激光气象雷达多次后向散射信号特性分析

利用小角近似方法，分别给出了单次和多次后向散射激光雷达方程.通过引入的多次散射评价参量，分析了接收视场角和光学厚度等因素对多次后向散射信号的影响.理论研究表明:多次后向散射主要与接收视场角和光学厚度密切相关，当接收视场角比发射视场角大10倍，光学厚度超过3时, 多次后向散射信号逐渐增大并占主要优势，当接收视场角比发射视场角大100倍时，光学厚度超过1时，多次后向散射信号开始明显增强.     

水汽探测拉曼激光雷达的新型光谱分光系统设计与分析

提出并设计了一套新型的大气水汽和气溶胶探测用紫外域拉曼激光雷达系统, 以二向色镜和超窄带滤光片构成高效率拉曼光谱分光系统, 实现激光雷达大气回波信号中米-瑞利散射信号、 氮气和水汽的振动拉曼散射信号的精细分离和高效率提取. 利用美国标准大气的分子散射模型和实测的大气米散射信号模型, 对分光系统的米-瑞利散射信号的抑制率、大气水汽测量的信噪比和误差进行数值仿真设计. 搭建实验系统对西安地区夜间的大气水汽进行实验观测, 并利用有云天气下实测的激光雷达回波信号, 反演获得大气后向散射比和水汽混合比的相关特性, 验证了该拉曼光谱分光系统对米-瑞利信号的抑制率达到10^-7以上量级. 理论和实验结果表明, 设计的新型拉曼光谱分光系统可以在大气后向散射比为17时, 实现水汽探测误差小于15%, 满足拉曼激光雷达系统对大气水汽的高效率探测. 关键词： 拉曼激光雷达 水汽混合比 大气后向散射比     

基于CCD的侧向散射激光雷达信号提取方法

后向散射激光雷达是探测大气气溶胶空间分布的强有力手段,但由于盲区和过渡区的存在,限制了它在近距离段的探测范围和精度。基于电荷耦合器(CCD)的侧向散射激光雷达可实现近距离段气溶胶信号的连续探测,且探测精度较高。分析了侧向散射激光雷达中干扰光和背景光的特点,找到了减少它们的方法。分析了激光在大气中产生侧向散射光的特点,找到了同一距离处侧向散射光的叠加方法。应用Matlab编程实现了对信号的自动提取,并与后向散射激光雷达信号进行了实验比对,结果表明该信号提取方法是可靠的、可行的。     

Mie理论递推公式计算散射相位函数

在激光雷达探测中,关于多次散射雷达回波的研究,散射相位函数是个非常重要的物理量。本文利用Mie理论的递推公式,对单一粒径介质的散射相位函数进行了计算,计算结果与散射理论中前、后向散射峰值大小随粒子半径的增大而增大相一致。同时,对非单一粒径介质的散射相位函数进行了计算,可用于大气、雾和云等气溶胶多次散射的研究。     

基于Fizeau干涉仪的激光雷达测温方法研究

气温是描述大气状态的基本参数之一,温度的准确测量对天气预报、气候预测及其他气象参数的反演都至关重要。激光雷达作为一种遥感仪器,已经用于气象要素的探测中（风、温度、气溶胶的光学厚度等）。目前,测温激光雷达主要有拉曼激光雷达（振动和转动）、共振荧光激光雷达和Rayleigh散射激光雷达等,拉曼激光雷达需要大功率的激光器和复杂的背景滤波器;共振荧光激光雷达无法探测平流层内的温度;基于Rayleigh散射的测温激光雷达多应用于温度的相对测量,反演温度时需要建立响应函数和校准程序;基于固体腔扫描F-P干涉仪测量大气Rayleigh散射光谱来反演温度的方法,时间分辨率较低,并且该方法在测量过程中需要运动部件,所以不利于星载。在大气低层,分子的Rayleigh散射光谱会受到Brillouin散射的影响,两种散射信号叠加形成的Rayleigh-Brillouin散射光谱不再服从Gaussian分布,直接通过测量散射光谱的半高全宽来反演温度,会产生误差。基于回波能量的方法会受到气溶胶Mie散射信号的影响,所以在对流层中该方法并不适用。为了实现对流层内温度的高精度和高时间分辨率的测量,提出利用Fizeau干涉仪和PMT阵列对对流层内分子的Rayleigh-Brillouin散射光谱进行测量,并通过插值的方法来对回波信号中气溶胶Mie散射信号进行抑制,从而使Mie散射信号对温度反演的影响较小,最后将测量光谱和理论光谱进行全光谱匹配来实现温度的反演。除此之外,还对Fizeau干涉仪的自由光谱区、固体腔几何长度、腔体反射率、扫描间隔等参数进行了优化设计。为了验证本文提出方法的可行性,利用Matlab软件建立了一套仿真模型,通过模拟表明,在不考虑云、风和水汽含量的影响时,利用该方法测量对流层内的大气温度时,测量误差小于1 K。该测温方法可以对对流层内的大气温度廓线实现高精度、高时间分辨率的测量, 在测量过程中不需要使用运动部件,有较高的使用价值,并对同类高光谱激光雷达分光系统的研究具有借鉴意义, 为我国高光谱激光雷达陆基及星载应用提供了一套可行的技术方案和温度反演方法。     

双视场米散射激光雷达探测对流层气溶胶

介绍了自行研制的用来探测对流层大气气溶胶消光特性的双视场米散射激光雷达.该激光雷达采用两个具有独立接收视场的探测通道分别接收高低层532 nm的大气回波信号,可以兼顾低层大视场角低探测盲区和高层小视场角高探测高度的要求.叙述了该雷达系统的总体结构和技术参量以及数据处理方法,给出了合肥地区(东经117.16°,北纬31.90°)大气气溶胶消光系数廓线和对流层光学厚度的探测结果.测量结果表明,该雷达具备昼夜连续观测对流层大气气溶胶的能力,可以很好地反映气溶胶粒子的时间和空间分布特征.     

米散射激光雷达测量大气水平能见度

激光雷达作为一种新型的大气观测工具，可以通过直接探测激光与大气相互作用的光辐射信号来定量地反演大气水平能见度，从而成为测量大气水平能见度的主要手段．正在研制的一台基于532nm波长的车载式米散射激光雷达，用于大气能见度的测量；简单介绍了正在研制的激光雷达的技术参数，给出了测量数据的处理方法；利用雷达的技术参数进行了模拟计算，显示了该激光雷达探测大气水平能见度的可靠性，计算误差显示在大气能见度为10km时该激光雷达的测量误差小于16％．     

基于CCD成像的侧向散射激光雷达几何标定方法

通过分析CCD成像特点,设计了侧向散射激光雷达几何标定实验,得到CCD各像元的角宽度,并确定了CCD像元与散射光位置之间的对应关系.对两次实验中采集的回波信号进行标定,并分别与POM02进行相函数比对、与后向散射激光雷达进行探测信号比对,结果表明:相函数廓线和POM02测量结果相吻合;侧向散射激光雷达信号与后向散射雷达的距离修正信号在650m以上的变化趋势一致.侧向散射激光雷达弥补了后向散射激光雷达在近地面段不能探测气溶胶的不足,该标定方法可靠,为进一步利用侧向散射激光雷达研究近地面气溶胶的时空分布奠定了坚实的基础.     

空间多普勒激光雷达地面散射信号分析

为了扩展空间多普勒激光雷达地面散射信号的应用范围,采用多个机载多普勒激光雷达飞行实验数据,对地面散射信号的强度、海拔高度、速度等特征进行了数据分析,并利用地面散射信号与上层大气信号强度的比值,可以等效体现地面反射率特征,即地面散射信号解算的海拔高度与数字海拔高度模型数据相吻合,两者平均值偏差小于20 m,标准偏差小于100 m;使用地面散射信号实现飞机速度校正,与使用飞机平台数据解算的结果具有较好的一致性,采用直接探测手段时,标准偏差小于1.5 m/s,采用相干探测手段时,标准偏差小于0.5 m/s,验证了利用地面散射实现空间平台速度校正的可行性。另外,针对云散射信号的存在和影响,提出了一种利用海拔高度数据比对的方法,实现云散射和地面散射的识别。     

利用空间外差光谱技术进行紫外高分辨率大气散射信号探测

羟基OH对于人类理解中间层化学成分非常重要,它是大气光化学反应中重要的氧化剂,OH在308 nm波段受到太阳能量激发,发射出OH A2Σ＋-X２Π（0,0）荧光信号。为了探测中间层大气中OH自由基的紫外共振荧光发射信号,从复杂背景信号中分离目标信号,研制了中高层大气OH自由基超分辨空间外差光谱仪,光谱范围为308.2～309.8 nm,光谱分辨率为0.008 25 nm。临边观测主要探测大气散射信号,能量来源为大气中的粒子,包括大气分子与气溶胶、云等对太阳能量的散射作用。中高层大气OH自由基超分辨空间外差光谱仪基于空间外差光谱技术,可以在设计的闪耀波长范围内获得极高的光谱分辨率,适用于大气成分的精细探测。通过在前置或后置光学系统中加入柱面镜,总视场内的场景被分成多个视场切片,每一个视场切片的干涉图分别成像到对应的探测器行上。利用空间外差光谱仪具有空间维分层成像功能,临边观测时可以同时获取不同高度层大气吸收光谱的散射辐射信号,无需像传统临边探测遥感器在不同高度层进行扫描来获取大气高度维的廓线信息。为了验证中高层大气OH自由基超分辨空间外差光谱仪的临边散射信号探测能力与对观测几何的敏感性,进行了地面临边观测实验,探测紫外308 nm波段大气散射信号。模拟临边观测几何,选取晴朗无云的一天,在空旷场地对大气散射信号进行观测。由于仪器基于空间外差光谱技术,需要对干涉数据进行干涉误差修正与光谱复原。对一段观测时间内间隔10分钟的干涉数据进行光谱复原并定标,得到最终临边观测光谱。由于散射信号的主要来源为大气分子对太阳光的散射作用,因此光谱中应包含太阳光谱高分辨率精细特征信息。从高分辨率太阳光谱中选取三个特征信息窗,分析观测光谱中对应波段,三个特征信息窗完全匹配,验证了中高层大气OH自由基超分辨空间外差光谱仪的超高分辨率光谱探测能力和光谱精细信息提取能力。将太阳辐射计实时测量获得的气溶胶光学厚度及根据观测时间计算的太阳天顶角与太阳方位角输入辐射传输模型SCIATRAN,结合对应日期与经纬度的大气廓线数据库,得到模拟光谱,将实测结果与辐射传输模型结果进行比对,两者残差较小。实测结果与模拟结果存在的残差,可能是由于大气环境参数并没有完全符合实测状态,后续可使用当地实时温湿压廓线对模拟数据库进行替换,使辐射传输模型更接近实际状态。与辐射传输模型对比的结果验证了中高层大气OH自由基超分辨空间外差光谱仪的散射信号探测能力与对观测几何的敏感性,验证了在轨探测多谱段、宽谱段大气散射光谱与OH目标信号的可行性,为在轨探测OH目标信号提供了理论与实验基础。     

Simple relation between lidar multiple scattering and depolarization for water clouds

An empirical relationship is derived between the multiple-scattering fraction and the linear depolarization ratio by using Monte Carlo simulations of water clouds measured by backscatter lidar. This relationship is shown to hold for clouds having a wide range of extinction coefficients, mean droplet sizes, and droplet size distribution widths. The relationship is also shown to persist for various instrument fields of view and for measurements made within broken cloud fields. The results obtained from the Monte Carlo simulations are verified by using multiple-field-of-view lidar measurements. For space-based lidars equipped to measure linear depolarization ratios, this new relationship can be used to accurately assess signal perturbations due to multiple scattering within nonprecipitating water clouds.     

New technique to simulate angular patterns of polarized signals from multiply scattering media in MFOV and CCD lidars

We present a semi-analytical approach to determine angular patterns of a polarized intensity that form lidar signals from multiply scattering media registered by a monostatic multiple-field-of-view receiver or CCD camera for any polarization state of incident light and any analyzer state at a receiver. Multiply scattering media with a highly forward elongated phase functions are considered. The model of lidar signal formation includes the single near-backscattering and small-angle multiple scattering of light. The developed approach allows computation and analysis of polarized images, including the Mueller matrix images, formed by the laser light backscattered by multiply scattering media, for example, from atmospheric clouds, ocean waters, tissue, etc.     

Analysis of lidar measurements using nonparametric kernel regression methods

The lidar technique is an efficient tool for remote monitoring of the distribution of a number of atmospheric species. We study measurements of sulphur dioxide emitted from the Italian volcano Mt. Etna. This study is focused on the treatment of data and on the procedure to evaluate range-resolved concentrations. In order to make an in-depth analysis, the lidar system was prepared to store measurements of individual backscattered laser pulses. Utilizing these repeated measurements a comparison of three different methods to average the returned signals is made. In the evaluation process we use local polynomial regression to estimate the range-resolved concentrations. Here we calculate optimal bandwidths based on the empirical-bias bandwidth selector. We also compare two different variance estimators for the path-integrated curves: local polynomial variance estimation and variance estimation based on Taylor approximations. Results show that the method performs well. An advantage compared to previous methods for evaluation of lidar measurements is that an estimate of the mean squared error of the estimated concentration can be calculated. Received: 9 July 2001 / Revised version: 15 November 2001 / Published online: 17 January 2002     

基于光线追迹法的球形大粒子的多次散射计算

基于光线追迹法模拟了球形大粒子的多次散射过程,利用菲涅耳公式建立了散射矩阵的理论表达式,并利用Matlab对计算过程进行编程。以水滴为例进行了定量计算,获得了散射功率随散射次数和散射角的分布。相关结论可用于光学大气传输的定量计算。     

A method of background noise reduction in lidar data

This paper applies a theoretical approach to the calculation of background noise levels during the analysis of lidar (light detection and ranging) data. We develop a method for the identification of background noise concealed within lidar signals under clear atmospheric or homogeneous aerosol layer conditions and derive an equation for the calculation of these noise levels from a theoretical consideration of the lidar equation. An increasing range-corrected signal indicates that a large amount of background noise exist in the return signal. We calculate the level of background noise by selecting three equidistant points in the return signal from the homogeneous layer and inputting the range and intensity of these points into the derived equation. Background noise calculations using actual lidar signals were in good agreement with calculations based on a simulated lidar signal. The background noise equation was verified using both observational lidar data and a simulated signal, indicating that it provides a reasonable measure of background noise levels in lidar data.     

Lidar calibration experiments

A series of atmospheric aerosol diffusion experiments combined with lidar detection was conducted to evaluate and calibrate an existing retrieval algorithm for aerosol backscatter lidar systems. The calibration experiments made use of two (almost) identical mini-lidar systems for aerosol cloud detection to test the reproducibility and uncertainty of lidars. Lidar data were obtained from both single-ended and double-ended lidar configurations. A backstop was introduced in one of the experiments and a new method was developed where information obtained from the backstop can be used in the inversion algorithm. Independent in-situ aerosol plume concentrations were obtained from a simultaneous tracer gas experiment with SF, and comparisons with the two lidars were made. The study shows that the reproducibility of the lidars is within 15%, including measurements from both sides of a plume. The correspondence with in-situ measurements is excellent. Finally, the new backstop method is able to reveal information which can close the lidar equation by obtaining the relation between backscatter and extinction in an aerosol cloud. Received: 21 December 1995 / Revised version: 25 July 1996     

Study of atmospheric water in gaseous and. liquid state by using combined elastic–Raman. depolarization lidar

A combined elastic–Raman lidar system based on a tripled Nd:YAG laser is used for the separate detection of elastic backscatter and Raman signals from atmospheric nitrogen, water vapor and liquid water and for their depolarization measurement. Vertical profiles of water-vapor and liquid-water content measured under clear-sky conditions behave differently: inside the boundary layer the ratio of liquid-water to water-vapor Raman backscatters rises with altitude. The depolarization measurements bring additional information about atmospheric scattering. The observed depolarization ratio of the water-vapor Raman signal is about 14%, while for liquid water this ratio varies in the 30–75% range, which exceeds the depolarization of bulk water and is attributed to the water-aerosol effects. Raman contours of water vapor and liquid water are partially overlapped, and bleed-through of liquid-water Raman backscatter leads to enhancement of depolarization of the water-vapor Raman signal. This parameter may be used as a convenient indicator of liquid-water interference in water-vapor measurements. Received: 12 December 2000 / Revised version: 27 September 2001 / Published online: 7 November 2001     

绝对探测大气温度的纯转动拉曼激光雷达系统

纯转动拉曼激光雷达是探测大气温度廓线的重要手段之一,其正常工作需要配置其他并行校正设备,制约其在气象及环境监测领域中的实用化进程.基于大气氮气分子的纯转动拉曼谱型对温度的依赖性,提出并设计了绝对探测大气温度廓线的纯转动拉曼激光雷达系统.系统采用波长532 nm且脉冲能量300 m J的激光激励源和口径250 mm卡塞格林望远镜的接收器,设计了衍射光栅和光纤Bragg光栅结合的多通道并行纯转动拉曼光谱分光系统;仿真分析氮气和氧气分子的纯转动拉曼散射谱线间关系,优化选择了6条氮气分子的纯转动拉曼谱线以直接反演大气温度,设计了两级滤光器间转接光纤阵列的结构;基于最小二乘原理推导了绝对探测大气温度的反演算法,并结合标准大气模型,分析了纯转动拉曼激光雷达绝对探测大气温度的探测性能.结果表明,所设计纯转动拉曼激光雷达系统可直接反演大气温度廓线,在测量时间17 min内,温度偏差小于0.5 K的探测高度达2.0 km.     

Comparison of simultaneous signals obtained from a dual-field-of-view lidar and its application to noise reduction based on empirical mode decomposition

Although the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method is an effective tool for noise reduction in lidar signals, evaluating the effectiveness of the denoising method is difficult. A dual-field-of-view lidar for observing atmospheric aerosols is described. The backscattering signals obtained from two channels have different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The performance of noise reduction can be investigated by comparing the high SNR signal and the denoised low SNR signal without a simulation experiment. With this approach, the signal and noise are extracted to one intrinsic mode function (IMF) by the EMD- based denoising; thus, the threshold method is applied to the IMFs. Experimental results show that the improved threshold method can effectively perform noise reduction while preserving useful sudden-change information.