Uncertainties of the frequency response of wet microphone windscreens

During outdoor measurements, specific windscreens are often used to prevent rain water to penetrate into the microphone and to damage its components, but some water can nevertheless remain in the foam of the windscreen. This paper presents an extensive experimental study of the influence of water in the foam of a windscreen on its frequency response. It is concluded that the presence of water inside a windscreen can significantly change the sensitivity of the system only for rain amount higher than 1 mm and for frequency above 1 kHz. Some disparities can be found between the different types of windscreens. Bias correction values, together with uncertainty estimations are given for different types of windscreens and an estimation of the duration during which correction and uncertainty must be applied is also proposed for several types of common windscreens.     

Molecular dynamics simulations on the wet/dry self-latching and electric fields triggered wet/dry transitions between nanosheets: A non-volatile memory nanostructure

We design a nanostructure composing of two nanoscale graphene sheets parallelly immersed in water.Using molecular dynamics simulations,we demonstrate that the wet/dry state between the graphene sheets can be self-latched;moreover,the wet→dry/dry→wet transition takes place when applying an external electric field perpendicular/parallel to the graphene sheets(E;/E;).This structure works like a flash memory device(a non-volatile memory):the stored information(wet and dry states)of the system can be kept spontaneously,and can also be rewritten by external electric fields.On the one hand,when the distance between the two nanosheets is close to a certain distance,the free energy barriers for the transitions dry→wet and wet→dry can be quite large.As a result,the wet and dry states are self-latched.On the other hand,an E;and an E;will respectively increase and decrease the free energy of the water located in-between the two nanosheets.Consequently,the wet→dry and dry→wet transitions are observed.Our results may be useful for designing novel information memory devices.     

焓差法试验室制冷系统的控制策略

介绍焓差法试验室测试装置,论述PLC可编程在焓差法试验室中的应用,PLC控制制冷系统的策略,采取制冷系统持续运转降温除湿,干球、湿球温度控制仪表分别控制加热器和加湿器功率输出,来调节投入空气中的热量和水份,从而获得所需要的空气温度和湿度。分析焓差法试验室测量精度的影响因素,提出相应的解决措施。     

干旱、半干旱区生物土壤结皮遥感光谱研究进展

介绍了生物土壤结皮遥感光谱特性和遥感监测方法研究进展。主要论述了生物土壤结皮光谱的变异性与土壤水分的关系,分析了生物结皮对区域植被遥感解译的影响。干湿生物结皮的光谱差异以及土壤浅表层水分的更替会造成植被动态的错误解译和生态系统生产力的过高估计,经研究得出,100%盖度的干湿苔藓结皮NDVI之差大约0.35(干苔藓结皮0.30,而湿苔藓结皮0.65),100%盖度干湿藻类结皮NDVI之差大约0.15(干藻类结皮0.15,而湿藻类结皮0.30),最大值合成法(max value composite, MVC)会使分布有相当盖度的苔藓结皮的区域的NDVI求解受降水的影响很大,会造成该区域短时间内NDVI不稳定性,而影响植被动态解译。综合国内外研究认为,生物结皮研究中,除了考虑不同土壤水分下生物结皮的光谱外,还应考虑生物结皮光谱的季节差异。     

黄土高原中部秋季干湿的年际和年代际环流异常特征及与海温的多尺度相关性研究

黄土高原地区作为气候敏感区和生态脆弱区地表干 湿状况的年际和年代际变化特征十分明显. 但以往主要是针对夏季进行分析, 而对黄土高原秋季干湿变化规律及大气环流机理的认识非常有限. 本文基于中国589站最近50 a (1961–2010年)月降水和气温月平均资料、NCEP/NCAR提供的再分析资料以及NOAA提供的海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature, SST) 资料, 运用带通/低通滤波、小波分析、EOF/REOF和回归分析等方法, 在对中国秋季干湿时空演化分类的基础上, 通过研究秋季黄土高原中部干湿演变周期、大气环流特征及与海温的多尺度相关关系, 以揭示影响黄土高原中部秋季干湿变化的物理机理, 并确定影响该区域干湿状况的前兆信号. 小波功率谱分析表明, 黄土高原中部秋季干湿指数存在准4 a和准8 a的周期, 1970–1990年准8 a尺度周期振荡尤为明显. 年际(周期≤ 8 a) 尺度上偏湿年的大气环流特征是, 欧亚大陆中高纬呈“双阻型”, 200 hPa西风急流显著北移, 日本海-鄂霍茨克海受反气旋控制, 其底部的偏东水汽输送带将水汽输入研究区. 年代际(周期 > 8 a)尺度上偏湿年的大气环流特征是, 东亚大陆为一致的低值系统; 200 hPa东亚副热带西风急流减弱北移, 研究区主要水汽来源由经孟加拉湾在中南半岛转向的南风水汽输送及中纬度的西风水汽输送组成. 整个序列上, Nino3区SST指数(Nino3I)超前5个月与秋季干湿指数已呈显著的负相关关系, 而孟加拉湾–中国南海SST指数(BayI)则超前3个月与干湿指数呈现显著的负相关关系. 年际尺度上, 秋季Nino3I, BayI均与秋季干湿指数存在显著相关(准4 a, 4–6 a), 而年代际尺度上, 只有BayI与秋季干湿指数存在显著相关性(准10 a). 黄土高原中部秋季干湿的年际和年代际周期的确定、大气环流异常特征的认识及与海温的多尺度相关关系的建立, 不仅揭示了影响该区域干湿变化的物理机理, 也为干旱气候预测提供了重要的前兆信号. 关键词： 黄土高原中部 干湿特征 海表温度 小波分析     

Synthesis and characterization of magnetite-maghemite nanoparticles obtained by the high-energy ball milling method

We present the process of synthesis and characterization of magnetite-maghemite nanoparticles by the ball milling method. The particles were synthesized in a planetary ball mill equipped with vials and balls of tempered steel, employing dry and wet conditions. For dry milling, we employed microstructured analytical-grade hematite (α-Fe₂O₃), while for wet milling, we mixed hematite and deionized water. Milling products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, room temperature Mössbauer spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The Mössbauer spectrum of the dry milling product was well fitted with two sextets of hematite, while the spectrum of the wet milling product was well fitted with three sextets of spinel phase. X-ray measurements confirmed the phases identified by Mössbauer spectroscopy in both milling conditions and a reduction in the crystallinity of the dry milling product. TEM measurements showed that the products of dry milling for 100 h and wet milling for 24 h consist of aggregates of nanoparticles distributed in size, with mean particle size of 10 and 15 nm, respectively. Magnetization measurements of the wet milling product showed little coercivity and a saturation magnetization around 69 emu g^?1, characteristic of a nano-spinel system. Atomic absorption measurements showed that the chromium contamination in the wet milling product is approximately two orders of magnitude greater than that found in the dry milling product for 24 h, indicating that the material of the milling bodies, liberated more widely in wet conditions, plays an important role in the conversion hematite-spinel phase.     

Theory of inert gas-condensing vapor thermoacoustics: propagation equation

The theory of acoustic propagation in an inert gas-condensing vapor mixture contained in a cylindrical pore with wet walls and an imposed temperature gradient is developed. It is shown that the vapor diffusion effects in the mixture are analogous to the heat diffusion effects in the thermoacoustics of inert gases, and that these effects occur in parallel with the heat diffusion effects in the wet system. The vapor diffusion effects can be expressed in terms of the thermoviscous function F(lambda) used in the theory of sound propagation of constant cross-section tubes. As such, these results can be extended to any shape parallel-walled tube. The propagation equations predict that the temperature gradient required for onset of sound amplification in a wet-walled prime mover is much lower than the corresponding temperature gradient for an inert gas prime mover. The results of a measurement of the onset temperature of a simple demonstration prime mover in air with a dry stack and with a stack wetted with water provide a qualitative verification of the theory.     

Elaboration of high purity iron (RRR>4000) by horizontal zone melting—attempts for chemical characterization

High purity iron bars were prepared by horizontal zone melting in a water cooled copper boat. The bar is zone melted five times under helium and five times under dry hydrogen. In order to characterize the metal, RRR measurements were performed on cold rolled and annealed samples in dry and wet hydrogen. The RRR measurements vary with the water content of hydrogen: 2734 after dry annealing, 4287 after wet annealing. The RRR variation cannot be related to titanium, chromium, copper or manganese internal oxidation, but to that of aluminium and silicon. After chemical polishing, RRR measurements increase by about 2000 points. If we want to adopt the RRR measurement as a purity criterion of the samples, the surface treatments and the annealing conditions have to be stated. We tried to connect the RRR to the chemical purity of the material. Considering the present analysis capabilities and the high purity metal degree involved, it seems difficult to directly connect the RRR measurements to the variation of the chemical impurities contents.     

不同消解对原子吸收光谱法测定三七中重金属铬的影响

以云南文山三七为材料,分析研究了用干法灰化、湿法消解前处理样品对原子吸收光谱法测定三七中重金属C r含量的影响,方法的相关系数为0.9993,干法灰化回收率为95.02%,湿法消解回收率为93.03%,分析结果满意。结果表明,干法灰化的最佳条件为灰化温度500—600℃、灰化时间6—8h。湿法消解的最佳消解体系为HNO3:HC lO4(V/V)=4:1体系。用干法灰化或常压下湿法消解处理样品,原子吸收光谱法可以准确测定三七中重金属C r含量,且方法简单、快捷。云南文山三七粉中重金属C r含量为1.8178μg/g。     

Impedance studies on Pt|SrCe0.95Yb0.05O3|Pt under dried and humidified air,argon and hydrogen

Arrhenius plots of conductivities and capacitances associated with the bulk, overall electrolyte, charge transfer and electrode processes taking place in a symmetrical cell with well-defined Pt electrodes and electrolyte based on the ceramic proton conductor, SrCe_0.95Yb_0.05O₃, were obtained under wet and dry air, wet and dry hydrogen and wet and dry argon over the temperature range, 200 °C–800 °C. Results for all six gas atmospheres are discussed in order to gain insight into the conduction mechanisms taking place within the electrolyte and, especially, the conduction, sorption and diffusion processes occurring at the electrodes, in this model system.     

光纤X射线探针和测量系统

利用Ｘ射线在探针中的康普顿散射以及电子在光纤中的契仑柯夫效应可以构成光纤Ｘ射线探针和测量系统，本文对此做了理论和实验研究，推导了光纤探针的灵敏度公式，给出了计算结果，并做了实验标定，讨论了光纤探针测量系统的构成，测量的动态范围和响应时间。     

不需干燥预处理过程获得含水汽的丙酮气体样品的高质量红外光谱

测量气体样品的红外光谱时,红外光谱仪器内的水汽和气体样品中所含的水汽会严重干扰气体的红外光谱。为消除水汽的干扰,通常作法是测量前必须将水分子(气态)彻底排除掉,也就是使光谱仪器和气体样品保持干燥状态。该研究提供一个新测量方法,不需任何干燥预处理过程,直接获得含水汽的丙酮气体的红外光谱。经过几十次光谱扫描累加后,观察并根据水汽谱的吸收峰性质(吸光率>0或吸光率<0),向光谱仪样品室引入少量干燥氮气或少量潮湿空气,在接下来的光谱扫描累加过程中,水汽吸收峰将逐渐变小直至消失。实验结果表明该方法去除水汽干扰峰简单高效。新方法在0.5 cm-1光谱分辨率时效果非常好,为气体的高分辨分析提供了有力工具。     

A Method to Obtain a Good Infrared Spectrum of the Wet Acetone Gas Sample without Any Drying PretreatmentSCIEI北大核心CSCD

Water vapor in the beam of a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer or/and in a gas cell is a major source of interference in the infrared measurement of a gas sample. In general, in order to eliminate the effect of water vapor, we have to completely remove these molecules before the measurement of any spectrum. Herein, we provide an approach to collect an IR spectrum of a gas (wet acetone) sample free from water vapor interference without any drying pretreatment. After dozens of scans, the air atmosphere in the sample compartment of the FTIR spectrometer will be slightly adjusted by small amounts of dry air or wet air (room air) depending on the property of water vapor lines (absorbance> 0 or absorbance <0). Water vapor lines will then gradually disappear when the ensuing collection process is continued. The experiment results demonstrated that this method is a facile and very effective way to remove water vapor interference. Moreover, this method works still well for the measurement at 0.5 cm(-1) resolution, typically used in the gas infrared measurement.     

中国近1000年旱涝的持续性特征研究

应用中国近531年旱涝指数和近1041年干湿指数,定义干旱(湿润)等级,滑动计算原指数序列各干旱(湿润)等级的出现次数,发现各等级出现的次数与其窗口长度之间均遵循指数分布P_i(x)=Ae^-γx.结合指数分布的数理意义,定义指数特征值γ的倒数λ为描述旱(涝)持续性的尺度因子并对华北和江淮流域旱(涝)发生的持续性特征进行研究.结果表明：旱尺度因子的空间分布表现为由北向南呈带状式波动分布,我国北方地区干旱的持续性相对长江流域要长一些,由北向南三个区的旱尺度因子的均值分别为187,162,182.旱涝指数序列中旱或偏旱(涝或偏涝)相对集中的时段对旱(涝)持续性影响较显著,12世纪末期、13世纪早期、17世纪早期和20世纪末期华北和江淮流域发生时间上同步、空间上尺度较大的极端干旱事件的概率较高,这也从侧面验证了旱涝指数序列中群发现象的存在;华北地区1260—1280年(对应的气候背景为中世纪暖期的末期)的旱涝指数对旱尺度因子的影响较1980—2000年(对应的气候背景为20世纪全球增暖)的情况更显著;1260—1280年这一时段旱或偏旱年数较1980—2000年也要多一些.因此,在气候较暖的时期可能易发生强度大、范围广的同步干旱事件,而近30年的中国北方干旱化可能是自然变率起主导作用下人为变率和自然变率共同作用的结果. 关键词： 旱(涝)尺度因子 持续性 群发性 指数分布     

基于PC的光电探测器设计平台

提出了一种光电探测器设计平台,它基于VB工具,在PC机基础上整合了光电探测器光谱灵敏度测试系统与滤色片组匹配设计系统,具有对光电池光谱灵敏度、有色玻璃的光谱透过率、滤色片组与光电池构成的光电探测器的光谱灵敏度等参数的测试功能,可对光电探测器滤色片(组)进行设计,提供了光电探测器设计与测试的一体化平台。     

一种光纤光栅水听器灵敏度校准技术研究

为了校准光纤光栅水听器的灵敏度,开展了光纤光栅水听器灵敏度校准技术研究.本文首先介绍了光纤光栅水听器的工作原理;其次,采用可调谐激光器和带工作点控制的强度调制法,实现了光纤光栅水听器的信号解调和稳态测量;在此基础上,利用比较法建立了一种光纤光栅水听器校准系统,校准频率范围为20 Hz～10 kHz;最后,在该频率范围内对采用等效相移布喇格光栅研制的一只光纤光栅水听器的灵敏度进行了校准,对系统的测量不确定度进行了估算.结果表明,该系统可准确校准光纤光栅水听器的灵敏度,扩展不确定度为0.9 dB(k＝2).     

A computational study of the effect of windscreen shape and flow resistivity on turbulent wind noise reduction

In this paper, numerical simulations are used to study the turbulent wind noise reduction effect of microphone windscreens with varying shapes and flow resistivities. Typical windscreen shapes consisting of circular, elliptical, and rectangular cylinders are investigated. A turbulent environment is generated by placing a solid circular cylinder upstream of the microphone. An immersed-boundary method with a fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory scheme is implemented to enhance the simulation accuracy for high-Reynolds number flow around the solid cylinder as well as at the interface between the open air and the porous material comprising the windscreen. The Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible flow are solved in the open air. For the flow inside the porous material, a modified form of the Zwikker-Kosten equation is solved. The results show that, on average, the circular and horizontal ellipse windscreens have similar overall wind noise reduction performance, while the horizontal ellipse windscreen with medium flow resistivity provides the most effective wind noise reduction among all the considered cases. The vertical ellipse windscreen with high flow resistivity, in particular, increases the wind noise because of increased self-generation of turbulence.     

单组分双分析通道红外气体检测方法研究

基于单分析通道非分散红外(non-dispersive infrared, NDIR)气体分析技术, 提出一种单组分双分析通道气体检测方法. 根据SO₂的红外吸收特征, 采用逐线积分气体吸收模型和方法, 选择洛伦兹展宽线型并考虑温度和气压对积分线强、线型的影响, 确定了两个分析通道的滤波参数.使用7.32 μm和4 μm波段分别反演小于等于 280 ppm与大于280 ppm的SO₂浓度;使用最小二乘法, 以三阶多项式为拟合模型, 获得了两个分析通道的定标曲线.对系统的测量线性度、检测限和测量准确度进行了分析. 两个分析通道的联合可以实现约几ppm至10000 ppm的宽动态范围的SO₂测量, 且系统测量线性度大于0.99, 测量误差小于5%.既克服了NDIR气体分析技术检测灵敏度和宽动态测量范围不能同时兼顾的缺陷, 良好的系统测量线性度还为多组分气体分析的干扰修正提供了非常必要的前提条件.     

On-board wet road surface identification using tyre/road noise and Support Vector Machines

Changes in weather have a major influence on driving safety. On wet pavement, tyre grip is reduced and drivers must adapt their driving style accordingly. The correct operation of this adaptation mechanism depends on the perception the driver has of the asphalt status. Due to certain effects, this perception does not always correspond with reality. To improve this perception, it is essential to inform the driver about the asphalt status, efficiently and as quickly as possible. This could be achieved by installing an asphalt status detection system on the vehicle itself. The system could display asphalt status information in the vehicle’s console, allowing drivers to adapt their driving style accordingly.In this paper we propose an asphalt status classification system based on real-time acoustic analysis of tyre/road noise. The proposed system uses a practical approach that allows it to be integrated into a real vehicle. We present the system architecture used to measure the noise and the signal processing algorithms used for the classification of the asphalt state. A practical implementation of the proposed system has been developed and tested. For this preliminary prototype, only wet and dry asphalt states have been covered. Obtained wet/dry classification results have been reported, showing very high success rates.     

一种光纤光栅水听器灵敏度校准技术研究

为了校准光纤光栅水听器的灵敏度,开展了光纤光栅水听器灵敏度校准技术研究.本文首先介绍了光纤光栅水听器的工作原理;其次,采用可调谐激光器和带工作点控制的强度调制法,实现了光纤光栅水听器的信号解调和稳态测量;在此基础上,利用比较法建立了一种光纤光栅水听器校准系统,校准频率范围为20 Hz~10 kHz;最后,在该频率范围内对采用等效相移布喇格光栅研制的一只光纤光栅水听器的灵敏度进行了校准,对系统的测量不确定度进行了估算.结果表明,该系统可准确校准光纤光栅水听器的灵敏度,扩展不确定度为0.9 dB(k=2).