NH3/CO和R507/CO2复叠式制冷系统性能模拟分析

建立了NH_3/CO_2和R507/CO_2复叠式制冷系统热力学模型,并改变冷凝蒸发器换热温差、低温级蒸发温度和高温级冷凝温度来研究两种系统的性能。结果表明,冷凝蒸发器换热温差对R507/CO_2复叠式制冷系统效率影响更大,相同工况下,R507/CO_2复叠式制冷系统的COP略低于NH_3/CO_2复叠式制冷系统,但R507/CO_2复叠式制冷系统随低温级蒸发温度升高的增长速率较大,随高温级冷凝温度增长而降低的速率较小,且R507制冷剂比NH_3制冷剂更加安全,可以通过降低冷凝蒸发器换热温差,提高低温级蒸发温度,降低高温级冷凝温度的方法来提高复叠式制冷系统COP。     

大气压Ar/NH_3同轴介质阻挡放电发射光谱诊断（英文）

采用光谱在线技术(OES)检测了大气压Ar/NH_3 DBD等离子体中的主要粒子为NH,N,N~+,N_2,Ar,H_α,OH。NH是NH_3分解的产物,激发态Ar~*和NH_3分子的潘宁碰撞生成激发态中性粒子NH(c~1Ⅱ)和NH(A~3Ⅱ)。674.5 nm处N原子谱线表明等离子体中产生了N活性原子,为大气压Ar/NH_3同轴介质阻挡放电等离子体合成ε-Fe_3N磁性颗粒提供了可能。研究了各主要粒子谱线强度随NH_3流量和外加电压峰峰值的变化规律,研究结果表明:NH_3流量相同时,随外加电压峰峰值升高,各粒子谱线强度均逐渐增强;外加电压峰峰值相同时,各谱线强度随NH_3流量增加先增强后减弱。外加电压峰峰值相同时,随NH_3流量增加,N活性原子谱线强度先增强后减弱,NH_3流量为20 mL·min~(-1)时,N活性原子谱线强度最强。NH_3流量相同时,随外加电压峰峰值升高,N活性原子谱线强度逐渐减小,主要是由于大气压Ar/NH_3DBD放电模式由多脉冲大气压辉光放电转变为丝状放电造成。多脉冲大气压辉光放电的微放电通道之间相互重叠,各个微放电之间相互影响,导致随外加电压峰峰值升高各谱线强度的增加速率较快。当外加电压峰峰值从4 600 V升高到6 400 V时,大气压Ar/NH_3 DBD的放电模式由单脉冲APGD转变为二脉冲APGD,属于均匀大气压介质阻挡放电,随外加电压峰峰值升高谱线强度的增加速率较快,利于合成e-Fe_3N磁性颗粒。     

O_2/CO_2气氛下焦炭氮转化的实验研究

利用热重-傅里叶红外联用(TG-FTIR)的方法对O2/CO2和O2/Ar气氛下大同煤焦燃烧过程中焦炭氮的转化进行了实验研究.结果表明,两种气氛下煤焦燃烧过程中焦炭氮会转化为HCN、HNCO、N2O等.与O2/Ar气氛下的实验结果相比,O2/CO2气氛下焦炭氮的转化时间延长,含氮气体产物的质量分数也存在差异.热解制焦温...     

O_2/CO_2气氛下不同密度煤粉燃烧特性研究

本文将大同烟煤分为低(1.4 g/cm~3)、中(1.4～2.0 g/cm~3)、高(2.0 g/cm~3)3个密度段,进行不同密度原煤的工业和元素分析,利用热重分析仪研究了O_2/N_2、O_2/CO_2气氛(不同氧气浓度下)各样品的燃烧特性,并开展了反应动力学分析。结果显示在O_2/CO_2气氛下,随煤粉密度增加,煤粉最大失重速率减小,最大放热速率减小,燃尽温度升高;提高氧气浓度可降低燃尽温度。与O_2/N_2气氛相比,在氧气浓度相同的条件下,各样品在O_2/CO_2气氛下的着火温度、燃尽温度、表观活化能均升高。     

程序升温气化过程中氮的释放规律研究

采用 U 型管反应系统研究了不同煤种在程序升温条件下在四种气氛中反应时燃料氮的释放规律.研究发现热解时主要的含氮产物为 HCN,如果煤中含有较多的氧,即使在惰性气氛下也会释放出 NO.没有检测到 NH3 的生成,证实NH3 来源于 HCN 在焦表面的二次反应.N2O 仅在有氧气氛中气化时生成,说明氧气是 N2O 生成的必要条件.气化时的总固定氮 TFN 高于热解时,且气化剂中 O2 含量越高则总固定氮 TFN 越高.     

吡咯类氮在空气中燃烧的分子动力学研究

采用基于ReaxY、F反应力场的分子动力学模拟方法研究了不同温度和氧浓度条件下吡咯在空气中的燃烧机理。通过观察模拟过程中不同时间下的燃烧产物可以发现,吡咯燃烧的主要产物包括NO、NO_2、N_2、CO_2、CO和H_2O等,主要的中间体和自由基包括C_4H_4N、HNCO、C_2H_2N、C_3HN、C_3H_3N、C_4H_3N、C_3H_3、H、OH、HO_2等。随着温度的升高,吡咯的燃烧速率和生成产物的速率加快,达到平衡的时间越快。随着氧气浓度的升高,有更多的HCN及含氮中间产物转化为NO_x,使其生成量增加。     

CFB富氧燃烧中CO_2对煤焦与NO还原作用的影响

为了考察高浓度CO_2对煤焦与NO还原所带来的影响,本文在悬浮床反应器上开展了。N_2和CO_2气氛下煤焦与NO的还原实验。结果表明:在无煤焦或矿物组分催化下CO不与NO发生反应;900℃N_2气氛下,在煤焦与NO反应初期NO还原率保持不变,而在整个反应过程中碳比反应率和CO_2生成比例则持续增大;N_2气氛下,煤焦与NO反应的含碳产物在700℃时以CO_2为主,而随着温度升高CO的生成比例增大,900℃时CO的生成占主导地位;高浓度的CO_2对煤焦-NO还原反应有明显的抑制作用,且温度越高抑制作用越显著,这可能是因CO_2气化抢占碳活性位所致。     

不同中温制冷剂的CO2复叠制冷系统性能研究

针对NH_3/CO_2复叠系统的安全风险较大,R507、R404A等中温制冷剂的CO_2复叠系统GWP高等问题,提出了R449A/CO_2复叠制冷系统,采用容量调节精准、效率高的数码涡旋技术,分析不同冷媒的低温级蒸发温度、低温级冷凝温度、中间换热温差、高温级冷凝温度等因素对系统性能的影响。结果表明:在相同低温级蒸发温度下,R449A复叠系统EER要高于R404A与R507两种制冷剂,且随着蒸发温度的升高,EER的增长幅度相对也更大;随低温级冷凝温度的升高,R449A复叠系统能效比较R404A与R507高3%左右;在相同中间换热温差下,R449A的系统EER相比于R404A复叠系统提升约2%;R449A系统在冷凝温度较低时表现出的系统性能更为优越,在冷凝温度为30℃时,系统EER与R404A、R507系统相比提升2.8%。     

模型化合物氮的热解释放及N2转化特性研究

用纤维素和8-羟基喹啉在高压反应釜中合成出物理性质、化学结构及氮的官能团结构与原煤都很接近的模型化合物,利用携带流反应器实验研究了模型化合物氮在热解过程中的转化,并重点关注燃料氮向N2的转化规律.结果表明,实验条件下模型化合物快速热解的主要气相含氮产物有三种:HCN、N2和氮氧化物,其中N2所占的比例最大,是模型化合物热解的主要含氮产物.温度及矿物质对N2的生成有重要影响,实验条件下,当温度低于1000℃时, N2的释放特性变化不大,但是当温度达到1100℃后,燃料氮向N2的转化率显著增大.添加金属矿物质可以明显改变热解过程中燃料氮向N2的转化特性.     

大气压 Ar／NH3同轴介质阻挡放电发射光谱诊断

采用光谱在线技术（OES）检测了大气压 Ar／NH3 DBD 等离子体中的主要粒子为 NH,N,N+,N2, Ar,Hα,OH。NH 是 NH3分解的产物,激发态 Ar*和 NH3分子的潘宁碰撞生成激发态中性粒子 NH（c 1Π）和 NH（A 3Π）。674．5 nm 处 N 原子谱线表明等离子体中产生了 N 活性原子,为大气压 Ar／NH3同轴介质阻挡放电等离子体合成ε-Fe3 N 磁性颗粒提供了可能。研究了各主要粒子谱线强度随 NH3流量和外加电压峰峰值的变化规律,研究结果表明：NH3流量相同时,随外加电压峰峰值升高,各粒子谱线强度均逐渐增强;外加电压峰峰值相同时,各谱线强度随 NH3流量增加先增强后减弱。外加电压峰峰值相同时,随 NH3流量增加,N 活性原子谱线强度先增强后减弱,NH3流量为20 mL·min－1时,N 活性原子谱线强度最强。NH3流量相同时,随外加电压峰峰值升高,N 活性原子谱线强度逐渐减小,主要是由于大气压 Ar／NH3 DBD 放电模式由多脉冲大气压辉光放电转变为丝状放电造成。多脉冲大气压辉光放电的微放电通道之间相互重叠,各个微放电之间相互影响,导致随外加电压峰峰值升高各谱线强度的增加速率较快。当外加电压峰峰值从4600 V 升高到6400 V 时,大气压 Ar／NH3 DBD 的放电模式由单脉冲 APGD 转变为二脉冲 APGD,属于均匀大气压介质阻挡放电,随外加电压峰峰值升高谱线强度的增加速率较快,利于合成ε-Fe3 N 磁性颗粒。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Optical Pulse Compression Schemes That Use Nonlinear Bragg Gratings

Nonlinear optical pulse compression of picosecond pulses typically requires long lengths of optical fiber and multiple components. Periodic structures, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are highly dispersive at wavelengths outside of the photonic bandgap. This implies that such gratings can be used as very short all-fiber compressors. In this paper a number of such compression schemes are reviewed involving uniform and nonuniform fiber Bragg gratings, relying on both soliton and nonsoliton compression principles. Experimental results supporting the corresponding underlying theory are also presented. Finally, an extension of one of the compression schemes is shown, which allows the generation of adjustable high-repetition rate soliton trains.