螺旋折流板换热器流动与换热特性的试验分析

对螺旋折流板换热器的流动及换热特性进行了试验研究与分析.结果表明,当保持螺旋周期为定值时,在相同流量下和相同壳径下,螺旋折流板换热器的壳侧压降随螺旋角增大而减小,且远低于弓形折流板的管壳式换热器;壳径减 小时,压降增加明显.相同Re下,螺旋折流板换热器的壳侧换热系数低于弓形折流板,在螺旋角为40°时达到最大值.相同流量下,螺旋折流板管壳式换热器单位压降和单位泵功下的换热系数均高于弓形折流板管壳式换热器.     

双壳程连续螺旋折流板换热器的数值模拟

本文提出了一种新型的双壳程连续螺旋折流板换热器。采用数值模拟方法对双壳程、单壳程连续螺折流板换热器,以及弓形折流板换热器壳侧流动与传热持性进行了对比研究。结果表明,同质量流量和对流换热系数近似相等的情况下,双壳程连续螺旋折流板换热器壳程压降比弓形折流板换热器低17.7%～23.5%,同质量流量和壳程压降近似相等的情况下,其对流换热系数比单壳程连续螺旋折流板换热器高7.1%～12.6%。     

三分螺旋折流板换热器壳侧传热特性研究

本文给出了三分螺旋折流板换热器几何参数的关系式,并分析了倾斜角为10°、15°、20°扇形、15°椭圆、20°扇形搭接的三分螺旋折流板换热器和弓形折流板换热器的传热和压降性能测试实验结果。结果显示20°扇形折流板方案的壳侧换热系数较高且压降较低,其性能指标h_o/△p_o~(1/3)平均值比弓形折流板换热器的值高26%;20°扇形搭接方案与螺距相仿的15°扇形方案的性能大致相当;15°扇形方案比螺距较小的15°椭圆方案的性能更高。结果表明对换热器的性能起决定作用的不是折流板的倾斜角而是当量螺旋角。     

组合式多壳程螺旋折流板管壳式换热器数值模拟研究

本文采用数值模拟方法对内壳程为非连续螺旋折流板的组合式螺旋折流板和单壳程弓形折流板管壳式换热器壳侧流动换热特性进行对比研究,结果表明:相同壳程质量流量和相同换热量条件下,组合式两壳程螺旋折流板换热器的压损比弓形折流板换热器降低14.6%;相同壳程质量流量条件下,组合式两壳程螺旋折流板换热器单位压降下换热量比弓形折流板换热器提高10.8%.     

周向重叠三分螺旋折流板换热器壳侧性能试验研究

对倾斜角为20°、24°、28°和32°的单头以及32°的双头周向重叠三分螺旋折流板换热器和弓形折流板换热器的传热和压降性能进行了测试,换热器采用公共壳体和可更换管芯结构。采用壳侧轴向雷诺数和轴向欧拉数分别作为反映壳侧流量和阻力系数的无因次参数。试验结果显示在试验范围内周向重叠三分螺旋折流板换热器壳侧换热系数、壳侧压降和综合性能指标都随着倾斜角增大而减小;倾斜角20°方案的性能指标最佳,其平均壳侧努塞尔数和轴向欧拉数与弓形折流板方案的数值之比分别为1.123和0.45;双头螺旋折流板方案的换热系数和压降都大于同样倾斜角的单头螺旋折流板方案,但两者的综合性能较接近。     

新型椭圆管螺旋折流板换热器特性研究

三角漏流区是影响搭接螺旋折流板换热器综合性能的重要几何结构。本文改变以"堵"为主的传统三角漏流区优化方式,采用"疏"的理念,提出了一种新型椭圆管搭接螺旋折流板换热器。基于数值模拟和场协同理论分析得出,新型椭圆管搭接螺旋折流板换热器具有较好的纵向流特征,大幅减小了壳程压降;椭圆管周向布管,具有导流和增强局部换热作用;新型椭圆管周向布管搭接螺旋折流板换热器三场协同性好,综合性能优。     

新型螺旋梅花形孔板换热器热力性能仿真计算

依据涡旋流动强化传热技术,变传统直流道的梅花形支撑孔板为螺旋流道的梅花形支撑孔板,进而设计出一种新型螺旋梅花形孔板换热器,建立了相应的数学模型,并对其传热与流动特性进行了仿真计算。通过与梅花形孔板换热器的对比分析,展示了新型换热器壳程强化换热机理,并进一步探索了螺旋流道的螺旋角对新型换热器的影响。计算结果表明:在研究范围内,新型换热器壳程平均对流换热系数高于传统换热器,但同时壳程压降也相对应增加,在一定雷诺数范围内新型换热器综合性能参数优于传统换热器。当螺旋角为27°、雷诺数小于19672时,其综合性能比传统换热器较佳;探究了不同螺旋角的影响,发现螺旋角越大,新型换热器压降越大,同时换热能力也越强。     

斜向流换热器壳程流场均匀化研究

传统弓形折流板换热器壳程流体横向流动时存在流动阻力和传热死区大等缺点。为克服上述不足,研究开发了一种新型高效节能的斜向流管壳式换热器,采用导向型折流栅替代传统弓形折流板,倾斜流道内流体斜向冲刷换热管束。考察和对比了斜向流换热器和弓形折流板换热器壳程主流区的流体流速分布和变化规律,证实了导向型折流栅具有显著的控涡均化壳程流场和提高壳程流体整体流速的作用,有助于减小壳程压降,增大有效换热面积,为管壳式换热器结构改良提供了参考依据。     

折边螺旋折流板电加热器换热强化

对倾斜角为20°、25°、30°单头及30°双头"斜日字"单元环形布管方式的周向重叠三分折边螺旋折流板电加热器方案进行了热力性能模拟,并与相同布管方式板间距为200、250 mm的弓形折流板电加热器方案进行了数值模拟结果对比。结果表明,倾斜角为25°的折边螺旋折流板方案的换热系数较高,综合指标最高,同时加热管表面平均温度较低。而弓形折流板方案中板间距越大,其换热系数和压降越低,平均温度越高。与板间距200 mm的弓形折流板方案S200相比,三分折边螺旋折流板方案H25°的传热系数与综合性能指标h.△p~(-1/3)分别提高了18.3%和29.8%,同时压降及加热管表面平均温度分别下降了24.3%和45.6 K。     

弓形折流板换热器中折流板对换热器性能的影响

本文采用Bell-Delaware换热器设计方法研究了传统弓形折流板换热器加热轻油时在不同管束排列角度下,改变换热器壳侧折流板间距以及改变折流板的窗口高度对管壳式换热器的壳体内径、换热管数目、壳侧换热系数及壳侧压降的影响.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Optical Pulse Compression Schemes That Use Nonlinear Bragg Gratings

Nonlinear optical pulse compression of picosecond pulses typically requires long lengths of optical fiber and multiple components. Periodic structures, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are highly dispersive at wavelengths outside of the photonic bandgap. This implies that such gratings can be used as very short all-fiber compressors. In this paper a number of such compression schemes are reviewed involving uniform and nonuniform fiber Bragg gratings, relying on both soliton and nonsoliton compression principles. Experimental results supporting the corresponding underlying theory are also presented. Finally, an extension of one of the compression schemes is shown, which allows the generation of adjustable high-repetition rate soliton trains.