2,2':6',2"-联三吡啶配体的合成

近年来,2,2':6',2"-联三吡啶作为典型的三齿有机杂环配体在超分子化学与材料化学领域得到广泛应用.通过取代基团对配体的结构修饰或改变金属离子的类型可以调控联三吡啶金属络合物的光物理和电化学性能,从而得到多种不同用途的功能化材料及超分子组装体.本文对单核联三吡啶配体近年来发展的典型合成方法加以阐述,并简单介绍联三吡啶配体在超分子化学中的应用.     

2,2′:6′,2″-联三吡啶配体的合成

近年来,2,2′:6′,2″-联三吡啶作为典型的三齿有机杂环配体在超分子化学与材料化学领域得到广泛应用。通过取代基团对配体的结构修饰或改变金属离子的类型可以调控联三吡啶金属络合物的光物理和电化学性能,从而得到多种不同用途的功能化材料及超分子组装体。本文对单核联三吡啶配体近年来发展的典型合成方法加以阐述,并简单介绍联三吡啶配体在超分子化学中的应用。     

2,2';6,2"-联三吡啶——一种现代配位化学中不同寻常的三齿配体

作为典型的三齿有机配体2,2';6,2"-联三吡啶,在超分子化学与材料化学领域得到广泛应用.联三吡啶可以与大多数过渡金属离子络合,金属络合物的性质可通过引入不同的取代基团进行调控.重点介绍了联三吡啶配体的结构、与酸的作用、光谱性质以及与过渡金属离子络合的特点.     

联三吡啶配体组装及其金属络合物性能*

金属-配体间的配位作用是超分子化学中最重要的相互作用之一,寡聚吡啶配体可以与许多过渡金属离子配位,形成具有独特磁、光物理和电化学性质的过渡金属配合物,因此联三吡啶配体过渡金属配合物性能研究引起化学家的广泛关注。本文系统综述了联三吡啶配体及其衍生物的组装策略及其过渡金属配合物的光化学与光物理性能,包括单极、二极及多极配体以及由这类配体组装得到的各种拓扑结构的单核、多核过渡金属配合物,如线型金属寡聚物、金属聚合物、金属大环化合物、有机金属树枝状化合物等,并介绍这些配合物在该领域研究和应用前景。     

2,2′;6,2″-联三吡啶——一种现代配位化学中不同寻常的三齿配体

作为典型的三齿有机配体2,2′;6,2＂-联三吡啶,在超分子化学与材料化学领域得到广泛应用。联三吡啶可以与大多数过渡金属离子络合,金属络合物的性质可通过引入不同的取代基团进行调控。重点介绍了联三吡啶配体的结构、与酸的作用、光谱性质以及与过渡金属离子络合的特点。     

2,2′;6,2″-联三吡啶——一种现代配位化学中不同寻常的三齿配体

作为典型的三齿有机配体2,2′;6,2″-联三吡啶,在超分子化学与材料化学领域得到广泛应用。联三吡啶可以与大多数过渡金属离子络合,金属络合物的性质可通过引入不同的取代基团进行调控。重点介绍了联三吡啶配体的结构、与酸的作用、光谱性质以及与过渡金属离子络合的特点。     

金属催化的不对称氢化反应研究进展与展望

手性过渡金属络合物催化的不对称氢化反应是合成光学活性化合物的重要方法. 本文从手性配体及手性催化剂、不对称催化新反应、新方法和新策略三个方面简要评述新世纪以来过渡金属催化的不对称氢化反应研究领域的新进展. 从新世纪初至今, 手性单磷配体得到了复兴, 出现了如MonoPhos、SiPhos、DpenPhos等高效单齿亚磷酰胺酯配体; 磷原子手性(P-手性)配体也得到了快速发展, 如BenzP*、ZhanPhos、TriFer等已成为新的高效手性双膦配体; 螺环骨架手性配体成为新世纪手性配体设计合成的亮点, 除了SiPhos、SIPHOX、SpinPHOX等高效手性螺环配体外, 手性螺环吡啶胺基磷配体SpiroPAP的铱催化剂成为目前最高效的分子催化剂. 不对称催化氢化新反应研究也取得了突破, 如非保护烯胺、杂芳环化合物及N-H亚胺的氢化等反应都实现了高对映选择性. 自组装手性催化剂、树枝状手性催化剂、铁磁性纳米负载的可回收手性催化剂, 以及“混合”配体手性催化剂等新方法和新策略也在不对称催化氢化反应中得到了应用. 然而, 手性过渡金属络合物催化的不对称氢化研究仍然充满挑战, 也期待新的突破.     

两种新型2,2′:6′,2″-三吡啶配体的合成与表征

2,2′:6′,2″-三吡啶类化合物是一类具有良好配位能力的多齿配体,有关其金属络合物的报道近年来每年都有上百篇之多.以往的研究大多集中在该类配体以及所形成的金属络合物的发光性能,最近也有文献报道利用三吡啶配体与金属卤化物来合成一维配位聚合物,并研究其结构特性和非线性光学性质[1～3].     

吡啶基桥联双四唑钌(Ⅱ)配合物催化酮的转移氢化反应（英文）

含氮配体具有稳定性好、易于合成等优点,而且其过渡金属配合物表现出较高的催化活性,因而在配位化学和均相催化等研究领域受到了广泛关注.基于吡啶骨架的三齿NNN配体具有良好的配位能力和丰富的配位模式,如吡啶桥联的对称配体2,2':6',2'-三吡啶、2,6-双噁唑啉基吡啶、2,6-双亚胺基吡啶和2,6-双吡唑基吡啶等在有机合成及配合物催化剂制备等方面得到广泛应用.2,6-双四唑基吡啶也是基于吡啶的多齿配体,已被用于合成发光材料或高效回收次锕系元素等,但是其在催化领域的应用较少.过渡金属催化的不饱和化合物的转移氢化反应具有反应条件温和、不直接使用氢气等优点,因而受到越来越多的关注.一系列优异的配体及配合物在转移氢化反应中脱颖而出,如对甲苯磺酰手性二胺配体、2-甲胺基吡啶钌配合物、配体中含有NH官能团的过渡金属配合物等.我们也报道了几种吡啶基桥联的含氮配体及其钌配合物,并应用于催化酮的转移氢化反应.在此基础上,本文合成了三种连有不同膦配体的2,6-双四唑基吡啶钌配合物,并用于催化酮的转移氢化反应.从N~2,N~6-二对甲苯基-2,6-吡啶二甲酰胺(1)出发,经氯代/环化两步反应合成4-氯吡啶基桥联双四唑化合物(2),配体2与RuCl_2(PPh_3)_3在对应的反应条件下制得三种连有不同膦配体的2,6-双四唑基吡啶钌配合物(3),其分子结构通过核磁共振波谱和X射线单晶晶体结构测定得到确认.将这三种钌配合物应用于催化酮的转移氢化反应,当催化剂用量为0.5 mol%时,在异丙醇回流条件下,比较连有不同膦配体的2,6-双四唑基吡啶钌配合物的催化活性.膦配体为1,4-双(二苯基膦)丁烷的钌配合物3b表现出更高的催化活性,含有双三苯基膦的钌配合物3a则表现出与3b相当或略低的催化活性,含有1,5-双(二苯基膦)戊烷的钌配合物3c活性最差.以3b为催化剂拓展了一系列酮底物,取代的芳香酮、链状和环状的脂肪酮都可以高效地被还原,大部分酮底物以95%的转化率还原成相应的醇.含有氯取代基的苯乙酮对反应有较大的加速作用,反应时间更短,转化率更高.由于羰基环的张力,1-四氢萘酮与9-芴酮转化率略低.结合实验结果与相关文献,提出了一条基于Ru-H活性中间体的内层反应机理:钌配合物在iPrOK作用下生成Ru(Ⅱ)-烷氧基中间体Ⅰ,随后发生β-H消除反应脱去一分子丙酮得到Ru-H配合物,Ru-H配合物与酮底物作用经过渡态Ⅱ生成另一分子Ru(Ⅱ)-烷氧基中间体Ⅲ,随后异丙醇与烷氧基发生交换生成目标产物,同时生成中间体Ⅰ完成催化循环.     

手性pybox-金属络合物及其在不对称催化反应中的应用

具有C2对称性的双噁唑啉型吡啶(pybox)是一类有效的手性配体,能与许多金属离子配位,其手性催化性能已得到越来越多的关注。本文综述了手性配体pybox和pybox-金属络合物的合成方法,特别是近年来pybox-金属络合物在不对称催化反应如不对称环丙烷化反应、不对称Diels-Alder反应、1,3-偶极环加成反应、不对称aldol反应等中应用的最新进展。     

Playing LEGO with macromolecules: Design,synthesis, and self‐organization with metal complexes

Several synthetic strategies for the incorporation of supramolecular binding units into polymers are described. Specifically, terpyridine ligands have been introduced into polymers in such a way that they are distributed either randomly throughout the polymer backbone or at the chain end(s). Two terpyridine ligands form octahedral complexes with a variety of transition‐metal ions, each having different properties. Some general statements regarding metal complex stability are presented as well as a special case representing the selective construction of heteroleptic terpyridine complexes. This leads to a kind of LEGO system for connecting and disconnecting the polymer blocks via metal complexes. Metallo‐supramolecular block copolymers, graft copolymers, and chain‐extended polymers can be designed and prepared with the principles described. Once the design parameters have been derived, thorough control over the final material and its properties can be gained. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1413–1427, 2003     

含咪唑盐的三联吡啶铜配合物的合成和分子结构

通过带有不同长度的4-(4-氯烷氧基苯基)-2,2':6,2″-三联吡啶和N-甲基咪唑在甲苯中加热反应,制备了3种由烷氧基桥联的新型三联吡啶咪唑配体。研究了配体和过渡金属离子的配位反应。测定了三联吡啶咪唑铜配合物的单晶分子结构,在铜配合物中,Cu(Ⅱ)和两个三联吡啶单元形成扭曲八面体配位方式。Monoclinic,空间群P 21/c;a=1.7229(3) nm,b=1.5924(2) nm,c=2.1590(3) nm,α=90°,β=101.332(2)°,γ=90°,M_r=1298.09,V=5.8078(15) nm³,D_c=1.485 mg/m³,Z=4, F(000)=2684。     

[2]Catenanes Built Around Octahedral Transition‐Metal Complexes that Contain Two Intertwined Endocyclic but Non‐sterically Hindering Tridentate Ligands

Sterically hindering bidentate chelates, such as 2,9‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline, form entwined complexes with copper(I) and other tetrahedrally coordinated transition‐metal centres. To prepare octahedral complexes containing two entwined tridentate ligands and thus apply a strategy similar to that used for making catenanes with tetrahedral metal centres, the use of the classical terpy ligand (terpy=2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine) appears to be attractive. In fact, 6,6′′‐diphenyl‐2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine (dp‐terpy) is not appropriate due to strong “pinching” of the organic backbone by coordination to the metal and thus stable entwined complexes with this ligand cannot be obtained. Herein, we report the synthesis and coordination properties of a new family of tridentate ligands, the main features of which are their endocyclic nature and non‐sterically hindering character. The coordinating fragment consists of two 8′‐phenylisoquinolin‐3′‐yl groups attached at the 2 and 6 positions of a pyridine nucleus. Octahedral complexes containing two such entangled ligands around an octahedral metal centre, such as Fe^II, Ru^II or Co^III, are highly stable, with no steric congestion around the metal. By using functionalised ligands bearing terminal olefins, double ring‐closing metathesis leads to [2]catenanes in good yield with Fe^II or Co^III as the templating metal centre. The X‐ray crystallography structures of the Fe^II precursor and the Fe^II catenane are also reported. These show that although significant pinching of the ligand is observed in both Fe^II complexes, the system is very open and no steric constraints can be detected.     

Electrochemistry and Spin-Crossover Behavior of Fluorinated Terpyridine-Based Co(II) and Fe(II) Complexes

Due to their ability to form stable molecular complexes that have tailor-made properties, terpyridine ligands are of great interest in chemistry and material science. In this regard, we prepared two terpyridine ligands with two different fluorinated phenyl rings on the backbone. The corresponding Co^II and Fe^II complexes were synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray structural analysis, electrochemistry and temperature-dependent SQUID magnetometry. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses at 100 K of these complexes revealed Co−N and Fe−N bond lengths that are typical of low spin Co^II and Fe^II centers. The metal centers are coordinated in an octahedral fashion and the fluorinated phenyl rings on the backbone are twisted out of the plane of the terpyridine unit. The complexes were investigated with cyclic voltammetry and UV/Vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry. All complexes show a reversible oxidation and several reduction processes. Temperature dependent SQUID magnetometry revealed a gradual thermal SCO behavior in two of the complexes, while EPR spectroscopy provided further insights on the electronic structure of the metal complexes, as well as site of reduction.     

Metal ion affinity-based biomolecular recognition and conjugation inside synthetic polymer nanopores modified with iron-terpyridine complexes

Here we demonstrate a novel biosensing platform for the detection of lactoferrin (LFN) via metal-organic frameworks, in which the metal ions have accessible free coordination sites for binding, inside the single conical nanopores fabricated in polymeric membrane. First, monolayer of amine-terminated terpyridine (metal-chelating ligand) is covalently immobilized on the inner walls of the nanopore via carbodiimide coupling chemistry. Second, iron-terpyridine (iron-terPy) complexes are obtained by treating the terpyridine modified-nanopores with ferrous sulfate solution. The immobilized iron-terPy complexes can be used as recognition elements to fabricate biosensing nanodevice. The working principle of the proposed biosensor is based on specific noncovalent interactions between LFN and chelated metal ions in the immobilized terpyridine monolayer, leading to the selective detection of analyte protein. In addition, control experiments proved that the designed biosensor exhibits excellent biospecificity and nonfouling properties. Furthermore, complementary experiments are conducted with multipore membranes containing an array of cylindrical nanopores. We demonstrate that in the presence of LFN in the feed solution, permeation of methyl viologen (MV(2+)) and 1,5-naphthalenedisulphate (NDS(2-)) is drastically suppressed across the iron-terPy modified membranes. On the basis of these findings, we envision that apart from conventional ligand-receptor interactions, the designing and immobilization of alternative functional ligands inside the synthetic nanopores would extend this method for the construction of new metal ion affinity-based biomimetic systems for the specific binding and recognition of other biomolecules.     

Remarkable Tuning of the Coordination and Photophysical Properties of Lanthanide Ions in a Series of Tetrazole‐Based Complexes

A series of seven new tetrazole‐based ligands (L1, L3–L8) containing terpyridine or bipyridine chromophores suited to the formation of luminescent complexes of lanthanides have been synthesized. All ligands were prepared from the respective carbonitriles by thermal cycloaddition of sodium azide. The crystal structures of the homoleptic terpyridine–tetrazolate complexes [Ln(Li)₂]NHEt₃ (Ln=Nd, Eu, Tb for i=1, 2; Ln=Eu for i=3, 4) and of the monoaquo bypyridine–tetrazolate complex [Eu(H₂O)(L7)₂]NHEt₃ were determined. The tetradentate bipyridine–tetrazolate ligand forms nonhelical complexes that can contain a water molecule coordinated to the metal. Conversely, the pentadentate terpyridine–tetrazolate ligands wrap around the metal, thereby preventing solvent coordination and forming chiral double‐helical complexes similarly to the analogue terpyridine–carboxylate. Proton NMR spectroscopy studies show that the solid‐state structures of these complexes are retained in solution and indicate the kinetic stability of the hydrophobic complexes of terpyridine–tetrazolates. UV spectroscopy results suggest that terpyridine–tetrazolate complexes have a similar stability to their carboxylate analogues, which is sufficient for their isolation in aerobic conditions. The replacement of the carboxylate group with tetrazolate extends the absorption window of the corresponding terpyridine‐ (≈20 nm) and bipyridine‐based (25 nm) complexes towards the visible region (up to 440 nm). Moreover, the substitution of the terpyridine–tetrazolate system with different groups in the ligand series L3–L6 has a very important effect on both absorption spectra and luminescence efficiency of their lanthanide complexes. The tetrazole‐based ligands L1 and L3–L8 sensitize efficiently the luminescent emission of lanthanide ions in the visible and near‐IR regions with quantum yields ranging from 5 to 53 % for Eu^III complexes, 6 to 35 % for Tb^III complexes, and 0.1 to 0.3 % for Nd^III complexes, which is among the highest reported for a neodymium complex. The luminescence efficiency could be related to the energy of the ligand triplet states, which are strongly correlated to the ligand structures.     

Fluorescent sensing of transition metal ions based on the encapsulation of dithranol in a polymeric core shell architecture

The encapsulation behaviour and the resulting transition metal ion sensing capabilities of a 5-arm star-shaped polymer bearing terpyridine ligands on its periphery are described.     

Coordination chemistry of a terpyridine-tris(pyrazolyl) ditopic ligand

A new ditopic ligand, 4'-(4-(2,2,2-tris(1H-pyrazol-1-ido)ethoxymethyl)phenyl)-2,2':6',2'-terpyridine (pzt), has been prepared and its coordination chemistry studied. Metal ions with a preference for octahedral geometry form ML(2) complexes that are readily isolated and characterised, with the metal ion being bound to the terpyridine sites of both ligands. Other metal ions bind to the terpyridine site of just one ligand. In the case of silver(i), a dinuclear M(2)L(2) complex has been isolated in which each silver ion is coordinated to the terpyridine site of one ligand and to a single pyrazolyl donor group from the second ligand. Evidence for binding of metal ions to the tris(pyrazolyl) binding site was obtained by electrospray mass spectrometry and NMR techniques. The free ligand and three metal complexes, including the disilver complex, have been characterised by X-ray crystallographic techniques.     

Synthesis of multicomponent systems composed of one phthalocyanine and four terpyridine ligands

Two phthalocyanine-based multiple ligands were synthesized and characterized. Photochemical and electrochemical properties were measured for zinc(II) phthalocyanines covalently linked with four ruthenium(II) bisterpyridyl complexes. The absorption and electrochemical results are indicative of electronic interaction between two photoactive and redox-active components. Fluorescence spectroscopy of the five nuclear complexes provides evidence of an efficient photoinduced intramolecular energy transfer between the ruthenium-based metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) chromophores and the zinc(II) phthalocyanine core. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the phthalocyanine-based multiple ligands change dramatically as a result of the coordination of metal ions with peripheral terpyridine ligands. This change of fluorescence intensity upon addition of metal ions can apply to an output signal for metal ion sensing. The direct attachment of metal ion receptors with a zinc phthalocyanine core enhanced efficiency of the energy- and electron-transfer reaction from the core to the metal complexes.     

Synthesis of oligopyridines and their metal complexes as precursors to topological stereoisomers

[structure: see text]. Palladium-based carbon-carbon coupling reactions in sequence with halogen-exchange chemistry on a series of heterocycles lead to an efficient synthetic strategy for oligopyridines that bind metal ions such as ruthenium to form coordination racks. The particular structures are designed to form terpyridine subunits for octahedral binding. Reaction of 4,6-diiodopyrimidine produces a "double-bay" terpyridine from which binuclear coordination complexes have been formed.