧树脂、聚碳酸酯塑料、食品罐头漆涂层和牙科复合材料等^[2];邻苯基苯酚常被用作皮革、胶黏剂等的防霉剂^[3]。然而,大量使用的酚类化合物往往会通过污水排放、农业径流等方式进入到环境中,并通过食物链在生物体内富集,对生物体的生命健康、发育和繁殖造成不利影响^[4]。     

高等植物叶绿体中光诱导生成NO的ESR证据

NO分子在生物细胞体系中是一个十分重要的信使分子,它具有调节细胞凋亡、松弛平滑肌、抑制血小板聚集与黏附、抑制病原体和肿瘤生长等多种生理功能^[1,2],因而备受生物学家的关注.众所周知,动物细胞中NO主要来源于一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的表达^[3];然而,直到最近才有研究证明植物细胞中存在参与调节植物生长和激素信号转导的NOS基因^[4].一般认为植物细胞中NO主要来源于硝酸盐还原酶(NR)^[5].我们曾在高等植物光系统中研究发现了与电子传递相关的活性氧生成机制^[6～8],但其间是否也会通过光诱导电子传递产生NO尚不清楚.Kozlov等^[9]曾报道在小鼠线粒体内存在与亚硝酸盐还原酶功能类似的还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)诱导电子传递生成NO的反应,本文采用电子自旋共振(ESR)方法验证了高等植物叶绿体内光诱导电子传递可产生NO的设想.     

Recent progress of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) hybrid hydrogels: synthesis,fundamentals and applications – review

Hydrogels, having nanomaterials (e.g. nanoparticles and nanorods) incorporated inside their polymeric meshes, are generally called hybrid gels/hydrogels. These assemblies combine the properties of both hydrogels and nanomaterials in one system. These responsive hybrid hydrogels, particularly polymerized N-isopropylacrylamide (PoNip) polymeric gels, have been extensively exploited for various multi-disciplinary applications in the literature over the past two decades because of their unique and exquisite particulars. Next generation assemblies have been prepared by using the smart nature of these gels toward the general incentives (e.g. temperature, ionic strength, and pH) in the fields of nanocatalysis, water purification, drug delivery, photonics, and optics. This review presents an overview of the PoNip hybrid assemblies engineered over the past 7 years i.e. 2010–2016 and extensively discusses the interaction of the incorporated nanomaterial with the polymeric chains of the hydrogels as it is the most significant factor which makes these assemblies attractive for all the associated applications. Moreover, this article also describes the preparative routes, properties, classification, and applications of these hybrid hydrogels in the fields of medicine, environment, catalysis, and nanotechnology.     

Hybrid Hydrogels Toughened by Chemical Covalent Bonding and Physical Electrostatic Interactions

Polystyrene nanoparticles with negative charges(n-PSs) were synthesized using styrene(St) and sodium styrene sulfonate(NaSS) as initial materials by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization. Subsequently, a hybrid hydrogel was prepared using acrylamide(AAm) and methacryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride(DMC) as co-monomers with N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide(MBA) as a chemical crosslinker and n-PSs as a physical electro-static interaction agent. The resulting hybrid hydrogels exhibited excellent tensile strength and elongation at break. The tensile stress of hybrid hydrogels was seven times greater than that of hydrogels without n-PSs. The elongation at break of hydrogels reached 700%, which was much higher compared to those of the hydrogels without n-PSs. Furthermore, swelling measurements of the hydrogels indicate that there is an overshoot in the swelling process and the extent of overshoot decreases with the increasing n-PSs. Therefore, the work presented here provides a method for improving the mechanical properties of hydrogels via the introduction of polymeric nanoparticles.     

Chemically Crosslinked pH- and Temperature-Sensitive (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) Based on New Crosslinker: I. Swelling Behavior

Novel pH- and temperature-sensitive polymer matrices based on N-isopropylacrylamide have been developed. The hydrogels were prepared by bulk radical polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide and 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone in appropriate amounts of distilled water using different mol% of traditional N,N-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) and the new synthesized N,N,N-tris acryloyl melamine (MAAm) crosslinkers. Lower critical solution transition temperatures (LCST) were measured by differential scanning calorimetry. The synthesized hydrogels have LCST lower than 40°C. The influence of environmental conditions such as temperature and pH on the swelling behavior of these polymeric gels was investigated. The swelling behaviors of the resulting gels show pH sensitivity. The crosslinked NIPAAm/VP with MAAm hydrogels exhibited more rapid deswelling rate than NIPAAm/VP hydrogels crosslinked with MBA in pure water in response to abrupt temperature changes from 20°C to 50°C.     

Syntheses of hydrophobically modified cationic hydrogels by copolymerization of alkyl substituted diallylamine monomers and their use as bile acid sequestrants

A novel class of cationic hydrogels bearing cyclic structures along the polymer backbone has been prepared and these hydrogels have been evaluated as bile acid sequestrants in vivo. The polymeric gels were prepared by the crosslinking cyclocopolymerization of hydrophobically modified dialkyldiallylammonium salts in the presence of different multifunctional crosslinking monomers. The roles of various crosslinking monomers, concentrations of crosslinking monomers, as well as alkyl chain length of dialkyldiallylammonium monomers on the physicochemical properties of the resulting hydrogels have been evaluated. From these preliminary in vivo studies it appears that these cationic hydrogels are excellent bile acid sequestrants and promising cholesterol lowering agents.     

Synthesis and Properties of Hydrogels Based on Chitosan and Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Crosslinked by Genipin

Semi‐interpenetrating polymeric networks of chitosan and poly(vinyl alcohol) [PVA] were prepared by varying the ratio of the constituents. The hydrogels were crosslinked using genipin, a naturally occurring nontoxic cross‐linking agent. The swelling behavior of these hydrogels was studied by immersing the films in deionized water at various temperatures and in buffer solutions of different pH. The states of water in the hydrogels, swollen at 25°C and pH 7, were determined using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The swelling behavior of the gels was found to be dependent on temperature and pH of the medium. The amount of freezing water in the swollen hydrogels increased, whereas the amount of nonfreezing bound water remained more or less the same with increasing PVA concentration.     

Crosslinking Parameter on the Preparation of Cellulose Based Hydrogel with Divynilsulfone

Polymeric hydrogels are crosslinked polymers which display high sorption capacity in water and water solution. In this work, cellulose based hydrogel was prepared with divinylsulfone as crosslinking agent. Cellulose based hydrogel was synthesized as a mixture of sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose (CMCNa) and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC). The effect of chemical composition, temperature and reaction time during crosslinking processes was investigated both the value of equilibrium water uptake and swelling ratio. Infrared spectra of the synthesized polymeric networks were studied to investigate the chemical structure of crosslinking reaction qualitatively. The thermal properties and morphology of the obtained cellulose based hydrogels were observed by means of TGA (thermo-gravimetry analysis) and SEM (scanning electron microscopy), respectively. Crosslinking of CMCNa/HEC polymeric network results in a decrease in thermal stability. Hydrogel with weight ratio of CMCNa/HEC 5 to 1 at reaction temperature of 60 °C gave the highest absorption capacity in distilled water.     

Synthesis and characterizations of various polyvinyl pyrrolidon/hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate nanocomposite hydrogels as drug delivery systems

Using polymer hydrogels and nanocomposites hydrogels still promising materials for many applications. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) has been used with various polymers synthetic and natural for different applications. In this study PVP and hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate (HEMA) copolymer hydrogels were prepared by the aid of gamma radiation and the PVP/HEMA nanocomposite hydrogels were obtained by in situ adsorption and reduction method of iron salts and silver nitrates (AgNO₃) to form PVP/HEMA-Fe₃O₄ and PVP/HEMA-Ag nanocomposites. The prepared hydrogels and the formed nanoparticles were studied by various techniques; FTIR, TEM, SEM and also the gel content and swelling behavior were evaluated. The prepared hydrogels and nanocomposites hydrogels were examined as drug delivery systems for Ciprofloxacin HCl as model drug. The PVP/HEMA-Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite gave the suitable load and release behavior towards Ciprofloxacin HCl.     

Study of the Gelation and Rheological Behavior of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Polyacrylamide Graft Copolymer Hydrogel

This research article deals with the synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose-g-polyacrylamide copolymer and its suitability for the development of hydrogel system using cross-linker. The hydrogels were prepared using different concentrations of synthesized graft copolymer and chromium(III) acetate cross-linker. The gelation and rheological behaviors of this gel system were thoroughly studied. It was experimentally observed that the prepared hydrogels exhibit an acceptable gel strength and gelation time. The graft polymeric gel using 10,000 ppm copolymer and 2000 ppm chromium(III) acetate cross-linker could be deformed up to 7690% without tearing of the gel network in the range of 0.1–10,000% strain. These observations show the potential of the developed hydrogel system for its application as sealant during water shutoff jobs in oil reservoir.     

Preparation of hybrid hydrogel containing ag nanoparticles by a green in situ reduction method

In this Article, large and uniform Ag nanoparticle-containing hybrid hydrogels were prepared by in situ reduction of Ag ions in cross-linked tapioca dialdehyde starch (DAS)-chitosan hydrogels. In the hybrid hydrogels, chitosan was chosen as a macromolecular cross-linker because of its abundant source and good biocompatibility. The hybrid hydrogel showed good water-swelling properties, which could be controlled by varying the ratio of chitosan to tapioca DAS in the hydrogel. The reductive aldehyde groups in the cross-linked hydrogels could be used to reduce Ag ions to Ag nanoparticles without any additional chemical reductants. Interestingly, by controlling the reduction conditions such as the tapioca DAS concentration, aqueous AgNO(3) concentration, reaction time, and aqueous ammonium concentration, Ag nanoparticles with different sizes and morphologies were obtained. Because of their biocompatibility, degradable constituents, mild reaction conditions, and controlled preparation of Ag nanoparticles, these tapioca DAS-chitosan/Ag nanoparticle hybrid hydrogels show promise as functional hydrogels.     

粉煤灰与几种酸固相反应特性的表面分析

用扫描电镜．能量色散谱研究了粉煤灰与酸的固相反应过程中表面形貌和化学组成变化特性。室温下粉煤灰分别与HCI、HNO3、H2SO4、HCIO4固相反应后，表面产生直径20—200nm的结晶颗粒或晶柱。反应生成的水溶物结晶体的扫描电镜图像分别呈手指状、龟背形、蛛蛛状、蝙蝠态，分别为氯化铝铁混晶、硝酸铝铁混晶、硫酸铝铁混晶和高氯酸铝铁混晶。粉煤灰是硅、铝、铁等元素的氧化物聚集体，铁铝等氧化物主要分布在颗粒表面，氧化硅主要分布在颗粒内层。用少量酸进行固相反应这些氧化物聚集体可相互剥离，用H2SO4处理粉煤灰优先将铁铝氧化物转化成可溶性硫酸盐。