Superstring-inspired models

We discuss the structure of low-energy groups arising from compactified models based on the heterotic string. Particular regard is paid to the possibility of intermediate scale breaking which may change the low-energy gauge structure and may naturally lead to doublet-triplet splitting and the suppression of proton decay. We present an illustrative example of such a model with a low energy gauge group structure SU₃^c × SU₂^L × SU₂^R × U₁^B−L which may be compatible with low-energy phenomena including limits on neutrino masses and sin²θ_W. Mechanisms leading to the minimal SU₃^c × SU₂^L × U₁^Y low-energy gauge group are also presented.     

Duality and quantum-algebra symmetry of the AN−1(1) open spin chain with diagonal boundary fields

We show that the transfer matrix of the A_N−1⁽¹⁾ open spin chair with diagonal boundary fields has the symmetry U_q(SU(l)) × U_q(SU(N−l)) × U(1), as well as a “duality” symmetry which maps l ↔ N − l. We exploit these symmetries to compute exact boundary S-matrices in the regime with q real.     

A low composite scale preon model with complementarity

We have constructed the first “realistic candidate” preon model with low composite scale satisfying complementarity between the Higgs and confining phases. The model is based onSU(4) metacolor and predicts four generations of ordinary quarks and leptons together with heavy neutrinos at the level of the standard gauge groupSU(3) _c ×SU(2) _L ×U(1) _Y . There are no exotic massless fermions. The global family group isSU(2)×U(1).     

TheY(Y L ), a compositeness-inspired extra gauge boson

We show that the (isoscalar)Y(Y _L ) boson, originally introduced on the basis of compositeness andW, Y(Y _L ) dominance can be understood as an extra gauge boson within aU(1) _B ×SU(2) _L ×U(1) _Y gauge theory broken by an appropriate choice of the Higgs sector. Radiative-correction effects can thus be calculated as reliably as in theSU(2) _L ×U(1) _Y , theory when comparing the predictions with forthcoming precision data in theSLC/LEP energy range.     

The Standard Model with one universal extra dimension

Effects of universal extra dimensions on Standard Model observables first arise at the one-loop level. The quantization of this class of theories is therefore essential in order to perform predictions. A comprehensive study of the SU _C(3) × SU _L(2) × U _Y(1) Standard Model defined in a space-time manifold with one universal extra dimension, compactified on the oribifold $S^1/Z_2$ , is presented. The fact that the four-dimensional Kaluza–Klein theory is subjected to two types of gauge transformations is stressed and its quantization under the basis of the BRST symmetry discussed. A SU _C(3) × SU _L(2) × U _Y(1)-covariant gauge-fixing procedure for the Kaluza–Klein excitations is introduced. The connection between gauge and mass eigenstate fields is established in an exact way. An exhaustive list of the explicit expressions for all physical couplings induced by the Yang–Mills, Currents, Higgs, and Yukawa sectors is presented. The one-loop renormalizability of the standard Green’s functions, which implies that the Standard Model observables do not depend on a cut-off scale, is stressed.     

Aspects of left-right symmetric models in superstring phenomenology

The general features of low-energy, rank-six left-right symmetric models as inspired by the superstring are examined. Particular attention is paid to the mass-mixing matrix of the exotic and downtype quarks. It is found that the class of models based on the groupSU(3) _C ×SU(2) _L ×SU(2) _N ×U(1) _L ×U(1) _R is plagued with the problem of unnatural fine tuning. Models based on the other left-right group, namelySU(3) _C ×SU(2) _L ×SU(2) _N ×U(1) _L ×U(1) _R , work rather well from the points of view investigated. In this case a parameter fitting is presented which is compatible with the lowering of the group rank by two units via radiative breaking, without conflicting either with weak universality or with lepton conservation. The unification scale comes in the 10¹⁷ GeV mass range, the intermediate (righthanded) scale is quite low, not exceeding the 10⁴ GeV range, and the Weinberg angle is correct. Good prospects are also obtained for proton decay and neutrino masses.     

Fermion masses generated by radiative corrections in aSU(2) L ×SU(2) R ×U(1) B-L model

A new model based on aSU(2) ^R ×SU(2) ^L ×U(1) ^B-L gauge symmetry group is presented. Fermion masses are generated by radiative corrections.     

Phenomenology ofSO(10) unified superstring models with intermediate scaleSU R(2) breaking

Electroweak breaking and the supersymmetric particle spectrum are discussed in superstring theories where the gauge group after compactification isSO(10)×E _s ^′ , and where the gauge symmetry after flux breaking isSU(3)×SU(2)×SU(2)×U(1).     

Radiative quark masses constrained by the gauge group only

We discuss the possibility of obtaining the observed pattern of quark masses and mixings as a consequence of radiative corrections, gauge invariance and particle content of the theory. We do not allow any kind of additional symmetry, such as family and discrete symmetries. A model based on the gauge groupSU(3)×SU(2) _L ×SU(2) _R ×U(1) _B?L is considered. It turns out that the correct values of quark masses can be reasonably reproduced. The typical strength of the flavour changing couplings of theZ ⁰-boson is however at least one order of magnitude above the experimental upper bounds. A comparison is made with a model in which an additional discrete symmetry is present. In this case flavour changing phenomena can be kept under control.     

A supersymmetricSU(5)×U(1) model with natural gauge hierarchy

We present a supersymmetricSU(5)×U(1) model. This model has the following features. The gauge hierarchy is naturally generated by the quadratically divergent nature of the Fayet-IliopoulosD term. TheSU(5)×U(1) gauge symmetry breaks uniquely intoSU(3) _W ×SU(2) _c ×U(1) _y at an energy scale of 10^17–18GeV. The non-vanishing vacuum expectation value of an auxiliary field component ofU(1) gauge vector multiplet induces the breaking ofSU(2) _W ×U(1) _y . It gives a mass of 10^2–3GeV to scalar quarks and scalar leptons at the tree level. The renormalization group analysis shows that the color fine structure constant α _C (M _W ) becomes somewhat small and the Weinberg angle sin²θ _W (M _W ) somewhat too large in a simple version of the model.     

The discrete family symmetries as the possible solution to the flavour problem

In order to explain the fermions’ masses and mixing parameters appearing in the lepton sector of the Standard Model, one proposes the extension of its symmetry. A discrete, non-Abelian subgroup of U(3) is added to the gauge group SU(3) _C × SU(2) _L × U(1) _Y . Apart from that, one assumes the existence of one extra Higgs doublet. This article focuses mainly on the mathematical theorems and computational techniques which brought us to the results.     

Nonabelian electric and magnetic flux in unified SU(5) gauge theory

We study the long-distance behaviour of pure unified SU(5) gauge theory in the limit when the electroweak subgroup is unbroken. We show that the symmetry breaking pattern SU(5)→SU(3)_c×SU(2)×U(1)_Y, with SU(3)_c and SU(2) ×U(1)_Y realized, respectively, in confining and coulombic phases, is a possible dynamical phase of the SU(5) theory. The proof relies on showing that the duality equation of 't Hooft, relating the electric and magnetic flux, is exactly satisfied for the above symmetry breaking pattern. The infrared structure of SU(5), broken down to SU(3)_c×SU(2)×U(1)_Y, is not self-dual.     

Higgs boson emission in very rare decays of an extra vector boson

We explore the phenomenological structure of E ₆-inspired grand unified group with the gauge group SU(3)_c×SU(2)_L×U(1)_Y×U(1), the emphasis being laid upon its implications for Higgs boson observation. In particular, we discuss the probability for the mass eigenstate Z ₂ to decay into a Higgs particle and a bound state composed of heavy quarks. Constraints on and relations between the Z ₂ and Higgs masses are presented.     

Signals of new gauge bosons at futuree + e − colliders

We analyze possible indirect signals of additional neutral gauge bosons at futuree ⁺ e ^? colliders, concentrating onSU(2) _L ×U(1) _y ×U(1) _y , andSU(2) _L ×SU(2) _R ×U(1) effective theories. We develop a simple formalism to describe these effects and make a careful study of radiative corrections, in particular initial state radiation, which will be shown to have important implications. To make realistic estimates of the sensitivity to the new gauge boson effects, we use a model detector fore ⁺ e ^? annihilation at a center of mass energy of 500 GeV. Using a number of selected physical observables we then show that masses considerably higher than the total energy (up to a factor of 6) can be probed and that distinction between various theoretical models is possible.     

Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Presence of Electric and Magnetic Charges

Starting with the definition of quaternion gauge theory, we have undertaken the study of SU(2) _e ×SU(2) _m ×U(1) _e ×U(1) _m in terms of the simultaneous existence of electric and magnetic charges along with their Yang-Mills counterparts. As such, we have developed the gauge theory in terms of four coupling constants associated with four-gauge symmetry SU(2) _e ×SU(2) _m ×U(1) _e ×U(1) _m . Accordingly, we have made an attempt to obtain the abelian and non-Abelian gauge structures for the particles carrying simultaneously the electric and magnetic charges (namely dyons). Starting from the Lagrangian density of two SU(2)×U(1) gauge theories responsible for the existence of electric and magnetic charges, we have discussed the consistent theory of spontaneous symmetry breaking and Higgs mechanism in order to generate the masses. From the symmetry breaking, we have generated the two electromagnetic fields, the two massive vector W ^± and Z ⁰ bosons fields and the Higgs scalar fields.     

Effect of the neutrino magnetic moment on the properties of the muon

The effect of the neutrino dipole magnetic moment on the properties of the muon is investigated within the standard model of electroweak interactions and a model based on the SU(2) _L × SU(2) _R × U(1) _B-L gauge group (left-right model). In the case of the Dirac neutrino, muon decay through the channel µ^? → e ^?γ is studied with allowance for the neutrino dipole magnetic moment. It is shown that, both in the standard model supplemented with an SU(2) _L right-handed neutrino singlet and in the standard model featuring two doublets of Higgs fields, radiative muon decay is unobservable. In the left-right model, the contributions of diagrams associated with the neutrino dipole magnetic moment become significant only in the case of a mutual compensation of the contributions of diagrams involving the electromagnetic vertices of charged gauge bosons and singly charged Higgs bosons. At specific values of the parameters of the left-right model, one can then obtain an experimental upper limit on the branching fraction of this reaction. The contributions of the neutrino dipole magnetic moment to the muon anomalous magnetic moment are found for the Dirac and the Majorana neutrino. It is established that, both in the standard model and in the left-right model, values of the neutrino anomalous magnetic moment that are required for explaining the (g ? 2)_µ anomaly are in excess of the theoretical predictions for this moment.     

Supersymmetric flipped SU(5) revitalized

We describe a simple N = 1 supersymmetric GUT based on the group SU(5)×U(1) which has the following virtues: the gauge group is broken down to the SU(3)_C×SU(2)_L×U(1)_Y of the standard model using just 10, $\text{10}$ Higgs representations, and doublet-triplet mass splitting problem is solved naturally by a very simple missing-partner mechanism. The successful supersymmetric GUT prediction for sin²θ_w can be maintained, whilst there are no fermion mass relations. The gauge group and representation structure of the model may be obtainable from the superstring.     

Gauge symmetries of electroweak interactions

By considering the symmetries associated with baryon number and lepton number conservation as gauge symmetries, the underlying gauge symmetry of weak electromagnetic interactions is shown to beSU(2) _L ×U(1)×U(1)Baryon×U(1)_Lepton. If right-handed currents exist on a par with the observed left-handed ones, then the full symmetry of electroweak interactions that emerges isSU(2)_L×SU(2)_R×U(1)_Baryon×U(1)_Lepton. These symmetries offer a rich spectrum of massive neutral gauge bosons, one of which is the massive neutral boson of the standardSU(2) _L ×U(1) _Y model.     

Effect of Majorana Phases in Neutrino Oscillation

Quantum gravity (Planck scale effects) lead to an effective SU(2) _L ×U(1) invariant dimension-5 Lagrangian involving neutrino and Higgs fields. On symmetry breaking, this operator gives rise to correction to the above masses and mixing. The gravitational interaction M _X =M _pl , we find that for degenerate neutrino mass spectrum, it is shown that the Majorana phase of the neutrino mixing matrix can effects in neutrino oscillation probability.     

Natural left-right symmetry,atomic parity experiments and asymmetries in high energy e+e− collisions in petra and pep regions

The previously proposed left-right-symmetric SU(2)_L × SU(2)_R × U(1) theory permits one of the two neutral gauge particles N₁ and N₂ to be particularly light (<mW⁺_L) compatible with all neutrin-data and the present atomic parity experiments. Distinguishing features of this theory (with the light mass solution) for e^?e⁺ → μ⁺μ^? and π⁺π^? at PETRA and PEP energies as compared to the SU(2) × U(1) predictions are given.