N-亚硝基化合物与癌

人类癌症约有60～90％是受环境影响而产生,其中90％又与化学物质有关,因此化学致癌物是环境中主要致癌因子。N-亚硝基化合物是化学致癌物中比较普通和重要的一种,它经前体物硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和胺,并通过食物和水在体内合成。常食新鲜蔬菜和水果,少食腌熏食品和含有硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的肉制品,限制硝酸盐和亚硝盐的摄入量,对预防肿瘤的发生极为重要。     

系统思维指导下绿色化学教育的目标与实施策略

近20年来,化学教育工作者已充分认识到实施绿色化学教育对化学学科发展的重要性。系统思维被证明是促进可持续发展的重要思维模式。概述了绿色化学教育的发展和系统思维的基本特征,阐明了绿色化学教育的基本原则和主要内容,提出了以系统思维为指导,实施绿色化学教育的相关策略,为系统思维在化学教育领域的广泛实施,以及有效开展绿色化学教育提供有力的支撑。     

绿色化学实验

绿色化学实验的研究和设计将实现对环境没有或只有很少负作用的理想与目标 ,微型实验、小量 -半微量实验、微波化学实验和计算机辅助的绿色化学实验设计是实现这一目标的一些可能途径。     

绿色化学实验

绿色化学实验的研究和设计将实现对环境没有或只有很少负作用的理想与目标,微型实验、小量-半微量实验、微波化学实验和计算机辅助的绿色化学实验设计是实现这一目标的一些可能途径.     

绿色合成：一个逐步形成的学科前沿

绿色合成是有机合成化学面向新世纪的学科前沿。本文探讨绿色合成的目标及实现这一目标的一些可能途径。     

绿色化学原则在发展*

从源头上减少或消除化学污染是绿色化学的理想,而绿色化学原则是对绿色化学内涵的最好诠释。自Anastas等人在1998年提出12条绿色化学原则以来,Anastas本人和Winterton又从技术、经济和商业等角度出发,分别提出了另12条绿色化学补充原则。但这些原则中缺乏清晰地反映与环境影响高度相关的概念,绿色工程的概念和绿色工程原则由此应运而生。Tang等人随后将Anastas等人提出的绿色化学原则和绿色工程原则简化为“IMPROVEMENTS PRODUCTIVELY”中字母表示的24条原则,以便于记忆、交流和推广。然而,上述原则主要是直觉和常识的结晶,难以清晰地反映绿色化学的目标和相关研究领域的内在联系。预计,从绿色的认定,原子经济性和有效质量收率等的兼顾,生命周期评价数据的采集,催化剂的性质及其反应、分离和循环使用的一体化以及绿色程度评价指标和评价方法的优化与平衡等几方面发展和凝炼绿色化学原则将是长期的研究课题。     

绿色化学实验

绿色化学实验的研究和设计将实现对环境没有或只有很少负作用的理想与目标，微型实验、小量－半微量实验、微波化学实验和计算机辅助的绿色化学实验设计是实现这一目标的一些可能途径。     

电催化4-喹诺酮和二烃基二硒醚的交叉脱氢偶联反应

发展环境污染少的可持续绿色合成反应是绿色化学的主要目标之一.均相反应是制备高附加值化学品的重要方法,但是该类反应普遍存在催化剂和有机溶剂不易回收利用、产品分离纯化成本高、污染重的问题.发展兼具催化剂和溶剂易循环使用及产品易分离纯化的高附加值化学品的绿色制备方法具有重要的研究意义.4-喹诺酮是一类重要的氮杂环化合物,广泛...     

绿色化学─—对环境更友善的化学

本文首次系统地介绍了一个有关化学和环境今后革命性变化的新概念──绿色化学,包括绿色化学的诞生、主要内容、目标等。     

绿色化学理念在高分子化学实验教学中的渗透

绿色化学是促进人类与自然和谐发展的化学,培养绿色化学意识是实现社会可持续发展的基本要求。高分子化学实验是高等院校高分子材料专业或材料化学高分子方向本科生开设的一门必修课,对学生进行绿色化学教育具有非常有利的条件。文章分析了在高分子化学实验课程中开展绿色化学教育的必要性与可行性;介绍了高分子化学实验教学中开展绿色化学教育的具体措施。通过绿色化学理念在高分子化学实验教学中渗透,在提高学生动手能力的同时,又增强了学生的绿色化学意识。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。