Addition of dichlorocarbene to tricyclo[4.3.0.03,7]nona-4,8-diene

Addition of dichlorocarbene to tricyclo[4.3.0.0^3,7]nona-4,8-diene (brexadiene) under conditions of phase transfer catalysis occurs from theexo side. Cyclopropyl-allyl rearrangement of intermediate chlorocyclopropanes yields tricyclo[5.4.0.0^3,8]undecadienes. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1494–1497, August, 1997.     

A synthesis of the tricyclo[6.3.0.0]undecane system.

A short and efficient synthetic route to the tricyclo[6.3.0.0^2,6]undecane ring system is described; the key steps are photochemical annelation of an enolized β-diketone to produce a 1,5-diketone (the de Mayo reaction) followed by intramolecular reductive coupling using a low valence titanium species (McMurry's reagent).     

Heats of formation of isomeric [C, H4, O], [C, H3, N] and [C, H5, N] radical cations

The heats of formation of six radical cations have been calculated using ab initio MO methods at the MP4/6-31 + G(2df, p) level with MP2/6-31G(d, p)-optimized geometries. The theoretical values for ΔH⁰_f,298 (kJ/mol) of the radical ions considered are (experimental values in parentheses): methanol CH₃OH^+√: 854 (845); methyleneoxonium CH₂OH^+√₂: 815 (816); methyleneimine CH₂NH^+√: 1076 (1054); aminomethylene HCNH^+√₂: 1040 (1079); methylamine CH₃NH^+√₂: 863 (843) and methyleneammonium CH₂NH^+√₃: 855 (958). The calculated results thus confirm the discrepancy between experiment and theory on the heats of formation of nitrogen-containing radical cations. In the latter, the distonic species are calculated to be more stable than their classical isomers. The higher stability of the distonic ions has also been discussed. The recommended heat of formation of the methyleneiminium cation CH₂NH⁺₂ is 754 kJ/mol.     

Distinguishing conventional and distonic radical cations by using dimethyl diselenide

Dimethyl diselenide is demonstrated to be among the most powerful reagents used to identify distonic radical cations. Most such ions readily abstract CH₃Se^. from dimethyl diselenide. The reaction is faster and more exclusive than CH₃S^. abstraction from dimethyl disulfide, a reaction used successfully in the past to identify numerous distonic ions. Very acidic distonic ions, such as HC⁺(OH)OCH^.₂, do not undergo CH₃Se^. abstraction, but instead protonate dimethyl diselenide. In sharp contrast to the reactivity of distonic ions, most conventional radical cations were found either to react by exclusive electron transfer or to be unreactive toward dimethyl diselenide. Hence, this reagent allows distinction of distonic and conventional isomers, which was demonstrated directly by examining two such isomer pairs. To be able to predict whether electron transfer is exothermic (and hence likely to occur), the ionization energy of dimethyl diselenide was determined by bracketing experiments. The low value obtained (7.9 ± 0.1 eV) indicates that dimethyl diselenide will react with many conventional carbon-, sulfur-, and oxygen-containing radical cations by electron transfer. Nitrogen-containing conventional radical cations were found either to react with dimethyl diselenide by electron transfer or to be unreactive.     

Theoretical study of tricyclo[3,3,1,1]decane, tricyclo[3,3,1,1]decsilane molecules and their halogen derivatives, C10H12X4 and Si10H12X4 (X=F, Cl, Br, I)

The B3LYP/3-21G* ab initio molecular orbital method from the program package was applied to study tricyclo[3,3,1,1^3,7]decane and tricyclo[3,3,1,1^3,7]decsilane molecules and their halogen derivatives (1,3,5,7-tetrahalotricyclo[3,3,1,1^3,7]decane and 1,3,5,7-tetrahalotricyclo[3,3,1,1^3,7]decsilane, C₁₀H₁₂X₄ and Si₁₀H₁₂X₄ respectively). The optimized structures of these compounds were obtained. Ionization potentials, HOMO and LUMO energies, energy gaps, heats of formation, atomization energies and vibration frequencies were calculated. The calculations indicate that these molecules are stable and have T_d symmetry. Tricyclo[3,3,1,1^3,7]decsilane and its halogen derivatives (Si₁₀H₁₂X₄) are found to have higher conductivity than tricyclo[3,3,1,1^3,7]decane and its halogen derivatives (C₁₀H₁₂X₄). 1,3,5,7-Tetrafluorotricyclo[3,3,1,1^3,7]decane (C₁₀H₁₂F₄) and 1,3,5,7-tetrafluorotricyclo[3,3,1,1^3,7]decsilane (Si₁₀H₁₂F₄) were found to be the easiest compounds to form and the most difficult to dissociate of all 1,3,5,7-tetrahalotricyclo[3,3,1,1^3,7]decane and 1,3,5,7-tetrahalotricyclo[3,3,1,1^3,7]decsilane compounds, respectively.     

Ring-opening reactions of spiro[2.4]hepta-4,6-diene and spiro[4.4]nona-1,3-diene induced by tungsten(0) carbonyls

Tungsten(0) carbonyls react with the strained spiro[2.4]hepta-4,6-diene and the less strained spiro[4.4]nona-1,3-diene with CC bond cleavage and formation of stable alkylene bridged π-cyclopentadienyl-σ-alkyl complexes. The product containing a two carbon bridge has the same unusual spectroscopic properties as the analogous molybdenum complex.     

Formation of [C60C5H5] adduct cations and theoretical study of the isomers

We study here the reactions between C₆₀ and planar C₅H₅⁺ cations that lead to the formation of [C₆₀C₅H₅]⁺ adduct cations in the chemical ionization source of the mass spectrometer. The structures, stabilities and charge locations of some possible isomers of [C₆₀C₅H₅]⁺: σ-adduct, π-complex, [1,4]- and [l,2]-addition cations, are studied by AM1 semiempirical molecular orbital calculations. We find that the most stable is the σ-addition cation. Another interesting and stable structure is the π-complex cation which is bonded by the electrostatic interaction at the inter-ring distance of 1.589 Å with the C_5v symmetry. The C₅H₅⁺ cyclopentadienium cation seems to be an “inverted umbrella” sitting on a five-membered ring of the C₆₀ cage.     

2,3,7,8-Tetraazaspiro[4.4] nonane, 2,3,7,8-tetraazaspiro-[4.4] nona-2,7-diene and derivatives

Synthetic routes to the title compounds ( 4, 12 ) are described. Chiral derivatives of these, 2,7-bis(phenylcarbamoyl)-2,3,7,8-tetraazaspiro[4.4]nonane ( 7 ) and 3,8-dicarbomethoxy-2,3,7,8-tetraazaspiro[4.4]nona-1,6-diene ( 10 ) were prepared. Synthetic routes to diketo derivatives of other tetraazaspiro[4.4]nonanes were explored. 3,3-Dicarbethoxy-1-pyrazoline ( 24 ) and 3,3-dicarbethoxypyrazolidine ( 25 ) were prepared and their reactions with hydrazine examined. Proton and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of new compounds, including some 5-substituted 3-hydroxypyrazoles, are discussed in relation to structure.     

5-germaspiro[4.4]nona-2,7-dienes

A novel series of bicyclic organogermanium derivatives: 5-germaspiro[4.4]nona-2,7-dienes have been prepared by reaction of 1,1-dihalogermacyclopent-3-enes with the appropriate conjugated diene and an alkali metal in a suitable organic solvent. The best results were obtained by using 1,1-dichlorogermacyclopentenes with isoprene or 2,3-dimethylbutadiene and lithium in 5/1 ether/tetrahydrofuran. Except for 2,3,7,8-tetramethyl-5-germaspiro[4.4]nona-2,7-diene, which is crystalline, the 5-germaspirononadienes are colourless liquids, which distil without decomposition under reduced pressure but which slowly polymerize on standing. In the mass spectra of all the spiradienes, the main peak corresponds to the loss of one ring, the less substituted in the case of unsymmetrical molecules. Attempts to obtain 5-germaspiro[4.4]nona-2,7-diene were unsuccessful.     

Synthesis of Si- and N-containing bicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4-dienes and bicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4,7-trienes

A [6π+2π] cycloaddition of Si- and N-containing alkynes and 1,2-dienes to cyclohepta-1,3,5-trienes in the presence of the two-component catalytic system (acac)₂TiCl₂-Et₂AlCl gives rise to the corresponding bicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4-diene and bicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4,7-triene derivatives.     

Structures and energetics of C3H6S isomers: a Gaussian-3 ab initio study

Twenty-two isomers/conformers of C₃H₆S^+√ radical cations have been identified and their heats of formation (ΔH_f) at 0 and 298 K have been calculated using the Gaussian-3 (G3) method. Seven of these isomers are known and their ΔH_f data are available in the literature for comparison. The least energy isomer is found to be the thioacetone radical cation (4⁺) with C_2v symmetry. In contrast, the least energy C₃H₆O^+√ isomer is the 1-propen-2-ol radical cation. The G3 ΔH_f298 of 4⁺ is calculated to be 859.4 kJ mol⁻¹, ca. 38 kJ mol⁻¹ higher than the literature value, ≤821 kJ mol⁻¹. For allyl mercaptan radical cation (7⁺), the G3 ΔH_f298 is calculated to be 927.8 kJ mol⁻¹, also not in good agreement with the experimental estimate, 956 kJ mol⁻¹. Upon examining the experimental data and carrying out further calculations, it is shown that the G3 ΔH_f298 values for 4⁺ and 7⁺ should be more reliable than the compiled values. For the five remaining cations with available experimental thermal data, the agreement between the experimental and G3 results ranges from fair to excellent.

Cation CH₃CHSCH₂^+√ (10⁺) has the least energy among the eleven distonic radical cations identified. Their ΔH_f298 values range from 918 to 1151 kJ mol⁻¹. Nevertheless, only one of them, CH₂=SCH₂CH₂^+√ (12⁺), has been observed. Its G3 ΔH_f298 value is 980.9 kJ mol⁻¹, in fair agreement with the experimental result, 990 kJ mol⁻¹.

A couple of reactions involving C₃H₆S^+√ isomers CH₂=SCH₂CH₂^+√ (12⁺) and trimethylene sulfide radical cation (13⁺) have also been studied with the G3 method and the results are consistent with experimental findings.     

General approach for the synthesis of polyquinanes. Facile generation of molecular complexity via reaction of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds with dimethyl 3-

The condensation of dimethyl 3-ketoglutarate 1 with 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds provides access to the polyquinane derivatives tricyclo[6.3.0.0^1,5] undecane - 3,7.9 - trione 27, tricyclo [3 3 3 0^1,5]undecane 31; tetra-cyclo [5.5.1.0^4,13.0^10,13] - tridecane - 2,6,8,12 - tetraone 41; tetracyclo[6.6.0.0^1,5. 0^8,12] tetradecane - 2,7,9,14 - tetraone 44, and the tetracyclo[5.5.1.0^10,13]tridecane triones 5b and 6b. The unique structure of staurane tetraone 41 has resulted in spontaneous resolution of the two antipodes on crystallization from DMF. In addition, examination of the crystal structures of tetraones 41 and 44, in terms of strain energy, coupled with the steric accessibility of the β-diketone functionality contained in 41 and 44 have been employed to explain why tetraone 44 and trione 27 undergo a retro-Claisen reaction (CH₃OH) more rapidly than staurane tetraone 41.     

Interaction of heterocyclic thioamides with tellurium(II) and tellurium(IV). Syntheses and crystal structures of bis[2-(2-thioxo-1,3- thiazolidin-3-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3- thiazolium]hexabromotellurate(IV) and tris(1- methylimidazole-2-(3H)-thione)tellurium(II) bromide

Reaction of 1,3-thiazolidine-2-thione with tellurium(IV) in hydrobromic acid medium gave the hexabromotellurate, [C₆H₉N₂S₃]₂²⁺[Te^IVBr₆]²⁻ (3). Reaction of 1-methylimidazoline-2-(3H)-thione (L″) with tellurium(IV), in hydrobromic acid medium, gave the mixed-ligand tellurium(II) complex [Te^IIL″₃Br]⁺Br⁻ (4). The structures of [C₆H₉N₂S₃]₂²⁺[Te^IVBr₆]²⁻ (3) and [Te^IIL″₃Br]⁺Br⁻ were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. In 3 the unit cell contains [TeBr₆]²⁻ anions and two [C₆H₉N₂S₃]⁺ cations. There is no direct bonding between the metal atom and the cations. In the anion only slight angular deviations from the perfect octahedral geometry are observed. The lone pair of electrons on tellurium(IV) is found to be stereochemically inert. In the cation the two five-membered heterocyclic rings adopt different conformations. In complex 4, in the solid state, the planar [Te^IIL″₃Br]⁺ cation and Br⁻ anion are held together by ionic interactions. In the cation, L″ is bonded to the central tellurium atom through the sulphur atom.     

Synthesis of tricyclo[6.2.2.0]dpdecane and tricyclo[6.3.1.0]dodecane ring systems involving intramolecular cyclisation of diazomethyl ketones

2,8-Dimethyltricyclo[6.2.2.0^1,6]dodeca-2,5-diene-4,9-dione ( ), 2,9-dimethyltricyclo [6.3.1.0^1,6]dodeca-2,5-diene-4,10-dione ( ) and 2-methyltricyclo[6.3.1.0^1,6]dodeca-2,5-diene-4,10-dione ( ) have been synthesised for entry into the ring systems of a few tetracyclic diterpenes.     

Valence isomerization of C9H10hydrocarbons: Photochemical reactions of bicyclo [3.2.2] nona-2,6,8-triene and its dihydro-derivatives

The valence isomerization reaction of bicyclo[3.2.2]nona-2,6,8-triene ($\text{2}$), which photoisomerized to two homologues of semibullvalene, was discussed with the photoreactions of its dihydro-dreivatives, bicyclo[3.2.2]nona-6,8-diene ($\text{3}$) and bicyclo[3.2.2]nona-2,6-diene ($\text{4}$).     

First isolation of eclipsed vic-disulfoxide: 7,8-dithiabicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4-diene 7-exo,8-exo-dioxide

[reaction: see text] The oxidation of 7,8-dithiabicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4-diene 7-exo-oxide with dimethyldioxirane (DMD) provided the 7-exo-8-exo-dioxide, the structure of which was determined by X-ray crystallography [S-S 2.341(2) A and 90 degree angle O-S-S-O 4.1(3) degrees ]. The exo attack of DMD to give the exo,exo-dioxide was kinetically more favorable than the endo attack to give the endo,exo-dioxide. DFT calculations showed that the exo,exo-dioxide is thermodynamically more stable than the other stereoisomers.     

Hydrothermal syntheses and crystal structures of bimetallic cluster complexes [{Cd(phen)2}2V4O12]·5H2O and [Ni(phen)3]2[V4O12]·17.5H2O

The hydrothermal reactions of vanadium oxide starting materials with divalent transition metal cations in the presence of nitrogen donor chelating ligands yield the bimetallic cluster complexes with the formulae [{Cd(phen₂)₂V₄O₁₂]·5H₂O (1) and [Ni(phen)₃]₂[V₄O₁₂]·17.5H₂O (2). Crystal data: C₄₈H₅₂Cd₂N₈O₂₂V₄ (1), triclinic. a=10.3366(10), b=11.320(3), c=13.268(3) Å, =103.888(17)°, β=92.256(15)°, γ=107.444(14)°, Z=1; C₇₂H₁₃₁N₁₂Ni₂O_29.5V₄ (2), triclinic. a=12.305(3), b=13.172(6), c=15.133(4), =79.05(3)°, β=76.09(2)°, γ=74.66(3)°, Z=1. Data were collected on a Siemens P4 four-circle diffractometer at 293 K in the range 1.59° <θ<26.02° and 2.01°<θ<25.01° using the ω-scan technique, respectively. The structure of 1 consists of a [V₄O₁₂]⁴⁻ cluster covalently attached to two {Cd(phen)₂}²⁺ fragments, in which the [V₄O₁₂]⁴⁻ cluster adopts a chair-like configuration. In the structure of 2, the [V₄O₁₂]⁴⁻ cluster is isolated. And the complex formed a layer structure via hydrogen bonds between the [V₄O₁₂]⁴⁻ unit and crystallization water molecules.     

Heterohomoconjugation versus heterobicycloconjugation in 9-thiabicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4,7-triene

The bridged heterocycles, 9-thiabicyclo[4.2.1]nonane (3), 9-thiabicyclo[4.2.1]non-7-ene (4), 9-thiabicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4-diene (5) and 9-thiabicyclo[4.2.1]nona-2,4,7-triene (2), were examined by photoelectron spectroscopy and the various MO levels theoretically located in each case by CNDO/S calculation. The combined information is best interpretable in terms of localized π interaction between sulfur and ethylene but not butadiene. The conclusion therefore is that thiabicyclotriene 2 is not a heterobicycloconjugated molecule but rather one best described as heterohomoconjugated.     

3D H-bonding networks self-assembly from pyridinium derivatives and bis(maleonitriledithiolato)zincate(II)

The two ion-pair complexes, [pyH]₂[Zn(mnt)₂] (1) and [4,4′-bipyH₂]-[Zn(mnt)₂] (2), were synthesized, where mnt²⁻ denotes maleonitriledithiolate, and [pyH]⁺, [4,4′-bipyH₂]²⁺ represent pyridinium and diprotonated 4,4′-bipyridinium, respectively. Their single crystal structures show that there are strong bifurcated H-bonding interactions between the cations of the pyridinium derivative and the [Zn(mnt)₂]²⁻ anions in both 1 and 2. The bifurcated H-bonding interactions between the N–H of the pyridiniums and the CN groups of the mnt²⁻ ligands give rise to a 2D layered H-bonding network, the adjacent layers come together in such way as mutual embrace to give a tight pack, thus 2D hydrogen-bonding sheets further develop into 3D H-bonding networks through weak C–HS and ππ stacking interactions in 1. As for 2, the cations and anions connect into several types of H-bonding macrorings ([2+2], [3+3] and [4+4]), these H-bonding macrorings fuse to extend into 2D layered structure, the interpenetration between [3+3] and [4+4] type H-bonding macrorings in the adjacent layers give further rise to novel 3D extended H-bonding networks, in which there are clearly parallel stacks of cations and the chelate rings of anions.     

C2-Symmetric bicyclo[3.3.1]nona-2,6-diene and bicyclo[3.3.2]deca-2,6-diene: new chiral diene ligands based on the 1,5-cyclooctadiene framework

As a new type of C₂-symmetric chiral diene ligands, which coordinate to a metal by their 1,5-cyclooctadiene framework, we prepared 2,6-disubstituted bicyclo[3.3.1]nona-2,6-diene (bnd*) and bicyclo[3.3.2]deca-2,6-diene (bdd*), and examined their catalytic activity and enantioselectivity for rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric 1,4-addition to α,β-unsaturated ketones and 1,2-addition to N-sulfonylimines. High enantioselectivity of the Ph-bnd* ligand was observed in the addition of phenylboroxine to N-tosylimine and N-4-nitrobenzenesulfonylimine of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde to give phenyl(4-chlorophenyl)methylamines in high enantiomeric excess (98–99% ee).