Alteration in photosystem II photochemistry of thylakoids isolated from senescing leaves of wheat seedlings

Wheat seedlings, grown for 7 days in the light, were allowed to senesce in the light or dark, and the change in the photosystem II (PS II) photochemistry of chloroplasts isolated from the primary leaves of these seedlings was investigated. The decrease in oxygen evolution and the fast fluorescence results indicated that the impairment of PS II in the leaves of seedlings senescing in the light was different from that in the leaves of seedlings senescing in the dark. Thermoluminescence studies showed a structural modification in the Q_B protein of chloroplasts isolated from leaves senescing in the light and an alteration in the S state transition of chloroplasts isolated from leaves senescing in the dark.     

Analytical strategies to determine antibiotic residues in fish

The accelerated growth of aquaculture has resulted in a series of harmful effects to human health. The widespread and unrestricted use of antibiotics in this industry, to prevent bacterial infections, leads to remaining amounts in the aquatic environment. This has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture environments, in the increase in antibiotic resistance in fish pathogens as well as in the transfer of these resistance determinants to human pathogens. Moreover, the use of large amounts of antibiotics may lead to the presence of residual antibiotics in fish tissue and fish products. Fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, penicillins, sulphonamides and other antibiotics, exhibiting activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, are widely used for the treatment and prevention of diseases in fish. An extended and comprehensive review on the recent analytical methodologies concerning antibiotic residues in fish reported in the literature is provided in the present article. Emphasis is given on sample preparation regarding isolation and purification, chromatographic conditions and method validation according to legislation. Results of published assays are comparatively presented and criticised.     

Effect of the displacement reaction on the composition of the magnetic layer in electrodeposited layered nanostructures Co-Cu/Cu and Ni-Cu/Cu

Methods of stripping voltammetry, quartz microgravimetry, and x-ray-fluorescence analysis are employed to explore the copper displacement process on thin electrodeposited layers of pure cobalt and nickel and on deposits of these metals with inclusions of copper. The displacement reaction proceeds at a considerable rate on cobalt in the sulfate and sulfosalicylate solutions and virtually does not proceed on nickel in both the sulfate or sulfate-chloride solutions. An estimate of the rate of the copper displacement reaction following a change in the concentration of copper ions in the solution and in the pH of the sulfosalicylate solution is given. A decrease in the contact exchange rate is facilitated by a decrease in the concentration of copper ions in solution and their participation in the formation of complexes.     

ESR方法检测竹红菌素的半醌负离子自由基

从顺磁共振波谱检测到通过竹红菌素的光诱导还原和基态竹红菌素跟脂肪胺的电子转移两条途径所得到的自由基信号, 并由电化学还原得到同一自由基, 确认它为半醌负离子自由基。竹红菌素溶液中加入芳香胺观察不到ESR信号。它的3,10位上与醌基相邻近的羟基离解以后, 无论在基态还是在激发态都观察不到ESR信号。此外, 还从吸收光谱观察到半醌负离子自由基吸收以及竹红菌素跟脂肪胺之间的相互作用。     

Changes in density and surface tension of water in silica pores

 The density and surface tension of water in small pores of silicas have been investigated. These physical properties of water in the pores were calculated from a comparison of pore volumes and pore radii which were estimated from adsorption and desorption isotherms of nitrogen and water. Below a pore radius of about 5 nm both the density and the surface tension of water in the pores were smaller than those of the bulk liquid and decreased with a decrease in pore size. The density of water in the pores decreased with an increase in the concentration of surface hydroxyl groups. Similarly the surface tension of water in the pores is influenced by the surface hydroxyl groups. Anomalous changes in the density and surface tension of the water in the pores are attributed to the interaction of water molecules with surface hydroxyl groups and hydrogen-bond formation among water molecules. Received: 20 April 1999 Accepted in revised form: 17 November 1999     

The Behavior of Trivalent and Pentavalent Methylarsenicals in Lake Biwa

Seasonal changes in the distribution of arsenic species were observed in a dredged area in the southern basin of Lake Biwa, Japan. The concentrations of dimethylarsenic acid [DMAA(V)] became comparable with those of inorganic forms during a stratification period. DMAA(V) increased not only in the photic zone but also in the hypolimnion. In the photic zone, an increase in DMAA(V) was observed with the yearly maximum of water temperature. In the hypolimnion, the seasonal changes in methylarsenicals differed from those in surface waters. DMAA(V) maxima appeared seasonally under sub-anoxic conditions and developed regionally at the redox boundary and above the sediment surface. The DMAA(V) concentrations increased in the initial period of oxygen depletion and just after the disappearance of anoxia, while they diminished in the anoxic hypolimnion by midsummer. The seasonal behavior of trivalent methylarsenicals, which are readily oxidized in oxic environments, was similar to that of DMAA(V). The total arsenic concentration in the surface layer rose to a maximum in late summer. Methylarsenicals did not increase in such a way that the total arsenic concentration increased during summer. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of sequence repeats of proteins in the PDB

Internal repeats in protein sequences play a significant role in the evolution of protein structure and function. Applications of different bioinformatics tools help in the identification and characterization of these repeats. In the present study, we analyzed sequence repeats in a non-redundant set of proteins available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). We used RADAR for detecting internal repeats in a protein, PDBeFOLD for assessing structural similarity, PDBsum for finding functional involvement and Pfam for domain assignment of the repeats in a protein. Through the analysis of sequence repeats, we found that identity of the sequence repeats falls in the range of 20–40% and, the superimposed structures of the most of the sequence repeats maintain similar overall folding. Analysis sequence repeats at the functional level reveals that most of the sequence repeats are involved in the function of the protein through functionally involved residues in the repeat regions. We also found that sequence repeats in single and two domain proteins often contained conserved sequence motifs for the function of the domain.     

汽油铅与血铅的关系

论述了汽油铅对人体血铅水平的影响，主要内容包括：血铅水平与大气铅水平的关系，大气铅水平与加铅汽油耗量的关系，汽油铅耗量与居民血铅水平的关系。     

The Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy on SIRT1, SIRT3 and SIRT6 Expression in HIV-Infected Patients

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and the chronic use of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) may affect the occurrence of certain disturbances in the body. There is growing interest in sirtuins–enzymes involved in the regulation of many metabolic processes in the organism and in the pathogenesis of many diseases which also exhibit potential antiviral activity. The aim of the study was to investigate the connection of cART to the expression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) and Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) in HIV-infected men. The plasma levels of sirtuins were measured before and one year after cART, and related to HIV viral load, lymphocytes T CD4+ and CD8+ count as well as the applied cART. The levels of sirtuins in plasma were measured in HIV-infected patients (n = 53) and the control group (n = 35) by immunoassay methods. There were statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences between SIRT6 in the HIV-infected patients before therapy and in the subgroups, depending on the count of lymphocytes T CD8+. There were significant differences in the levels of SIRT1 depending on the applied treatment regimen. The obtained results indicate the most significant changes in the expression of SIRT6 in the course of HIV infection and suggest an influence of the type of cART on the level of SIRT1, which indicates its important role in the course of HIV.     

LD-2复合缓蚀剂对海水介质混凝土中钢筋阻锈作用研究

利用电化学检测技术和海水浸泡试验等方法 ,观测和研究了经筛选研制的LD_2复合缓蚀剂对海水介质中钢筋腐蚀电化学行为的影响 ,考察和评价了复合缓蚀剂对钢筋的阻锈作用 .结果表明 ,LD_2复合缓蚀剂主要起阳极型缓蚀剂作用 .在海水中加入 2 5 g·L- 1复合缓蚀剂后 ,钢筋的腐蚀电位提高约 0 .2 2 0V ,腐蚀电流降低至未加缓蚀剂的 1% ,缓蚀效率达 99% .钢筋混凝土试样在海水中浸泡 2年 ,表明混凝土中加入占水泥重量 1.0 %～ 2 .5 %LD_2复合缓蚀剂时 ,能有效阻止混凝土中钢筋的腐蚀     

Phosphaalkynes—Syntheses,Reactions, Coordination Behavior [New Synthetic Methods (73)]

Organophosphorus compounds have been applied in two ways in chemical synthesis. They can either be used as a reagent in a step of the synthesis (for example, in the Wittig reaction) or they can be incorporated directly into the target molecule. This second application, in particular, has expanded greatly in the last few years with the preparation of low-coordination phosphorus compounds. These include the phosphaalkynes, which are of great interest to organic and inorganic chemists. Phosphaalkynes have been employed in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds, phosphaarenes and their valence isomers, and polycyclic compounds. Further applications have been the use of phosphaalkynes as new ligand systems in complex chemistry and their cyclooligomerization with organometallic reagents. While the chemical properties of phosphaalkynes have little in common with those of nitriles, they are in many ways very similar to those of the isoelectronic acetylenes.     

沱江流域Pb、Cd的环境污染化学行为研究

对沱江流域金堂、简阳、内江三地河流沉积物中重金属Pb和Cd含量及其时空分布特征进行了研究,并结合与沉积物中Fe、Mn和LOI等参数的相关性对河流沉积物中Pb和Cd地球化学性质进行了初步的分析和讨论。结果表明,沱江三地沉积物中Cd、Pb含量不高,平均含量按上、中、下游次序逐渐降低;从垂向分布行为看,Cd在上游金堂地区上部含量高于下部,而中、下游两地则相反,而Pb均随着深度的增加而减少,反映了近年来人类活动所产生Pb污染的加剧;TOC、沉积物性状和上覆水体中的物化性质对于其垂向分布有着较大影响。对于深入揭示水环境中重金属的环境地球化学循环有着重要的指导意义。     

Methylation of arsenic trioxide in hamsters with liver damage induced by long-term administration of carbon tetrachloride

One-time oral administration of arsenic trioxide to hamsters with toxic liver cirrhosis induced by longterm exposure to carbon tetrachloride resulted in significant elevations of the concentrations of dimethylarsenic species in the liver and in blood, and in high urinary excretions of dimethylarsenic species. These concentration changes in the liver, blood and urine indicated that the methylation of inorganic arsenic was not inhibited but promoted in hamsters suffering from experimentally induced toxic liver cirrhosis. Cirrhotic hamsters also had increased urinary excretion of inorganic arsenic. Results of the determinations of S-adenosylmethionine in the livers suggested that this compound may accelerate the methylation of inorganic arsenic in the cirrhotic liver.     

Topical Problems in Elemental Analysis of Advanced Ceramic Materials

Selected prominent problems in the analysis of advanced ceramic materials are surveyed. The importance of reliability of results is discussed in the field of elemental trace- and microanalysis in view of its interaction with economy, power of detection, local resolution and speciation selectivity. Particular problems in the analysis of major constituents, trace components and microlocal distributions are based on the striking propertics of ceramics; they are exemplified. Analytical assistance must start from the beginning of the production processing, in the preparation of the powdered base materials. Determination of the stoichiometry requires high accuracy and differentiation of chemical species in bulk and surface analysis of ceramic base powders. Element trace determination by direct instrumental methods requires standard reference materials for calibration; these are currently inavailable in a sufficient variety. For optimum reliability and power of detection, element traces must be prepared in isolated form in a small excitation volume for analysis. A review on the state-of-the-art of wet-chemical combined procedures is presented. Decomposition position procedures are emphasized, due to their risk of contributing severe systematic error. Combustion in elementary fluorine is presented for decomposition of refractory materials. The performance of some direct procedures is discussed. Very efficient methods are available for element trace determinations in ceramic materials, offering high detection power. Several approaches for high-resolution local microanalysis in non-conductive ceramic materials are identified as the most promising development in the analysis of sintered compact ceramic products and devices.     

The transport properties of polyimide isomers containing hexafluoroisopropylidene in the diamine residue

The effect of modification of the central moiety of the dianhydride residue and isomerism on the gas transport and physical properties were compared for six polyimides containing the hexafluoroisopropylidene group in the diamine residue. Substitution of bulkier groups within the dianhydride residue resulted in disruption of chain packing and slight increases in resistance to chain motions which led to an increase in permeability with little loss in selectivity. The permeabilities and diffusivities in the meta connected polyimide isomers were considerably lower than in the para connected polyimide isomers. Similarly, the permselectivities in the meta connected isomers were consistently higher than in the para connected isomers. These lower permeabilities and higher permselectivities were a result of the more dense packing and a significant suppression of small scale motions in the meta connected isomers. The suppression of segmental mobility in the meta connected isomers was indicated by an increase in the sub Tg transition temperatures in these materials relative to the para connected isomers. The differences in transport properties for these polyimides were attributed to contributions by several factors, including: (1) total free volume (2) distribution of free volume (3) intersegmental resistance to chain motions, and (4) intrasegmental resistance to chain motions. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

壳聚糖及其在分析化学中的应用

综述了壳聚糖、甲壳素在污水处理、电化学、原子吸收光谱、高效液相色谱、吸光光度法中的应用。引用文献28篇。     

Radial structure and property relationship in the thermal stabilization of PAN precursor fibres

Here we report on the role of oxygen in the evolution of radial heterogeneity in the fibre structure and properties of PAN fibres stabilized in air and vacuum at different temperatures. Modulus mapping by Nano-indentation showed heterogeneous modulus distribution in the fibres treated in air, while no variation in modulus was observed in fibres processed in vacuum. Raman spectroscopy and elemental analysis revealed that the temperature dependent oxygen diffusion from skin to core of the fibres assisted in the evolution of higher extent of sp²-hybridized carbons in the skin compared to core of the air treated samples. Conversely, no radial structure variations were observed in the vacuum treated fibres. Higher modulus in the skin of air-treated fibres was due to the formation of compact structures which was associated with the enhanced intermolecular interactions facilitated by the formation of C=C bonds within the polymer backbone, promoted by oxidative-dehydrogenation reaction. Supporting these observations, the fracture morphology examined by SEM showed a brittle fracture in the skin and ductile fracture in the core.     

中性溶质在反相毛细管电色谱中的保留行为

分别在以甲醇、乙腈、异丙醇和四氢呋喃为有机改性剂的４种二元流动相体系中对中性溶质在反相毛细管电色谱中的保留行为进行了研究。不仅考察了有机改性剂的种类和浓度对电渗淌度的影响,而且建立了溶质容量因子与有机改性剂在流动相中体积分数间的定量关系,此外还对样品在反相毛细管电色谱和反相毛细管高效液相色谱中的保留行为进行了比较,发现中性溶质在这两种分离模式中的容量因子基本相同。     

乙二醇的分子间氢键结构动力学的飞秒非线性红外光谱

利用稳态线性红外光谱和飞秒泵浦-探测红外光谱技术, 研究了在乙腈(MeCN)、丙酮(AC)、四氢呋喃(THF)和二甲基亚砜(DMSO)溶剂中乙二醇(EG)的结构和羟基(―OH)伸缩振动动力学. 结果表明, 乙二醇的―OH伸缩振动的频率位置、峰宽以及振动弛豫动力学都表现出强烈的溶剂依赖性. 乙二醇溶液中至少存在两种形式的分子间氢键, 一种是溶质-溶剂团簇的分子间氢键, 另一种是溶质-溶质团簇的分子间氢键. 量子化学计算预测的―OH伸缩振动频率的溶剂依赖性与我们的红外光谱实验观测结果一致. 进一步, 我们发现在乙腈中参与形成溶质-溶剂团簇氢键的乙二醇―OH伸缩振动具有最慢的弛豫动力学, 丙酮和四氢呋喃次之, 而最快的弛豫动力学过程发生在二甲基亚砜中. 在每一溶剂条件下, 乙二醇/乙二醇溶质团簇中―OH伸缩振动弛豫都更快一些. 本文结果有助于认识在溶质-溶质、溶质-溶剂分子团簇共存的体系中不同分子间氢键的结构动力学特性.     

The effect of the components of the PdCl2/Fe/I2/Py catalytic system on nitrobenzene carbonylation to ethyl N-phenylcarbamate

The PdCl₂/Fe/I₂/Py catalytic system (Py-pyridine), reported to be highly active in the reaction of nitrobenzene carbonylation to ethyl phenylcarbamate was studied. The present paper describes the role of catalyst components and its effect on the activity and selectivity of the catalyst. The increase in the amount of PdCl₂ in the system while retaining a constant level of the other catalyst components, results in the increase of both carbamate and aniline yields. The increase in the amount of iron while retaining the other components constant, initially causes an increase in the carbamate yield; however, at Fe: Pd ratios higher than 36, the carbamate yield remains constant. The change in the amount of iron has no effect on the amount of aniline formed in the system. An increase in the amount of iodine in the system while retaining the other components constant, results in a decrease in carbamate yield and a considerable increase in the aniline yield of the reaction products.