炭黑增强橡胶复合材料力学行为的三维数值模拟

本文基于炭黑填充橡胶复合材料具有周期性细观结构的假设,采用一种新的、改进的随机序列吸附算法建立了三维多球颗粒随机分布式代表性体积单元,并通过细观力学有限元方法对炭黑颗粒填充橡胶复合材料的力学行为进行了模拟仿真。研究结果表明：采用改进的随机序列吸附算法所建立的模型更加便于有限元离散化;模拟中周期性边界条件的约束,使其更加符合实际约束的真实情况;炭黑填充橡胶复合材料的有效模量明显高于未填充橡胶材料,并随着炭黑颗粒所占体积分数的增加而增大;通过比较发现,本文提出的多球颗粒随机分布式三维数值模型对复合材料的应力-应变行为和有效弹性模量的预测结果与实验结果吻合良好,证实了该模型能够用于炭黑颗粒增强橡胶基复合材料有效性能的模拟分析。     

The effective thermoelectroelastic properties of microinhomogeneous materials

The paper is concerned with composite materials which consist of a homogeneous matrix phase with a set of inclusions uniformly distributed in the matrix. The components of these materials are considered to be ideally elastic and exhibit piezoelectric properties. One of the variants of the self-consistent scheme, the Effective Field Method (EFM) is applied to calculate effective dielectric, piezoelectric and thermoelastic properties of such materials, taking into account the coupled electroelastic effects. At first the coupled thermoelectroelastic problem for a homogeneous medium with an isolated inclusion is solved. For an ellipsoidal inclusion and constant external field the solution of this problem is found in a closed analytic form. This solution is then used in the EFM to derive the effective thermoelectroelastic operator for the composite containing a random array of ellipsoidal inclusions. Explicit formulae for the electrothermoelastic constants are given for composites, reinforced by spheroidal inclusions.     

Estimates of thermoelastic characteristics of composites reinforced by short anisotropic fibers

We construct a mathematical model describing thermomechanical interaction between composite structure elements (isotropic particles of the matrix and anisotropic short fibers) and the macroscopically isotropic elastic medium with desired thermoelastic characteristics. At the first stage of this model, the self-consistency method is used to obtain relations determining the elasticity moduli of the composite, and at the second stage, the model permits determining its linear thermal expansion coefficient. The dual variational statement of the linear thermoelasticity problem in an inhomogeneous solid permits obtaining two-sided estimates for the bulk elasticity modulus, shear modulus, and linear thermal expansion coefficient of the composite under study. The calculated dependencies presented in the paper permit predicting the thermoelastic characteristics of a composite reinforced by anisotropic short fibers (including those in the form of nanostructure elements).     

Model for Elastic Modulus of Multi-Constituent Particulate Composites

In this paper, a methodology has been developed to accurately predict the elastic properties of multi-constituent particulate composites by accounting for irreversible effects, such as energy loss that arises due to internal friction. The complex dependence on loading density and particle properties (i.e., size, shape, morphology, etc.) is investigated in terms of their effects on the effective elastic modulus of the composite. Confirmed by experimental data from the compression loading of individual Ni and Al particles dispersed in an epoxy matrix, it is believed that this approach captures the effects of internal friction, consequently providing a more accurate and comprehensive representation for predicting and understanding the material behavior of multi-constituent particulate reinforced composites. The present methodology provides a model to directly compare the elastic modulus from an uncomplicated test, such as dual-cantilever beam loading in dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), to the modulus obtained by other more complex experimental methods such as quasi-static compression. The model illustrates an efficient method to incorporate input data from DMA to represent realistic elastic moduli, hence promising for the characterization and design of particulate composites.     

Solutions for effective shear properties in three phase sphere and cylinder models

Solutions are presented for the effective shear modulus of two types of composite material models. The first type is that of a macroscopically isotropic composite medium containing spherical inclusions. The corresponding model employed is that involving three phases: the spherical inclusion, a spherical annulus of matrix material and an outer region of equivalent homogeneous material of unlimited extent. The corresponding two-dimensional, polar model is used to represent a transversely isotropic, fiber reinforced medium. In the latter case only the transverse effective shear modulus is obtained. The relative volumes of the inclusion phase to the matrix annulus phase in the three phase models are taken to be the given volume fractions of the inclusion phases in the composite materials at large. The results are found to differ from those of the well-known Kerner and Hermans formulae for the same models. The latter works are now understood to violate a continuity condition at the matrix to equivalent homogeneous medium interface. The present results are compared extensively with results from other related models. Conditions of linear elasticity are assumed.     

DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVE MODULI FOR FOAM PLASTICS BASED ON THREE PHASE SPHEROIDAL MODEL

The relations of bulk modulus,shear modulus,Young's modulus and the Poisson's ra-tio with porosity of foam plastics are determined by a three phase spheroidal model commonly used inComposite Mechanics.The results are compared with those using differential scheme.It is shownthat the material properties derived from the present model normally are larger than those obtained bydifferential scheme for foam plastics with identical porosity.The differences in shear moduli andYoung's moduli obtained by the two methods are small,but they are larger for bulk moduli of incom-pressible matrix and Poisson's ratios.The Young's moduli of high density foam plastics derived by thepresent model agree better with experimental ones.     

Effective pressure-sensitive elastoplastic behavior of particle-reinforced composites and porous media under isotropic loading

The composite under investigation consists of an elastoplastic matrix reinforced by elastic particles or weakened by pores. The material forming the matrix is pressure-sensitive. The Drucker–Prager yield criterion and a one-parameter non-associated flow rule are employed to formulate the yield behavior of the matrix. The objective of this work is to estimate the effective elastoplastic behavior of the composite under isotropic tensile and compressive loadings. To achieve this objective, the composite sphere assemblage model of Hashin [Z. Hashin, The elastic moduli of heterogeneous materials, ASME J. Appl. Mech. 29 (1962) 143–150] is used. Exact solutions are thus derived as estimations for the effective secant and tangent bulk moduli of the composite. The effects of the loading modes and phase properties on the effective elastoplastic behavior of the composite are analytically and numerically evaluated.     

Elastic waves in a fiber-reinforced composite

The propagation of time-harmonic elastic waves in a fiber-reinforced composite is studied. The circular fibers are assumed to be parallel to each other and randomly distributed with a statistically uniform distribution. The direction of propagation and the associated particle motion are considered to be normal to the fibers. It is shown that the average waves in the composite separate into compressional and shear types. General formulae for the complex wave number giving the phase velocity and the damping are obtained. It is shown that these formulae lead to the Hashin-Rosen expressions for the transverse bulk modulus and the lower bound for the transverse rigidity, if the correlation in the positions of the fibers can be ignored. The correlation terms, for exponential correlation, are shown to have a significant effect on the damping property of the composite, especially at high frequencies and concentrations.     

单向纤维复合材料粘弹性性能预测

建立了基于均匀化理论的单向纤维复合材料粘弹性性能预测方法。对单向纤维增强复合材料粘弹性问题的控制方程进行Laplace变换,在像空间中利用均匀化理论建立宏观松弛模量的Laplace变换与微结构描述参数以及变换参数间的关系。用Prony级数模拟松弛模量随变换参数的变化形式,并根据像空间中一系列变换参数对应的松弛模量的数值,采用函数拟合技术确定Prony级数的形式,从而确定用显示形式表示的松弛模量的Laplace变换随变换参数的变化规律。对显式表达式的逆变换获得时间域内的松弛模量。该方法利用拟合函数的逆变换避开了复杂的数值Laplace逆变换,使单向纤维增强复合材料的粘弹性性能的确定变得容易。文中给出了单向纤维复合材料松弛模量的数值预测结果并同有限元法模拟试验的结果对比,验证了预测结果的准确性以及本文方法的有效性。     

纳米Sm2O3增强TiC/Co基复合涂层微观组织和耐磨性能研究

利用激光熔覆技术在45钢表面制备了纳米Sm₂O₃增强TiC/Co基复合涂层，系统研究了纳米Sm₂O₃对TiC/Co基复合涂层宏观形貌、微观组织和耐磨性能的影响. 结果表明:纳米Sm₂O₃增强TiC/Co基复合涂层主要由γ-Co、Cr₂₃C₆、TiC、Co₃Ti和Fe₇Sm相组成. 纳米Sm₂O₃增强TiC/Co基复合涂层呈现出与基体形成更加优良的冶金结合和优良的润湿性，显微组织明显细小均匀. 随着纳米Sm₂O₃含量增加，复合涂层的显微硬度和耐磨性能均先增加后降低，当纳米Sm₂O₃质量分数为1.5%时，复合涂层的显微硬度和耐磨性能分别提高了10.1%和17.1%. 添加纳米Sm₂O₃的复合涂层的磨损机理均为磨粒磨损. 应用多元统计分析的结果也表明纳米Sm₂O₃对TiC/Co基合金涂层有着显著影响.      

高速公路工程中水泥搅拌桩桩身合理设计强度研究

在公路工程的搅拌桩地基设计中,一般假设加固区桩土变形协调,从而采用复合地基理论进行设计。但是目前许多的工程实践表明在路堤荷载作用下,搅拌桩地基桩土之间存在差异沉降,桩身强度不能够完全发挥,为此需要对复合模量的表达式进行改进。本文采用有限元分析了路堤荷载作用下搅拌桩地基的变形响应情况,分析了加固区桩间土变形与桩身模量之间关系,得到了水泥土搅拌桩强度的合理范围。     

3D FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE DAMAGE EFFECTS ON THE DENTAL COMPOSITE SUBJECT TO WATER SORPTION

The damage effects of water sorption on the mechanical properties of the hydroxya-patite particle reinforced Bis-GMA/TEGDMA copolymer (HA/Bis-GMA/TEGDMA) have been predicted using 3D finite cell models. The plasticizer effect on the polymer matrix was considered as a variation of its Young's modulus. Three different cell models were used to determine the influence of varying particle contents, interphase strength and moisture concentration on the debonding damage. The stress distribution pattern has been examined and the stress transfer mode clarified. The Young's modulus and fracture strength of the Bis-GMA/TEGDMA composite were also predicted using the model with and without consideration of the damage. The former results with consideration of the debonding damage are in good agreement with existing literature experimental data. The shielding effect of our proposed model and an alternative approach were discussed. The FCC cell model has also been extended to predict the critical load for the damaged and the undamaged composite subject to the 3-point flexural test.     

Designing isotropic composites reinforced by aligned transversely isotropic particles of spheroidal shape

The aim of this paper is to study the design of isotropic composites reinforced by aligned spheroidal particles made of a transversely isotropic material. The problem is investigated analytically using the framework of mean-field homogenization. Conditions of macroscopic isotropy of particle-reinforced composites are derived for the dilute and Mori–Tanaka's schemes. This leads to a system of three nonlinear equations linking seven material constants and two geometrical constants. A design tool is finally proposed, which permits to determine admissible particles achieving macroscopic isotropy for a given isotropic matrix behavior and a given particle aspect ratio. Correlations between transverse and longitudinal moduli of admissible particles are studied for various particle shapes. Finally, the design of particles is investigated for aluminum and steel matrix composites.     

A cyclic anisotropic-plasticity model for metal matrix composites

Based on a six parameter general anisotropic yield surface proposed earlier by Voyiadjis and Thiagarajan (An Anisotropic Yield Surface Model for Directionally Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites, Int. J. Plasticity [1995]), a cyclic plasticity model to model the behavior of directionally reinforced metal matrix composite, has been proposed here. Apart from being able to model different initial yielding behavior along different stress directions, a number of features have been incorporated into the plasticity model. They include the usage of a proposed non-associative flow rule, kinematic hardening rule of Phillips type, a modified form of the bounding surface model for modelling the cyclic behavior, and the usage of a proposed form for evaluating the plastic modulus for anisotropic materials. Previous experimental data have been used for the evaluation of the yield surface parameters as well as those for the determination of the plastic modulus. The stress-strain results generated from the model have then been compared with those from the experiments. The behavior of the model under certain simulated cyclic loading situations has also been presented.     

A multiscale approach of nonlinear composites under finite deformation: Experimental characterization and numerical modeling

The present paper is devoted to the study of the mechanical behavior of an ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber reinforced by polypropylene (PP) particles, revealed as compressible. The hyperlastic behavior of this blend has been characterized under cyclic uni-axial tensile tests. The experimental results show a significant effect of the fraction of (PP) particles (5%, 10%, 25% and 30% by weight) on the macroscopic behavior of the composite. In order to model this behavior, we first develop and implement a micromechanically-based nonlinear model for hyperelastic composites. The approach is based on the second order homogenization method proposed by Ponte Castaneda and Tiberio (2000) and for which suitable energy densities are adopted for the matrix and the inclusions phases, both assumed as compressible. We then proceed to the model verification by comparison with Finite Element simulations on a unit cell. Finally, we propose an extension of the model in order to take into account damage due to voids growth phenomena. The comparison of the multiscale damage model predictions with the experimental data obtained on the EPDM/PP composite indicates a very good agreement.     

不同拉压模量连续梁的解析解

拉压不同模量的材料在工程中应用很广,特别是近几年发展起来的复合材料都具有明显的拉压不同模量性质.本文对复杂应力状态下不同模量连续梁提出了中性轴判断定理,并用分段积分方法推导出不同模量结构的中性层计算表达式及应力的解析解.通过对实例的计算及分析,得出不同模量与经典力相同模量两种方法在结构应力计算上的差异,最后提出对该类结...     

Simulation of fiber reinforced composite materials mold filling process and mechanical properties analysis

A dynamic simulation of fiber reinforced composite materials mold filling process with double inlets is presented based on the gas–solid–liquid model proposed by Yang et al. [B.X. Yang, J. Ouyang, J. Tao, C.T. Liu, Modeling and simulation of fiber reinforced polymer mold filling process by level set method, CMES – Computer Modeling in Engineering and Sciences 63 (3) (2010) 191–222]. Numerical results show that the fibers far away from the melt interface are in skin-core-skin structure, while those near the interface are almost parallel to the arc of the interface. When the two streams of melts meet, the weld line will be formed, where the orientation of fibers is perpendicular to the flow direction. The orientation of fibers of the numerical result shows well agreement with the experimental results. Finally, the mechanical properties of fiber reinforced composite materials are analyzed. The composite materials with skin-core-skin structure are regarded as laminated orthogonal plywood and the elastic modulus, the shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio are predicted under different slenderness ratios and fiber volume fractions.     

Effect of CNT length and CNT-matrix interphase in carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced composites

The load transfer mechanisms and effective moduli of single-walled nanotube (SWNT) reinforced composites are studied using a continuum model. A “critical” fiber length is defined for full load transfer by numerically evaluating the strain-energy-changes for different fiber lengths. The effective longitudinal Young’s modulus and bulk modulus of the composite are derived. The effect of the interphase is also discussed. The results indicate the fiber length is critical both to the load transfer efficiency and effective moduli of the composite. The SWNT-matrix interphase plays an important role in load transfer efficiency but affects the effective moduli only slightly.     

On transient layers as new phase domains in composite materials

A model describing the development of transient layers as new phase domains in compositematerials is constructed under the assumption that the transient layers around (nano)particles are layers of the matrix material changed by the phase transformation and increase the effective volume of inclusions which become compound and consist of the nucleus (original particle) and the shell (transient layer of the new phase). As a result, the inclusion volume fraction increases, which, in turn, increases the particle influence efficiency. An example of spherical particles is used to consider the new phase development around an isolated particle and then, in the effective field approximation, around interacting particles in the composite material. The dependence of the compound inclusion radius on the external (averaged) strain is obtained for isotropic phases. Stability of the interphase boundaries depending on the parameters of the original inclusion material and the matrix phase materials is studied. The energy variations and the stress redistribution owing to the development of the new phase domains are considered in detail. It is shown that, in the case of an isolated inclusion, the development of a new phase may lead to a local energy decrease near the inclusions and, as a consequence, to a decrease in the stress concentration. At the same time, the formation of transient layers due to the phase transformation can result in an increase in the bulk modulus of elasticity as the effective shear modulus decreases.