激波作用不同椭圆氦气柱过程中流动混合研究

在激波与气柱相互作用问题中,压力与密度间断不平行产生的斜压涡量会引起流动的不稳定性,从而促进物质间的混合.本文基于双通量模型,结合五阶加权基本无振荡(WENO)格式,求解多组分二维Navier-Stokes方程,分析激波作用面积相同结构不同的椭圆气柱所致的流动和混合.数值结果清晰地显示了激波诱导Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性引起的气柱界面变形和波系演化.同时定量地从界面运动、界面结构参数变化(长度和高度)、气柱体积压缩率、环量及混合率等角度分析激波诱导的流动混合机制,研究椭圆几何构型对氦气混合过程的影响.结果表明,界面及相关参数的演化与气柱初始形状密切相关.当激波沿椭圆长轴作用于气柱时,气柱前端出现空气射流结构,且射流不断增长并渗透到下游界面,致使气柱分离成两个独立涡团,离心率越大,射流发展越快;同时激波作用气柱后在界面处产生不规则反射现象.圆形气柱界面演化与这种作用情形类似.当激波沿椭圆短轴作用于气柱时,界面上游出现类平面结构,随后平面上下缘处产生涡旋,主导流动发展,激波在界面作用产生规则反射,离心率越大,这些现象越明显.界面高度、长度、体积压缩率也因此有所差异.对界面演化、环量和混合率的综合分析表明,激波沿长轴作用于气柱且离心率较大时,流动发展较快,不稳定性导致的流动越复杂,越有利于氦气与环境介质的混合.     

双层介质球体所受光作用力的分析与计算

计算了双层介质球体的光作用力.结果表明,双层结构内外层相对折秧经和相对厚度的变化都将影响光作用力的大小.特别是当内层折射率大于外层折射率时,减小内层半径可得到一较小区域,在此区域光镊系统刚度将得到有效提高,可实现对双层介质球体的稳定束缚;而当内层折射率小于外层折射率时,随内层半径的减小,介质小球可能有两个稳定平衡点出现.     

磁控条件下激波冲击三角形气柱过程的数值研究

本文基于磁流体动力学方程组,在保证磁场散度为零的条件下,采用CTU+CT（corner transport upwind+constrained transport）算法,对有无磁场控制下激波与重质或轻质三角形气柱相互作用过程进行数值研究.结果表明：无论有无磁场,两气柱在激波冲击下均具有完全不同的波系结构和射流现象.其中,入射激波与重气柱发生常规折射,形成介质射流,而与轻气柱作用则发生非常规折射,形成反相空气射流.无磁场时,气柱在激波冲击下,产生Richtmyer-Meshkov和Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性,界面出现次级涡序列,重气柱上下角卷起形成主涡对,轻气柱空气射流穿过下游界面后形成偶极子涡.施加横向磁场后,次级涡序列、主涡对以及偶极子涡均消失.进一步研究表明,在磁场作用下,洛伦兹力将不稳定性诱导产生的涡量向界面两侧的Alfvén波上输运,减少界面涡量沉积,抑制界面卷起失稳.最终,涡量沿界面两侧形成相互远离的涡层,界面不稳定性得到控制.此外,定量分析表明磁场能加快两气柱上游界面的运动,抑制下游界面的运动,且对轻气柱的控制效果更好.     

不同磁场构型下Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性的数值研究及动态模态分解

基于磁流体动力学,本文通过数值模拟对不同磁场构型下轻质气柱界面Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性的演化过程进行了研究.结果显示:磁场对波系演化影响甚微,但能抑制界面不稳定性发展,且横向磁场抑制效果更好.无磁场时,界面形成涡串, SF_6射流穿过下游界面;有磁场时,界面光滑无涡串.其中,横向磁场下界面更光滑, SF_6射流不再穿过界面.此外,由于Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性的作用,磁力线在气柱界面发生扭曲,且上游界面处磁力线扭曲程度更大,产生强洛伦兹力,使涡量分层明显;下游界面处,纵向磁场产生的洛伦兹力较横向磁场更小,涡层之间相互干扰.最后,本文将动态模态分解用于界面不稳定性研究,发现:磁场作用下界面仍存在小涡,且纵向磁场下扰动更多.第一模态的稳定涡结构能反映主要流场信息,第二到第四模态下的小涡频率依次增加,且无磁场、纵向和横向磁场的同一模态下,小涡频率依次减小.因而磁场能抑制小涡频率,且横向磁场抑制效果更好.     

双椭圆界面Richtmyer-Meshkov流动中的相互干扰效应

实验研究了在马赫数为1.18的平面激波冲击作用下,双椭圆界面RichtmyerMeshkov不稳定性演化的动力学过程。椭圆短轴b与入射激波方向垂直,通过改变双椭圆的中心间距d,采用片光高速摄影和PIV(粒子图像测速)技术,观测了4种不同情形的演化模态,获得了界面演化多幅像和700μs时刻的速度场,分析了双椭圆气柱之间的相互干扰效应。当d/b为4.0或3.0时,相互干扰效应较弱,双椭圆气柱演化为两个反向旋转的对涡,速度极大值接近30m/s,出现在2个位置,速度最小值几乎为零,出现在4个位置。当d/b为2.0或1.2时,相互干扰效应很强,两个内涡完全消失,双椭圆气柱演化为一个反向旋转的涡对结构,速度极大值出现在4个位置,速度极小值出现在两个位置。d/b=2.0时,界面演化图像与圆形气柱演化过程类似。相比d/b=2.0的情形,d/b=1.2时产生更大的斜压涡量,界面演化发展更快,后期出现二次涡现象和分叉结构,整体结构类似于单椭圆气柱演化过程。当d/b在2.0~3.0之间变化时,存在一个是否形成两个内涡的非线性临界值。针对双气柱界面演化明显的内涡弱化现象,分析了4种可能的机制。     

双层丝阵Z箍缩电流分配实验研究

负载内外层电流分配是决定双层丝阵Z箍缩内爆动力学模式的关键因素. 在"强光一号"装置上, 利用微型磁探针系统定量测量了双层钨丝阵三个重要径向位置点的电流, 获得了其在驱动电流开始上升至驱动电流达到峰值之前20ns这一阶段内的时间演化行为. 实验使用的双层钨丝阵负载高度为20mm、单丝直径为3.8μm、内/外层丝阵直径分别为8mm/16mm. 对比了内/外层丝根数分别为42/21和21/42时电流分配的差异. 结果表明: 驱动电流上升过程中, 内外层丝阵的电流均逐步增大, 外层丝阵电流份额逐渐减小, 而内层丝阵电流份额逐渐增大; 内层丝阵最大电流份额未超过50%; 内/外层丝根数为21/42的负载外层电流较大. 关键词： Z箍缩 双层丝阵 电流分配     

Cu偏析诱导Co团簇结构及性质异常的动力学模拟

采用分子动力学结合镶嵌原子势方法,模拟研究了Cu原子分别分布于基体Co团簇内层和表面构成Cu-Co合金团簇的结构和热力学性质,研究表明,相同数目的 Cu原子掺杂到基体中因掺杂层的不同,会诱导内层Co团簇和外层Co团簇结构、能量及熔点表现出巨大差异;Cu原子在团簇各层掺杂位置的差异,会导致原子向低能态位置偏移,但相对移动后后续原子的补位,使团簇结构随温度呈相对无扩散度相变;Cu原子由内层向表面偏析是内层Co团簇与相同原子数比例的外层Co团簇熔点产生巨大差异的主要原因.     

双层钨丝阵的软X射线辐射参数

在俄罗斯新能源研究所的Angara-5-1装置上对双层钨丝阵的辐射参数进行了实验研究,将不同结构的双层钨丝阵的实验结果及双层钨丝阵与单层钨丝阵的实验结果进行了比较.根据理论模拟提出的4种双层丝阵内爆动力学模式对3次中俄联合实验双层丝阵辐射功率结果进行了分析.双层丝阵的外层与内层同步内爆后,内层相对均匀等离子的分布将有效...     

纵向磁场抑制Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性机理

基于理想磁流体动力学方程组,采用CTU (corner transport upwind)+CT (constrained transport)算法,数值研究了磁场控制下R22气柱界面Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性的演化过程.结果描述了平面激波冲击气柱界面过程中激波结构和界面不稳定性的发展;无磁场时,流场结构与Haas和Sturtevant (Hass J F,Sturtevant B 1987 J. Fluid Mech. 181 41)的实验结果相符;施加纵向磁场后,激波结构的演化基本无影响,但明显抑制了气柱界面的不稳定性.进一步研究表明,激波与界面的作用,使磁感线在界面上发生折射,改变流场的磁场梯度,在内外涡量层上形成磁张力.磁张力的形成,对界面流体产生一个与速度剪切相反的力矩,抑制了界面的失稳及主涡的卷起.另外,磁张力沿界面分布的不均匀,改变磁感线在界面上的聚集程度,放大磁能量,最终增强磁场对气柱界面不稳定性的抑制作用.     

在轴高斯波束入射无限长多层圆柱散射的德拜级数解

不均匀柱形粒子的光散射特性研究对复杂结构粒子参量的反演具有重要意义。基于德拜理论,对在轴高斯波束垂直入射无限长多层圆柱的散射特性进行了讨论。获得了散射系数的德拜级数展开式;并利用该公式分别计算了均匀和双层圆柱的总散射强度角分布,德拜级数单阶散射强度角分布;总散射强度结果与广义米氏理论(GLMT)进行了比较,两者吻合很好。分析表明圆柱散射强度不同散射角区间的值来自德拜级数不同阶的散射强度贡献;双层圆柱各层半径和折射率的值对德拜级数二阶散射强度角分布中峰值的出现起决定作用。当双层圆柱的外层较薄时,在120°~150°之间会出现两个明显峰值,即出现双重一阶彩虹峰值;反之,当外层厚度大于内层时,只有一个峰值存在。     

基于螺旋线的紧凑型高压纳秒脉冲发生器

提出了一种结合高耦合Tesla变压器和螺旋形成线(FL)的紧凑型高压纳秒脉冲发生器,由内置Tesla变压器充电的螺旋FL包含外屏蔽筒、螺旋中筒和内导体筒,内外筒的两端均短路连接,螺旋中筒的一端开路,另一端穿过内外筒短路端面并与主开关电极连接。该结构简单紧凑、易于实现,输出脉冲前沿快、平顶好。给出了一组10 GW功率、百ns脉宽的FL设计,采用Midel 7131合成酯绝缘介质,FL外筒内径0.88 m,长度2 m。     

弱激波冲击无膜重气柱和气帘界面的实验研究

研制了一个改进的激波管设备,对马赫数为1.2的弱激波冲击作用下空气中SF6气柱和气帘界面的演变过程进行了初步的实验研究。通过设计激波管实验段、烟雾发生器、气体箱、进气吸气系统和激波管尾段,控制混合气体中SF6的峰值浓度和初始气流速度,建立了稳定、可重复的无膜气柱和气帘初始界面形成技术。利用高速摄影技术,在水平面内观测了气柱和气帘的初始界面图像,沿垂直方向观测了界面RM(Richtmyer-Meshkov)不稳定性的演变过程。气柱演变图像显示了典型的对涡结构,气帘演变图像显示了早期的多蘑菇形结构和后期的相邻波长干扰效应。图像后处理表明,气柱的高度和宽度、气帘的宽度均随时间单调增加,且宽度比高度增加快得多。从二维涡量动力学方程出发,对图像中涡的演变过程进行了初步解释。     

On the stability of superfluid helium between rotating concentric cylinders

The stability of the flow of pure superfluid helium between two rotating concentric cylinders is considered. In contrast to the case of classical rotating Couette flow we find that non-axisymmetric disturbances are more important than axisymmetric disturbances. We also find that linear instability can occur when the outer cylinder rotates and the inner cylinder is at rest, a situation which is linearly stable in the classical fluid case.     

Moment and forces exerted on the inner cylinder in eccentric annular flow

This paper presents results of numerical modeling for analysis of the moment and forces exerted on an eccentrically positioned rotating inner cylinder due to the annular flow between two cylinders with parallel axes. Laminar stationary fully developed flows of Newtonian and power law fluid flows are considered. An impact of annulus geometry, flow regime, and fluid characteristics are studied. The study indicates that the moment exerted on the inner cylinder increases monotonically with the eccentricity. Forces acting on the inner cylinder include pressure and viscous friction. The pressure forces provide a predominant contribution. When eccentricity does not exceed a certain critical value, the radial force pushes the inner cylinder to the channel wall. When eccentricity is large enough, the radial force reverses its sign, and the inner cylinder is pushed away from the outer wall. Circumferential component of the force has always the same direction and induces precession of the inner cylinder.     

Free surface flow between two horizontal concentric cylinders

Results are reported on a combined experimental and numerical investigation of a free surface flow at small Reynolds numbers. The flow is driven by the rotation of the inner of two horizontal concentric cylinders, with an inner to outer radius ratio of 0.43. The outer cylinder is stationary. The annular gap is partially filled, from 0.5 to 0.95 full, with a viscous liquid leaving a free surface. When the fraction of the annular volume filled by liquid is 0.5, a thin liquid film covers the rotating inner cylinder and reenters the liquid pool. For relatively low rotation speeds, the evolution of the film thickness is consistent with the theory for a plate being withdrawn from an infinite liquid pool. The overall liquid flow pattern at this condition consists of two counter-rotating cells: one is around the inner cylinder and the other with weaker circulation rate is in the bottom part of the annulus and nearly symmetric about the vertical axis. With increasing rotation rate, the free surface becomes more deformed, and the dynamics of the stagnation line and the cusp line dividing the cells are tracked as quantitative measures of the interface shape. In addition, the recirculating flow cells lose symmetry and the cusp deforms the free surface severely. A comparison of numerically computed flow which describes the interface by a phase-field method confirms the dynamics of the two cells and the interface deformation. For filling fraction 0.75, the liquid level is slightly above the inner cylinder and a significant decrease in size of the bottom cell with increasing rotation rate is found. For filling fractions approaching unity, the liquid flow consists of one single cell and the surface deformation remains small.     

Wave propagation in axially polarized piezoelectric hollow cylinders of sector cross section

In this paper, the problem of electroelastic waves propagating in piezoelectric hollow cylinders of sector cross section is studied for the case when the boundary surfaces of sector cut are covered by non-extensible membranes. The three-dimensional linear equations of motion for the piezoelectric cylinder are analytically integrated and different boundary conditions on the cylindrical surfaces yield frequency equations, which relate the frequencies of elastic waves to their wavenumbers. Numerical results for waveguides with various boundary conditions are presented to illustrate the approach. Analysis of the dispersion spectra is carried out, and cutoff frequencies are obtained and characterized; mode asymptotic behavior and amplitude distributions of wave characteristics are analyzed. The main effects of their transformation by variation of the angular measure and the ratio of inner and outer radii are discussed. The results obtained are in good agreement with the results for the special case of a hollow semicircular cylinder.     

Neutron flux distribution on the wall of toroidal controlled thermonuclear reactor devices with elongated cross section

The neutron flux distribution on the wall of a toroidal CTR device with strongly elongated cross section is calculated. On the inner and outer cylindrical walls (belt-pinch device) the flux distribution has a plateau region with a half-width equal to about the height of the plasma. The maximum flux is found on the outer cylinder and in the symmetry plane (z ₀=0). The neutron flux asymmetry and reductionη of the mean wall loading are determined. For standard data anη of 57% is computed. This is mainly due to the flux profiles on the cylindrical walls and does not depend sensitively on the toroidal curvature. For standard parameters the inner cylinder absorbs 22.6%, the outer cylinder 68.6% and the end plates together 8.8% of the total neutron emission. The corresponding values for a straight device with the same coil and plasma cross section are 44%, 44% and 12%. A reduction of toroidal curvature diminishes flux asymmetry between the inner and outer cylinders. The maximum flux and minimumη-value are obtained at a large torus radius equal to two times the coil width. For small aspect ratios (R _t W0.5) the neutron flux through the inner cylinder becomes so small that its interior may be filled with a material other than a blanket material, e.g. with an iron core.     

基于浸入边界-多松弛时间格子玻尔兹曼通量求解法的流固耦合算法研究

针对流固耦合问题,发展了基于浸入边界-多松弛时间格子玻尔兹曼通量求解法(immersed boundary method multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann flux solver,IB-MRT-LBFS)的弱耦合算法.依据多尺度Chapman-Enskog展开,建立不可压宏观方程状态变量和通量与格子玻尔兹曼方程中粒子密度分布函数之间的关系;采用强制浸入边界法处理流固界面使固壁表面满足无滑移边界条件,根据修正的速度求解动量方程力源项;结构运动方程采用四阶龙格-库塔法求解.格子模型与浸入边界法的引入使流固耦合计算可以在笛卡尔网格下进行,无需生成贴体网格及运用动网格技术,简化了计算过程.数值模拟了单圆柱横向涡激振动、单圆柱及串列双圆柱双自由度涡激振动问题.结果表明,IB-MRT-LBFS能够准确预测圆柱涡激振动的锁定区间、振动响应、受力情况以及捕捉尾流场结构形态,验证了该算法在求解流固耦合问题的有效性和可行性.