硼掺杂碳化硅负载Pt催化剂的甲醇电催化氧化性能

以硼掺杂碳化硅(B0.1SiC)为载体,采用循环伏安法在B0.1SiC载体上电沉积Pt纳米粒子制备了Pt/B0.1SiC催化剂。利用X射线光电子能谱、X射线衍射、氮气吸附-脱附、扫描电镜及透射电镜等测试方法对催化剂的晶型、表面性质及形貌进行了表征。结果表明,硼原子掺杂进入SiC晶格并取代了Si位点,使B0.1SiC载体的导电性增强;Pt纳米粒子均匀地分布在B0.1SiC载体上,平均粒径为2.7 nm。与相同条件下制备的Pt/SiC催化剂相比,Pt/B0.1SiC具有较大的电化学活性表面积、更高的甲醇催化氧化活性和稳定性。     

A novel Pt/Au/C cathode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells with simultaneous methanol tolerance and oxygen promotion

A novel Pt/Au/C catalyst was prepared by depositing the Pt and Au nanoparticles on the carbon support. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electrochemically analyzed for activity towards oxygen-reduction reaction and methanol oxidation reaction. EDX and TEM results reveal that Pt nanoparticles supported on carbon supports were separated by Au nanoparticles. The electrochemical analysis indicate that the novel catalyst showed the enhanced methanol tolerance while maintaining a high catalytic activity for the oxygen-reduction reaction, which could be attributed to the less methanol adsorption on Pt/Au/C catalyst.     

Production of Pt nanoparticles-supported chelating group-modified graphene for direct methanol fuel cells

In this study, Pt nanoparticles (NPs) were supported on reduced graphene oxide with the aid of disodium ethylenediamine-tetraacetate, where the Pt iona were initially attached to EDTA-functionalized graphene oxide (EDTA-GO) sheets and then the metal ion and the graphene oxide were reduced simultaneously by ethylene glycol. Electrochemical properties of the catalysts were studied by measuring cyclic voltammetries, and functional groups of the synthesized materials were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Average sizes and lattice parameters were measured by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy images, and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that Pt NPs were successfully deposited on the EDTA-GO with the crystallite size of about 2.3 nm. The prepared catalysts demonstrated an enhanced tolerance towards CO poisoning, when EDTA-GO was used as supports. This suggests that EDTA plays a crucial role in the dispersion and electrocatalytic activity of the metal nanoparticles.     

Electrodeposited Pt and Pt-Sn nanoparticles on Ti as anodes for direct methanol fuel cells

Electro-oxidation of methanol was studied on titanium supported nanocrystallite Pt and Pt_x-Sn_y catalysts prepared by electrodeposition techniques. Their electro-catalytic activities were studied in 0.5mol/L H₂SO₄ and compared to those of a smooth Pt, Pt/Pt and Pt-Sn/Pt electrodes. Platinum was deposited on Ti by galvanostatic and potentiostatic techniques. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques were applied in order to investigate the chemical composition and the phase structure of the modified electrodes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the surface morphology and to correlate the results obtained from the two electrochemical deposition methods. Results show that modified Pt/Ti electrodes prepared by the two methods have comparable performance and enhanced catalytic activity towards methanol electro-oxidation compared to Pt/Pt and smooth Pt electrodes. Steady state Tafel plots experiments show a higher rate of methanol oxidation on a Pt/Ti catalyst than that on a smooth Pt.  Introduction of a small amount of Sn deposited with Pt improves the catalytic activity and the stability of prepared electrode with time as indicated from the cyclic votlammetry and the chronoamperometric experiments. The effect of variations in the composition for binary catalysts of the type Pt_x-Sn_y/Ti towards the methanol oxidation reaction is reported. Consequently, the Pt_x-Sn_y/Ti (x∶y (8∶1), molar ratio) catalyst is a very promising one for methanol oxidation.     

Pt dendrimer nanocomposites for oxygen reduction reaction in direct methanol fuel cells

Dendrimer-encapsulated Pt nanoparticles (G4OHPt) were prepared by chemical reduction at room temperature. The G4OHPt, with average diameters of ca. 2.7 nm, were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Electrocatalytic behavior for oxygen reduction reaction was investigated using a rotating disk electrode configuration in an acidic medium, with and without the presence of methanol (0.01, 0.1, and 1 M). Kinetic studies showed that electrodes based on Pt nanoparticles encapsulated inside the dendrimer display a higher selectivity for ORR in the presence of methanol than electrodes based on commercial Pt black catalysts. Also, the dendritic polymer confers a protective effect on the Pt in the presence of methanol, which allows its use as a cathode in a direct methanol fuel cell operating at different temperatures. Good performance was obtained at 90 °C and 2 bar of pressure with a low platinum loading on the electrode surface.     

Surface modified Pt/C as a methanol tolerant oxygen reduction catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells

A new procedure has been successfully developed by which PtN_x/C is synthesized to enhance methanol tolerance while maintaining a high catalytic activity for the oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR). The nitrogen-modified Pt surface, which is prepared using a chelating agent followed by heat treatment, exhibits considerable selectivity toward the ORR in the presence of methanol. The high methanol tolerance could be attributed to the suppression of methanol adsorption resulting from the modification of the Pt surface with nitrogen. A direct methanol fuel-cell (DMFC) test showed that a power density of up to 120 m W cm⁻² was generated when PtN_x/C was used as the cathode catalyst (1 mg cm⁻²) in 6 M methanol and oxygen at 70 °C.     

Electrocatalytic performance of Pt/Ru/Sn/W fullerene electrode for methanol oxidation in direct methanol fuel cell

In this work,fullerene was modified by platinum,ruthenium,tin and tungsten nanoparticles.The material was characterized by XRD,ICP-OES and TEM micrograph.The average nanoparticle size on fullerene was 5-8 nm.The application of this material was investigated as a catalyst for methanol oxidation in direct methanol fuel cell.A glassy carbon electrode was modified by Pt/Ru/Sn/W fullerene and electrocatalytic activity of the electrode toward methanol oxidation in basic medium has been demonstrated and investigated using cyclic voltammetry.The catalyst showed good reactivity for methanol oxidation.     

Proton-conducting polymer membranes for direct methanol fuel cells

Three methods to block the methanol transport through proton-conducting polymer membranes while maintaining the proton conductivity unchanged have been conducted; 1) selective layer formation on the surface of the membrane, 2) prearation of nanoclay composite membrane providing tortuous pathway of methanol, 3) control and fixation of the proton transport channels. The methanol permeability through the membranes decreased significantly at the expense of the small decrease in the proton conductivity. It is thus concluded that both the structure and the fixation of the proton transport channels are crucial in optimizinging proton conducting membranes for direct methanol fuel cells.     

Nanostructured cathodic catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells

The high activity of catalysts based of nanodisperse Pt-P system and their tolerance to the poisoning effect of methanol are demonstrated for the working potentials of cathodes in methanol-air fuel cells. The catalysts’ activity in the oxygen reduction reaction in the presence of methanol is nearly hundred times that of catalysts based on mixed metal-chalcogenide systems.     

Modification of palladium-based catalysts by chalcogenes for direct methanol fuel cells

Palladium-based catalysts, such as PdS_x/C and PdSe_x/C, have been developed as oxygen reduction catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells. Pd/C catalysts containing chalcogens have been synthesized and tested for oxygen reduction and the results have been analyzed based on changes in the palladium phase. Selenium addition to the catalyst promotes the oxygen reduction due to the modification of the palladium surface. However, sulfur reduces the oxygen reduction activity to a great extent as a result of semi-amorphous palladium phase formation. Both PdS_x/C and PdSe_x/C are highly methanol tolerant.     

铂纳米棒有序阵列催化电极在被动式直接甲醇燃料电池中的应用

直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)具有能量密度高、无需充电、液体燃料添加便捷及环境友好等优点,是新一代便携式移动电源研究热点. DMFC规模应用的主要技术挑战是如何进一步提高电池性能、显著降低成本和可靠延长寿命.催化电极作为 DMFC发电核心和成本的集中体现,其电催化活性和贵金属用量直接影响 DMFC的性能和成本,开发高性能、低成本的催化电极对推进 DMFC实用化进程具有重要意义.特别是在被动式 DMFC中,阴极催化电极不仅需要提高电催化活性和大幅降低贵金属用量,而且还面临内部严重的“水淹”和氧传质受限等问题.近年来,随着纳米技术发展,有序纳米结构已逐渐应用于 DMFC催化电极的构筑中,电池性能得到显著提高.然而,目前的研究主要集中在膜电极纳米有序微孔层、纳米有序改性膜和纳米有序阳极催化电极及其阳极贵金属载量降低等方面,关于阴极催化电极在有序纳米结构以及载量降低等方面的研究相对较少.
　　本文采用模板法直接在微孔层上电沉积定向生长排列有序、直径可控的铂纳米棒阵列,并作为阴极催化电极应用于被动式 DMFC. X射线衍射和透射电镜结果表明,该铂纳米棒结构稳定,表面含有丰富的纳米晶须结构,有利于催化电极比表面积增加和电催化活性提高.不同催化电极上氧还原的极化曲线表明电极性能依下列次序变化：直径为200 nm铂纳米棒阵列电极>100 nm铂纳米棒阵列电极>商业化铂黑催化电极.电池性能表征表明,长度为1–3μm、直径分别为200和100 nm、载量为1.0 mg/cm2的铂纳米棒阵列作为阴极催化电极的 DMFC最大功率密度分别为17.3和12.0 mW/cm2.通过催化电极电化学活性面积和阻抗测试,分析其性能提高的原因可归结于有序排列的铂纳米棒阵列结构提高了电化学活性面积、增强了氧还原电催化活性并促进了阴极氧的传质.     

Preparation of MoO3/Pt electrodes by electrodeposition for a direct methanol fuel cell

MoO₃/Pt binary catalysts with various Mo/Pt ratios were prepared by an electrodeposition method for use as the anode in a direct methanol fuel cell. Pt was electrodeposited onto indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate, and then MoO₃ was electrodeposited from an Mo-peroxo electrolyte on the top of Pt with different deposition times. The crystallinity of synthesized films was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the oxidation state of both the platinum and molybdenum were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) was employed to investigate the surface morphology and composition. The catalytic activity and stability for methanol oxidation were measured using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry in a mixture of 0.5 M H₂SO₄ and 0.5 M CH₃OH aqueous solution. Electrocatalytic activity for CO oxidation was also evaluated in a 0.5-M H₂SO₄ solution. The addition of a proper amount of MoO₃ was found to significantly improve both the catalytic activity and stability for methanol oxidation.     

Pt and Ru X-ray absorption spectroscopy of PtRu anode catalysts in operating direct methanol fuel cells

In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, ex situ X-ray fluorescence, and X-ray powder diffraction enabled detailed core analysis of phase segregated nanostructured PtRu anode catalysts in an operating direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). No change in the core structures of the phase segregated catalyst was observed as the potential traversed the current onset potential of the DMFC. The methodology was exemplified using a Johnson Matthey unsupported PtRu (1:1) anode catalyst incorporated into a DMFC membrane electrode assembly. During DMFC operation the catalyst is essentially metallic with half of the Ru incorporated into a face-centered cubic (FCC) Pt alloy lattice and the remaining half in an amorphous phase. The extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis suggests that the FCC lattice is not fully disordered. The EXAFS indicates that the Ru-O bond lengths were significantly shorter than those reported for Ru-O of ruthenium oxides, suggesting that the phases in which the Ru resides in the catalysts are not similar to oxides.     

直接甲醇燃料电池纳米结构电催化材料及多孔电极研究

直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)因其燃料能量密度高,工作温度低,低污染排放等优点被认为是用作移动设备电源的最佳选择之一,至今已有美国的Oorja Protonics公司和丹麦的IRD公司等新能源相关企业相继发布了多款用于手机、电脑、通信基站、叉式装卸机或房车的商业产品.然而, DMFC内部的复杂情况造成的多种不同的电压损失仍旧使得其实际电压效率远低于理论值.其中从阳极渗透到阴极的甲醇造成的混合电位导致的电压损失尤为明显.目前,众多研究人员都致力于开发高稳定性、高耐久性、高性能且低成本的催化材料体系,以克服传统Pt催化剂存在的各种问题.除了催化剂本身之外, DMFC的问题还与其中膜电极的微结构和电化学特性息息相关.膜电极是化学能通过电催化氧化还原反应转化为电能的反应场所,通常由阳极扩散层、阳极催化层、质子交换膜、阴极催化层和阴极扩散层依序组合而成.通过对MEA中的各层进行优化,如传质管理和甲醇渗透等问题都能得到有效解决.
　　近年来,纳米技术常被用于改进DMFC性能的研究.具备纳米结构的金属-碳/金属氧化物载体类催化材料得到了广泛研究.这些电催化材料在制备方法、结构和组分上都有较大区别.结构方面,许多研究都证明制备纳米级多孔网络结构或者有序阵列结构的催化层有助于提高催化性能和Pt的利用率.组分方面,许多研究人员都开展了引入Pt以外金属成分或金属氧化物来改变Pt催化剂的表面电子状态的研究.引入这些组分导致的配位体效应可以通过弱化Pt与H+, OH-或COads等的相互作用来起到抗催化毒化和提高催化效率的作用.尽管对于DMFC领域的认知逐渐完善,但是仍有许多问题有待解决.因此,本文介绍了目前用于DMFC的纳米结构电催化材料和多孔电极的研究进展.重点介绍了纳米结构催化剂和载体材料的合成及表征.
　　通过对比不同催化材料的特性可以发现,在本文涉及到的催化材料中, In0.1SnO2-Pt和(MoO3)0.2SnO2-Pt/C表现出了最高的催化活性,但是它们高效催化甲醇电氧化所需的碱性环境与现在占绝对主流地位的Nafion质子交换膜所必须的酸性环境相冲突,所以其实际应用价值在碱性阴离子交换膜研究取得突破前都难以有效发挥.而另一类表现较好的采用溶致液晶模板法合成的纳米树枝状和纳米星形Pt催化剂则存在制备工艺难以商业规模化的问题.总的来说,采用溶剂热合成法制备的Pt-NRCeO2/GNs和Pt/Ti0.9Sn0.1O2-C等纳米结构金属氧化物、碳材料复合载体和Pt基贵金属催化剂组成的催化材料体系不仅催化性能相对于商业化Pt纳米颗粒有很大提高,而且制备方法易于商业规模化,值得进一步关注.此外,本文还介绍了如内部传质过程的理论建模计算和膜电极中功能结构的制备等优化DMFC中多孔电极内传质过程的方法.通过计算机模拟得到优化DMFC内部传质过程所需的扩散层、催化层的传质特性相关参数,再通过改进MEA制备工艺,有效控制各层的结构参数向模拟的优化值靠拢,能够实现DMFC性能的有效提升.综合模拟、实验研究及工艺研究结果,根据实际需要,设计和制备包含新功能层的MEA的相关研究也更进一步提高了DMFC的性能和实用性.就目前的研究情况而言,如果在性能提升的基础上,使用寿命再取得突破, DMFC一定会有很好的商业应用前景.     

A novel electrode architecture for passive direct methanol fuel cells

The supply of cathode reactants in a passive direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) relies on naturally breathing oxygen from ambient air. The successful operation of this type of passive fuel cell requires the overall mass transfer resistance of oxygen through the layered fuel cell structure to be minimized such that the voltage loss due to the oxygen concentration polarization can be reduced. In this work, we propose a new membrane electrode assembly (MEA), in which the conventional cathode gas diffusion layer (GDL) is eliminated while utilizing a porous metal structure for transporting oxygen and collecting current. We show theoretically that the new MEA enables a higher mass transfer rate of oxygen and thus better performance. The measured polarization and constant-current discharging behavior showed that the passive DMFC with the new MEA yielded better and much more stable performance than did the cell having the conventional MEA. The EIS spectrum analysis further demonstrated that the improved performance with the new MEA was attributed to the enhanced transport of oxygen as a result of the reduced mass transfer resistance in the fuel cell system.     

Embedded polymerization driven asymmetric PEM for direct methanol fuel cells

This work reports the fabrication of proton exchange membranes (PEM) with stronger resistance to methanol penetration than Nafion^®117. A three-component acrylic polymer blend (TCPB) consisting of a copolymer of 4-vinylphenol-methyl methacrylate, poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) and a copolymer of methyl methacrylate-ethyl acrylate is used as the methanol barrier. In order to implant a proton source phase within the membrane as homogeneously as possible, the hydrophilic monomers, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propanesulfonic acid (AMPS), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethylacrylate (PEGDMA), are polymerized only after they have been embedded in the TCPB matrix. The embedded polymerization has resulted in an asymmetric membrane structure, in which the hydrophilic network is sandwiched by two layers of matrixes with high percentages of TCPB. As expected, this asymmetric membrane structure exhibits lower methanol uptake than Nafion^®117; and a proton conductivity in the range of 10⁻³–10⁻⁴ S/cm, which is dependent on the concentration of the sulfonic acid content. It is suggested that the two external layers in this asymmetric membrane provide primarily methanol-blocking and supporting proton-conducting properties; while the middle layer supplies protons and conserves water. This unique sandwiched PEM structure from embedded polymerization is confirmed by microstructure characterizations and by physical property measurements.     

直接甲醇燃料电池用PEMs的研究进展

本文介绍了用于直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFCs)的质子交换膜(PEMs)的工作原理与性能要求。讨论了影响DMFCs国PEMs的甲醇渗透性能的因素。综述了Nation、改性Nafion膜以及其它新品种膜的研究进展。     

Carbon-supported shape-controlled Pt nanoparticle electrocatalysts for direct alcohol fuel cells

The demand for power sources alternative to fossil fuels makes urgent the development of more efficient electrocatalysts for fuel cells applications and the maximization of the performances of the existent ones. This work reports, for the first time, the use of carbon-supported shape-controlled Pt nanoparticles as anode catalysts in direct ethanol fuel cells. By using cubic Pt nanoparticles, on which (100) surface sites are predominant, the performance of the fuel cell can be increased from 14 to 24 mW per mg of Pt when compared with cuboctahedral nanoparticles. Moreover, the open circuit potential shifts about 50 mV toward more positive potentials. In comparison with commercially available Pt catalysts, the performance for the (100) preferentially oriented nanoparticles is about three times higher. The reported results evidence that, from an applied point of view, the effect of the surface structure/shape of the electrocatalysts can be also considered to improve the performance of real fuel cell systems.     

Preparation and characterization of long-lived anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells

Entry of direct methanol fuel cells into the market requires anode catalyst with stable activity. This paper presents a novel method for stabilizing the activity by immobilizing silica on the catalytic PtRu nanoparticles. Characterization was performed by STEM-EDX, XRD, and ICP. The silica-immobilized PtRu nanoparticles showed high and stable activity toward methanol oxidation. The activity was maintained for 1000 h in sulfuric acidic solution, while the activity of the catalyst with "bare" PtRu nanoparticles decayed after 100 h, showing high durability of the silica-immobilized PtRu nanoparticles catalyst in quasi-anodic acidic environment.