Interaction of low energy (5–10 keV) argon atoms and ions with a Cu(100) surface; Ion fraction,ionization and neutralization

The ion fractions η⁺ of low energy (5–10 keV) argon particles scattered from a Cu(100) surface, are measured with a time of flight spectrometer. Neutral as well as charged projectiles are used. The scattering angle θ is 30°. The results for different angles of incidence ψ and crystal directions are reported. For scattering in the 〈100〉 direction, with a ψ-value of 15° and a primary energy E₀ of 5 and 10 keV, the ion fractions for the quasi single scattering peak, η⁺_QS, are 1.5 and 6.1% respectively. When E₀ is between 5 and 10 keV a reionization process with a constant reionization probability occurs during the violent interaction. This process, but also neutralization along the outgoing trajectory, determines η⁺_QS. With ions as projectiles, an energy difference of about 16 eV is observed between the quasi single scattering peaks in the spectra of all scattered particles and of ions only. The ion fraction for the quasi double scattering peak, η⁺_QD. depends largely upon E₀, indicating that the efficiency of the reionization process increases with E₀. A qualitative discussion of the data is given, using the reionization process and the interatomic neutralization processes along the trajectory of the scattered particles.     

中性束在束线中的透射

本文给出TEXTOR束线中放电室送气量和气压、中性化室送气量和气压、中性化室气体靶厚、中性化转换效率、再电离、热负荷、注入TEXTOR功率和粒子数的计算和实验结果。     

Resonant charge transfer in low-energy ion scattering: Information depth in the reionization regime

Time-Of-Flight Low-energy ion scattering (TOF-LEIS) experiments were performed for He(+) ions scattered from Cu(100) and Cu(0.5)Au(0.5)(100). Probabilities for resonant neutralization and reionization in close collisions were deduced in a wide energy range. To learn about the information depth in LEIS, in a next step ion spectra were analyzed for polycrystalline Cu samples. The relative yield of backscattered projectiles, which have undergone distinct charge exchange processes, was calculated. Results indicate a strong contribution to the ion yield that origins from particles reionized in a close collision in deeper layers when experiments are performed at energies where reionization is prominent. The surface sensitivity of the ion signal at different energies is quantified. Based on these results, the total ion spectrum was quantitatively modelled by two consistent, but different approaches.     

2MW中性束注入器抽气过程分析

一、引言 中性束注入器是要把离子源引出的高能离子转化成高能中性粒子,并输送到聚变装置中,既要提供足够的气体靶厚,以获得高效率的中性化,又要求主真空箱内的气压不超过一定的压强值,以减少再电离损失和对装置的气体负载。对于2MW这样特大的注入器,在设计过程中,不仅力图获得最大传输效率,而且要考虑到工程上的可行性和经济效益。因此,通过对抽气过程的分析计算来优化选择注入器进气方式、真空及抽气系统的各参数是必要的。     

第一讲微波背景辐射的各向异性、偏振及宇宙电离的历史

文章对微波背景辐射的各向异性、偏振及宇宙电离的历史给出了评述性介绍．从大爆炸理论的预言，到观测的发现，到其各向异性及偏振的探测，微波背景辐射(CMB)向人们揭示了丰富的宇宙学信息．文章在对基本理论作了简单介绍后，着重讲述了最新的CMB的观测结果及其物理意义．特别对微波背景各向异性探测器(Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe，WMAP)的偏振观测及其对宇宙重新电离的限制给出了较详细的叙述．     

21-cm background anisotropies can discern primordial non-Gaussianity

The non-Gaussianity of initial perturbations provides information on the mechanism that generated primordial density fluctuations. We find that 21-cm background anisotropies due to inhomogeneous neutral hydrogen distribution prior to reionization captures information on primordial non-Gaussianity better than a high-resolution cosmic microwave background anisotropy map. An all-sky 21-cm experiment over the frequency range from 14 to 40 MHz with angular information out to a multipole of 10(5) can limit the primordial non-Gaussianity parameter f(NL) <, similar 0.01.     

Relic keV sterile neutrinos and reionization

A sterile neutrino with a mass of several keV can account for cosmological dark matter, as well as explain the observed velocities of pulsars. We show that x rays produced by the decays of these relic sterile neutrinos can boost the production of molecular hydrogen, which can speed up the cooling of gas and the early star formation, which can, in turn, lead to a reionization of the Universe at a high enough redshift to be consistent with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe results.     

CMB polarization as complementary information to anisotropies

The origin of CMB polarization is reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on the cosmological information encoded in it: the nature of primordial fluctuations, the connection with the inflation paradigm. Insights into more recent epochs are also discussed: early reionization and high redshift matter distribution from CMB lensing. To cite this article: J. Kaplan et al., C. R. Physique 4 (2003).     

Cores in dwarf galaxies from dark matter with a Yukawa potential

We show that cold dark matter particles interacting through a Yukawa potential could naturally explain the recently observed cores in dwarf galaxies without affecting the dynamics of objects with a much larger velocity dispersion, such as clusters of galaxies. The velocity dependence of the associated cross section as well as the possible exothermic nature of the interaction alleviates earlier concerns about strongly interacting dark matter. Dark matter evaporation in low-mass objects might explain the observed deficit of satellite galaxies in the Milky Way halo and have important implications for the first galaxies and reionization.     

EAST-NBI磁偏转系统束传输特性模拟研究

根据EAST-NBI偏转系统工作原理,分析了束流在偏转系统传输的基本过程和特点。利用直接蒙特卡罗方法,发展了中性束注入器束偏转区域束流传输模拟程序。结果显示:EAST-NBI磁偏转系统可很好地剥离束流中的剩余离子;束偏转区域束流再电离损失约为2.43%;束流180°偏转所带来线聚焦过程使偏转磁体磁极护板局部面临较高的热流密度。     

Possibility of precise measurement of the cosmological power spectrum with a dedicated survey of 21 cm emission after reionization

Measurements of the 21 cm line emission by residual cosmic hydrogen after reionization can be used to trace the power spectrum of density perturbations through a significant fraction of the observable volume of the Universe. We show that a dedicated 21 cm observatory could probe a number of independent modes that is 2 orders of magnitude larger than currently available, and enable a cosmic-variance limited detection of the signature of a neutrino mass approximately 0.05 eV. The evolution of the linear growth factor with redshift could also constrain exotic theories of gravity or dark energy to an unprecedented precision.     

Primordial non-Gaussianity from the 21 cm power spectrum during the epoch of reionization

Primordial non-Gaussianity is a crucial test of inflationary cosmology. We consider the impact of non-Gaussianity on the ionization power spectrum from 21 cm emission at the epoch of reionization. We focus on the power spectrum on large scales at redshifts of 7 to 8 and explore the expected constraint on the local non-Gaussianity parameter f(NL) for current and next-generation 21 cm experiments. We show that experiments such as SKA and MWA could measure f(NL) values of order 10. This can be improved by an order of magnitude with a fast-Fourier transform telescope like Omniscope.     

Kinetic theory of Jeans' gravitational instability in millicharged dark matter system

The possibility of baryons cooled by a millicharged dark matter (mDM) via mDM-baryons scattering has recently been proposed to explain the observation discrepancy from the experiment to detect the global epoch of reionization signature (EDGES). In this sense, we analyze the Jeans instability of self-gravitational systems in the background of mDM under kinetic regime that the collisionless Boltzmann equation and Poisson equation have been combined to obtain the modified dispersion relation. It is shown that the effect of mDM is significant on the dynamics of gravitational collapse, i.e., the presence of mDM makes the self-gravitational systems more difficult to collapse relatively.     

Velocity scaling of ion neutralization in low energy ion scattering

The ion fraction P+ is measured for He+ ions scattered by 129 degrees from a Cu surface. Both the primary energy and the angles of incidence and of exit are varied. From our results we conclude the following: along the incoming and outgoing trajectories, neutralization is due to Auger processes and depends on the normal velocity component v( perpendicular ) only. At higher energies, additional charge exchange is due to collision induced neutralization and reionization, both depending on the total ion energy only. Also in this regime P+ depends on v( perpendicular ), but via a two-valued function of the scattering geometry at fixed energy.     

Crystal effects in the neutralization of He+ ions in the low energy ion scattering regime

Investigating possible crystal effects in ion scattering from elemental surfaces, measurements of the positive ion fraction P+ are reported for He+ ions scattered from single and polycrystalline Cu surfaces. In the Auger neutralization regime, the ion yield is determined by scattering from the outermost atomic layer. For Cu(110) P+ exceeds that for polycrystalline Cu by up to a factor of 2.5, thus exhibiting a strong crystal effect. It is much less pronounced at higher energies, i.e., in the reionization regime. However, there a completely different angular dependence of the ion yield is observed for poly- and single crystals, due to massive subsurface contributions in nonchanneling directions.     

New microwave background constraints on the cosmic matter budget: trouble for nucleosynthesis?

We compute the joint constraints on ten cosmological parameters from the latest cosmic microwave background measurements. The lack of a significant second acoustic peak in the new BOOMERANG and MAXIMA data favors models with more baryons than big bang nucleosynthesis predicts, almost independently of what prior information is included. The simplest flat inflation models with purely scalar scale-invariant fluctuations prefer a baryon density 0. 022相似文献   

Laser enhanced positron capture

The production of antihydrogen via positron-antiproton radiative capture can be enhanced considerably by the process of stimulated photon emission. The gained yield of antihydrogen due to this process is evaluated for experimental conditions, where a positron beam is merged with antiprotons circulating in a storage ring, and the overlap area of both beams is illuminated with intense laser light. The scaling characteristics of the laser-induced gain are pointed out, considering the influence of particle and laser beam properties, as well as competing processes like reionization and free-free transitions. A gain factor of at least an order of magnitude seems achievable by stimulating positron capture, either into high-lying bound states using CO₂ laser light or into then=2 state by means of a pulsed dye laser.     

Decaying particles and the reionization history of the universe

We investigate the possibility that the Universe is significantly reionized by the decay products of heavy particles. The ionization produced by decaying particles implies a high optical depth even if the maximum level of ionization ever produced is low (10(-2)). As a consequence, a high ionization fraction (x approximately equal to 0.5) at high redshifts (z approximately equal to 20) fails to fit the cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectra at l> or =30. Recent CMB data limit the primordial abundance of the decaying particles, favoring long decay times. Other significant sources of reionization are still needed at z approximately equal to 13. The decay process heats up the medium, bringing the expected y distortion to unobservable levels.     

Bounds on isocurvature perturbations from cosmic microwave background and large scale structure data

We obtain very stringent bounds on the possible cold dark matter, baryon, and neutrino isocurvature contributions to the primordial fluctuations in the Universe, using recent cosmic microwave background and large scale structure data. Neglecting the possible effects of spatial curvature, tensor perturbations, and reionization, we perform a Bayesian likelihood analysis with nine free parameters, and find that the amplitude of the isocurvature component cannot be larger than about 31% for the cold dark matter mode, 91% for the baryon mode, 76% for the neutrino density mode, and 60% for the neutrino velocity mode, at 2sigma, for uncorrelated models. For correlated adiabatic and isocurvature components, the fraction could be slightly larger. However, the cross-correlation coefficient is strongly constrained, and maximally correlated/anticorrelated models are disfavored. This puts strong bounds on the curvaton model.     

Squeezing MOND into a Cosmological Scenario

Explaining the effects of dark matter using modified gravitational dynamics (MOND) has for decades been both an intriguing and controversial possibility. By insisting that the gravitational interaction that accounts for the Newtonian force also drives cosmic expansion, one may kinematically identify which cosmologies are compatible with MOND, without explicit reference to the underlying theory so long as the theory obeys Birkhoff's law. We find that the critical acceleration a(0) must have a slight source-mass dependence (a(0) approximately M(1/3)) and that MOND cosmologies are naturally compatible with observed late-time expansion history. However, cosmologies that can produce enough density perturbations to account for structure formation are contrived and fine tuned. Even then, they may be marginally ruled out by evidence of early (z approximately 20) reionization.