跨声速激波边界层相互作用的被动控制

运用激波管风洞在Ｒ＿（ｅ∞／ｍ＝３×１０￣７，Ｍ＿∞＝０．７３２－０．８１７范围内，在厚度比为１２％的圆弧翼型半模型和厚度比为１４％的超临界翼型半模型上，对被动控制现象及其若干规律进行了实验研究。结果表明，不同空腔深度的开孔壁和导管连通壁均可对壁面激波与边界层的相互作用实现被动控制，使得沿以上两种模型表面的马赫数峰值、逆压力梯度和激波强度明显减小。这对于飞行器将起到减阻作用，如将这一原理和方法用于超、跨声速压气机内激波与边界层相互作用的控制，将提高压气机的效率和工作的稳定性。     

跨音速翼型上的激波／边界层干扰自适应控制计算

在激波区使用自适应壁对跨音速翼型的激波／边界层的相互作用（干扰）进行控制，可改变机翼的气动性能，这种被动控制可通过在翼型的激波区开一凹腔，其上覆盖一弹性橡胶膜柔壁来，本文给出用Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｒ方程数值模拟这一自适应控制翼型的跨音速粘性绕流，提出了一个适应于本特殊情况（物面边界局部地区在求解过程中有变化）的处理办法。并探讨了自适应柔壁对当代跨音速翼绕流的影响。     

大型低速二元风洞侧壁边界层控制及对单段翼型实验结果的影响

本文简述了ＮＦ－３风洞二元实验段侧壁边界层吹除控制系统及具有吹气的模型实验方法，给出了不同吹气系数对风洞边界层的控制效果以及对相对厚度为７％的单段翼型实验结果的影响。初步实验研究结果表明，该控制系统能有效地改善风洞侧壁边界层的流动状态，减小侧壁干扰，改善翼型实验中的二元流动特性     

低湍流度风洞中湍流度对平板边界层转捩影响的试验研究

本文报告了在西北工业大学壁低流度风洞中进行了平板边界层转捩试验研究的简况及初步结果，试验湍流度为０．０２％、０．１％及０．３３％，用恒温热线风速仪测量时均速度型，求得边界层沿流向的位移厚度分布，并用示波器观察速度脉动脉形变化，从而确定起始转捩点和完全转捩点位置。结果表明，转捩的规律性和国外经典结果极为吻合。     

在超声速流动中激波与边界层的干扰特性

激波与物面边界层的干扰涉及可压缩流动的稳定性、转捩、分离等问题,直接影响到飞行器的阻力、表面热防护和飞行性能等工程技术问题。首先总结了前人对于激波与边界层的干扰所做的工作,之后重点研究和对比分析了超声速与跨声速流动中,正激波、斜激波以及头部激波对于飞行器层流和湍流边界层的干扰影响。激波强度的不同对边界层干扰作用不同,在强干扰情况下将会引起边界层分离和翼型失速。     

INTERFERENCE OF SHOCK AND BOUNDARY LAYER IN SUPERSONIC FLOW

激波与物面边界层的干扰涉及可压缩流动的稳定性、转捩、分离等问题,直接影响到飞行器的阻力、表面热防护和飞行性能等工程技术问题。首先总结了前人对于激波与边界层的干扰所做的工作,之后重点研究和对比分析了超声速与跨声速流动中,正激波、斜激波以及头部激波对于飞行器层流和湍流边界层的干扰影响。激波强度的不同对边界层干扰作用不同,在强干扰情况下将会引起边界层分离和翼型失速。     

轴流压气机端壁附面层的理论预测

从Ｎ－Ｓ方程出发，推导了轴流压气机端壁边界层动量积分方程，并提出了一种适用范围广泛的叶片力亏损模型，结合边界层的卷吸方程和速度分布表达式，可以方便的预测压气机环壁边界层的发展，与传统的叶片力亏损模型相比，该方法的计算准确性和适用范围均得到提高。     

多孔介质对翼型绕流边界层影响的数值研究

以多孔尾缘结构SD-7003翼型为研究对象,基于格子Boltzmann方法(LBM)研究了不同多孔介质材料对翼型边界层发展及尾缘流动的影响规律。研究结果表明:LBM方法可以精确地计算出可渗透壁的多孔翼型边界层特征,且数值模拟结果与文献参考值非常吻合;相对于实体翼型,多孔尾缘上、下面压差推动渗流穿过多孔区衰减翼型表面的气动载荷波动,其衰减程度依赖于多孔材料的流阻;多孔翼型压力面与吸力面的边界层厚度较实体翼型有明显的增加,且边界层厚度随流阻的减少而增加。     

可压缩流向涡与反向运动激波相互作用的实验

对可压缩流向涡与反向运动激波相互作用的现象进行了实验研究．实验在９４ｍｍ×９４ｍｍ的方截面激波管中进行．在实验段上游安装了一个有限翼展平直机翼．当入射激波通过机翼后，波后２区气流在模型翼尖诱导出一条流向涡．入射激波在激波管端壁反射后，形成的反射激波在观察窗处和流向涡发生作用．实验中拍摄了激波与流向涡作用全过程的纹影照片，观察到了一些和定常激波与旋涡相互作用不同的现象，并与数值计算结果进行了初步比较     

多缝道复杂外形粘性绕流计算

使用雷诺平均NS方程、采用Johnson-King紊流模型、嵌套网格和有限体积法研究大迎角下的多缝道的多段翼型绕流。利用嵌合体技术对组合每一部分生成高质量并适于高效求解的贴体网格;将J－K模型发展应用于计算缝道流动以及具有边界层、尾迹流交汇的复杂流动。以具有17％相对厚度的GAW－1翼型带30％襟翼翼型及一个三段翼型为例进行了计算,计算结果与实验结果吻合很好,证实该方法可以较好地预示多段翼型上的粘性绕流、多缝道流动与最大升力。     

Porous aerofoil analysis using viscous-inviscid coupling at transonic speeds

Viscous-inviscid interaction is used to compute steady two-dimensional, transonic flows for solid and porous aerofoils. A full-potential code was coupled with both a laminar/transition/turbulent integral boundary-layer/turbulent wake code and the finite-difference boundary-layer code using the semi-inverse methods of Carter and Wigton. The coupling was performed using the transpiration coupling concept, thus allowing for analysis of porous aerofoils with passive physical transpiration. The computations confirm experimental findings that passive physical transpiration can lead to a lower drag coefficient and a higher lift coefficient, a weaker shock and elimination of shock-induced separation. Nevertheless, it is very important that the extent of the porous region and permeability factor distribution of the porous region are chosen carefully if these improvements are to be achieved.     

Transonic shock oscillations on NACA0012 aerofoil

The mechanism of the origin of shock oscillations on NACA0012 aerofoils is investigated using a moving grid thin layer Navier Stokes code. The method used to understand the mechanism is to initiate the shock oscillations on an aerofoil by moving the aerofoil from a regime of steady transonic flow into a regime of periodic flow by a change in airflow incidence. The results indicate that the shock induced bubble plays a leading role in the origin of shock oscillations and the trailing edge has an affect on its amplitude. Received 1 April 1997 / Accepted 1 December 1997     

钝头体高超声速绕流底部失稳特征数值模拟

利用数值模拟方法对高超声速钝锥及Apollo返回舱底部尾迹流场进行了研究, 分析尾迹流动的失稳过程. 对钝锥模型, 在M_∞=6, Re=1.71× 10⁶(Re以球头半径为参考长度)条件下观察到了底部流动的不稳定性. 不添加任何扰动, 数值模拟首先得到的流动是稳定解, 在底部发展出一个主分离区和一个二次分离区, 流动是轴对称状态. 继续进行计算, 发现二次分离线率先变形, 底部流场发展出非定常周期流动. 对Apollo返回舱模型, 在相同条件下 (Re以前面圆弧半径为参考长度), 数值模拟首先得到的流动同样是稳定解, 出现以二次分离线率先变形为起始的结构失稳, 演化出周期性过程, 但持续时间较短, 很快出现了非周期非对称状态. 研究表明, 高超声速钝锥及Apollo返回舱底部流场均存在不稳定性问题, Apollo返回舱的底部流场更加不稳定.     

NUMERICAL UNCERTAINTIES IN TRANSONIC FLOW CALCULATIONS FOR AEROFOILS WITH BLUNT TRAILING EDGES

Numerical uncertainties are quantified for calculations of transonic flow around a divergent trailing edge (DTE) supercritical aerofoil. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations are solved using a linearized block implicit solution procedure and mixing-length turbulence model. This procedure has reproduced measurements around supercritical aerofoils with blunt trailing edges that have shock, boundary layer and separated regions. The present effort quantifies numerical uncertainty in these calculations using grid convergence indices which are calculated from aerodynamic coefficients, shock location, dimensions of the recirculating region in the wake of the blunt trailing edge and distributions of surface pressure coefficients. The grid convergence index is almost uniform around the aerofoil, except in the shock region and at the point where turbulence transition was fixed. The grid convergence index indicates good convergence for lift but only fair convergence for moment and drag and also confirms that drag calculations are more sensitive to numerical error. © 1997 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.     

Calculation of separated flow around multi-element aerofoils using conformal mapping

A method is presented to calculate the low-speed incompressible separated flow around multi-element aerofoils. The geometries of multi-element aerofoils in the physical plane are completely arbitrary and are transformed into multiple circles in the computational plane by a conformal mapping technique. Jacob's model, which distributes sources on the separated surfaces of multi-element aerofoils to simulate the effects of separation, is adopted here. The position of the separated point and the pressure on the surfaces of multi-element aerofoils are calculated by iteratively coupling the potential flow and boundary layer. The effects of the boundary layer are simulated by modification of the boundary condition. All iterative procedures converge rapidly as a result of using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique.     

钝体高超声速三维分离流场特性数值研究

以双子星座简化外形为模型，通过有限差分法求解全Ｎ－Ｓ方程，数值研究了高超声速绕流中的三维分离流动特性。来流Ｍ＿∞＝７．０，Ｒｅ＿∞＝４．５×１０￣５，攻角范围为１０°－４０°。首先通过与实验油流照片的比较，证明了本文计算分离结构定性上的正确性。然后研究了不同攻角下背风面三维分离结构的变化，给出了柱段背风区常点型开式分离随攻角变化转变为整体闭式分离的过程，并从物理上分析了这种转变过程的合理性，认为不同分离形态在分离线起始点附近都有共同的压力条件，即垂直于分离线的逆压梯度，因此横向分离可以从常点型开式分离直接转化为闭式分离。     

掺氢比对甲烷-氧气爆轰特性的影响

含氢多组分燃料由于其优良的燃烧特性逐渐成为研究关注的重点。为了对掺氢燃料的爆轰特性作进一步的研究,设计了长3 000 mm、管径30 mm的圆柱形半封闭燃烧室,对不同初压下的CH₄-2O₂、6CH₄-H₂-12.5O₂、3CH₄-H₂-6.5O₂（掺氢比分别为0%、5.1%、9.5%）3种预混合气的爆轰特性进行了实验研究,并采用烟熏膜、离子探针和压力传感器分别探测胞格结构、火焰位置和内部压力。结果表明,甲烷/氧气掺氢后可以有效提高爆轰波的传播速度,且掺氢浓度越高,传播速度越快;同时,氢气的掺入可减少管道出口处的速度亏损并在初始压力较低时加速火焰和激波的耦合,降低胞格尺寸,提高爆轰敏感性。     

Orthogonal grid generation for Navier–Stokes computations

Body conforming orthogonal grids were generated using a fast hyperbolic method for aerofoils, and were used to solve the Navier–Stokes equation in the generalized orthogonal system for the first time for time accurate simulation of incompressible flow. For grid generation, the Beltrami equation and the definition equation for the orthogonality are solved using a finite difference method. The grids generated around aerofoils by this method have better orthogonality than the results published by earlier investigators. The Navier–Stokes equation at Reynolds numbers of 3000 and 35 000 for NACA 0012 and NACA 0015 respectively, have been solved as an application. The obtained results match quite well with the corresponding experimental results. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

前体涡发生器对轴对称高超声速进气道激波振荡流动的影响实验

激波振荡是高超声速进气道不起动过程中常见的流动现象,会显著降低进气道气流捕获与压缩效率、产生剧烈的非定常气动力载荷而危害飞行器安全. 从激波振荡的控制出发,实验研究了前体转捩带位置的涡发生器对轴对称高超声速进气道激波振荡流动的影响. 分别在起动和激波振荡两种进气道流态下,选择无、0.5 mm与1 mm高度涡发生器工况进行对比研究. 并采用高速纹影与壁面动态测压同步记录非定常流动特征. 结果表明,1 mm高度内的涡发生器对起动状态的进气道主流流场结构、壁面压强分布影响不显著. 但对于激波振荡流动,涡发生器会明显缩小外压缩面分离区运动范围,缩短振荡周期,提升振荡周期内壁面压强的时均值. 涡发生器的影响程度随其高度的增大而增强,其中振荡周期从无涡发生器的4 ms缩短到1 mm高度涡发生器的3.13 ms. 此外,0.5 mm高度涡发生器会使得进气道内部测点的压强振荡幅值整体下降,相比无涡发生器工况的下降幅度可达23%. 流场结构与壁面压强信号的分析表明,涡流发生器主要通过其产生的流向涡影响激波振荡流动,包含流向涡对下游边界层的扰动以及流向涡与分离区的相互干扰.      

PLIF thermometry in shock tunnel flows using a Raman-shifted tunable excimer laser

Planar laser-induced fluorescence is performed in a free-piston shock tunnel by using a Raman-shifted tunable excimer laser to excite nitric oxide molecules in the flow. Two different flowfields are examined to test the difficulties associated with applying the technique to shock tunnels: the bluff body flow produced by a 25 mm diameter cylinder; and the oblique shock and expansion fan produced by a 35° half-angle wedge. For the cylinder, the maximum flow enthalpy was limited to 4.1 MJ kg due to high flow luminosity which is produced by metallic contaminants in the flow. A reflective filter is used to reduce the influence of flow luminosity making these measurements feasible. Freestream temperature measurements are in excellent agreement with those predicted from numerical flow calculations. Large uncertainties were observed for the high-temperature post-shock results. Several higher enthalpy shots (14 MJ kg) were also performed with the wedge and showed an insignificant amount of contaminant emission. Received 5 June 1996 / Accepted 8 February 1998