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1.
Solange I. Mussatto Giuliano Dragone Marcela Fernandes Adriane M. F. Milagres Inês C. Roberto 《Cellulose (London, England)》2008,15(5):711-721
Brewer’s spent grain components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) were fractionated in a two-step chemical pretreatment
process using dilute sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions. The cellulose pulp produced was hydrolyzed with a cellulolytic
complex, Celluclast 1.5 L, at 45 °C to convert the cellulose into glucose. Several conditions were examined: agitation speed
(100, 150 and 200 rpm), enzyme loading (5, 25 and 45 FPU/g substrate), and substrate concentration (2, 5 and 8% w/v), according
to a 23 full factorial design aiming to maximize the glucose yield. The obtained results were interpreted by analysis of variance
and response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of brewer’s spent grain were identified
as 100 rpm, 45 FPU/g and 2% w/v substrate. Under these conditions, a glucose yield of 93.1% and a cellulose conversion (into
glucose and cellobiose) of 99.4% was achieved. The easiness of glucose release from BSG makes this substrate a raw material
with great potential to be used in bioconversion processes. 相似文献
2.
Hongming Lou Huanran Lai Shun Wu Xiuli Li Dongjie Yang Xueqing Qiu Jinhao Huang Conghua Yi 《Cellulose (London, England)》2014,21(5):3361-3369
The effects of long-chain fatty alcohols (LFAs) on the enzymatic hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose by two commercial Trichoderma reesei cellulase cocktails (CTec2 and Celluclast 1.5L) were studied. It was found that n-butanol inhibited the enzymatic hydrolysis, but n-octanol, n-decanol and n-dodecanol had strong enhancement on enzymatic hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose in the buffer pH range from 4.0 to 6.0. LFAs can increase the hydrolysis efficiency of crystalline cellulose from 37 to 57 % at Celluclast 1.5L loading of ten filter paper units (FPU)/g glucan. LFAs have similar enhancement on the enzymatic hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose mixed with lignin or xylan. The enhancement of LFAs increased with the decrease of the crystallinity index. LFAs not only enhanced the high-solid enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose, but also improved the rheological properties of high-solid lignocellulosic slurries by decreasing the yield stress and complex viscosity. Meanwhile, LFAs can improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellobiose to glucose, especially at low cellulase loading. 相似文献
3.
Raphael Lamed Rina Kenig Ely Morgenstern Jose Francisco Calzada Fabiola De Micheo Edward A. Bayer 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》1991,27(2):173-183
The cellulosome, the multienzyme complex of the cellulase system ofClostridium thermocellum, that mediates the solubilization of insoluble cellulose, is strongly inhibited by the major end product, cellobiose. By
combining a purified β-glucosidase fromAspergillus niger with the cellulosome, accumulated cellobiose was hydrolyzed thereby resulting in a dramatic enhancement (up to 10-fold) of
cellulose degradation. The observed enhancement was expressed both in the rate and degree of solubilization of microcrystalline
cellulose, compared with that observed for the unsupplemented cellulosome. Near-complete conversion of cellulose to glucose
could be obtained from dense substrate suspensions (up to at least 200 g/L). 相似文献
4.
Lactic acid production from cellulosic material by synergetic hydrolysis and fermentation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The hydrolysis process on corncob residue was catalyzed synergetically by the cellulase from Trichoderma reesei and the immobilized cellobiase. The feedback inhibition to cellulase reaction caused by the accumulation of cellobiose was
eliminated efficiently. The hydrolysis yield of corncob residue was 82.5%, and the percentage of glucose in the reducing sugar
reached 88.2%. The glucose in the cellulosic hydrolysate could be converted into lactic acid effectively by the immobilized
cells of Lactobacillus delbrueckii. When the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and the fermentation of lactic acid were coupled together, no glucose was accumulated
in the reaction system, and the feedback inhibition caused by glucose was also eliminated. Under the batch process of synergetic
hydrolysis and lactic acid fermentation with 100 g/L of cellulosic substrate, the conversion efficiency of lactic acid from
cellulose and the productivity of lactic acid reached 92.4% and 0.938 g/(L·h), respectively. By using a fed-batch technique,
the total concentration of cellulosic substrate and lactic acid in the synergetic process increased to 200 and 107.5 g/L,
respectively, whereas the dosage of cellulase reduced from 20 to 15 IU/g of substrate in the batch process. The results of
the bioconversion of renewable cellulosic resources were significant. 相似文献
5.
Barbara M. Sensuła Peter J. Derrick John C. Bickerton Anna Pazdur 《Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM》2009,23(13):2070-2074
We present the first results concerning interannual variations in concentrations of glucose and cellobiose, obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis of α‐cellulose. The α‐cellulose was extracted from late‐wood of oak. The tree‐ring chronologies, wood components and their physical and chemical properties provide information about the ecosystem in which the tree grew, and thus information regarding climate variability and the impact of human activity in the past. The large molecular size and insolubility make it difficult to determine precisely the chemical and physical properties of the intact cellulose polymer. Enzymatic hydrolysis is the principal method of degradation of cellulose. In this study the feasibility has been examined of characterizing α‐cellulose through analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) of the degradation products from hydrolysis. Degradation of α‐cellulose was possible without using alkaline or acid buffers. Analysis by MS provided the opportunity to obtain information on the biodegradation of saccharides. The presence of cellobiose and glucose in the degradation product was evidenced by the mass spectra. We have compared the abundances of these glucose and cellobiose ions with carbon isotope ratios, the efficiency of extraction of α‐cellulose from the wood and tree‐ring width indices. The challenge is to establish, with respect to climate changes and environmental conditions, the significance of the variations from one year to another in the observed abundances of glucose and cellobiose ions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
Changes in the molecular structure of cellulose during hydrolysis with four recombinant -1,4-glycanases from the cellulolytic bacterium Cellulomonas fimi were assessed and compared in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of crystalline cellulose degradation. It was apparent that the two endoglucanases, Cel6A and Cel5A, degraded sigmacell cellulose differently; Cel5A liberated more soluble sugars (cellobiose and cellotriose) and significantly altered the molecular weight distribution, while Cel6A had a limited effect on the polymer size and liberated primarily cellobiose and glucose. Additionally, both endoglucanases slightly increased the crystallinity of cellulose. In contrast, the cellobiohydrolases, Cel6B and Cel48A, had no effect on cellulose molecular weight and liberated only cellobiose and cellotriose. However, Cel48A was shown to be effective at reducing the crystallinity of the cellulosic substrate, while Cel6B increased the crystallinity index. Synergistic hydrolysis using combinations of the different enzymes showed that, although the cellulose was extensively hydrolysed, the molecular structure of the substrate was similar to the original material. This phenomenon suggests that the actions of individual monocomponent enzymes are offset by the concurrent modification by the complementing enzymes during synergistic hydrolysis. 相似文献
7.
Cascade Enzymatic Hydrolysis Coupling with Ultra ne Grinding Pretreatment for Sugarcane Bagasse Sacchari cation
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Zheng-qiu Yuan Jin-xing Long Tie-jun Wang Yu-qin Li Qi Zhang Long-long Ma 《化学物理学报(中文版)》2015,28(3):355-360
The biorefinery process for sugarcane bagasse saccharification generally requires significant accessibility of cellulose. We reported a novel method of cascade cellulase enzymatic hydrolysis coupling with ultrafine grinding pretreatment for sugarcane bagasse saccharification. Three enzymatic hydrolysis modes including single cellulase enzymatic hydrolysis, mixed cellulase enzymatic hydrolysis, and cascade cellulase enzymatic hydrolysis were compared. The changes on the functional group and surface morphology of bagasse during cascade cellulase enzymatic hydrolysis were also examined by FT-IR and SEM respectively. The results showed that cascade enzymatic hydrolysis was the most efficient way to enhance the sugarcane bagasse sacchari cation. More than 65% of reducing sugar yield with 90.1% of glucose selectivity was achieved at 50 oC, pH=4.8 for 72 h (1200 r/min) with cellulase I of 7.5 FPU/g substrate and cellulase II of 5 FPU/g substrate. 相似文献
8.
The economics driving biorefinery development requires high value-added products such as cellobiose for financial feasibility.
This research describes a simple technology for increasing cellobiose yields during lignocellulosic hydrolysis. The yield
of cellobiose produced during cellulose hydrolysis was maximized by modification of reaction conditions. The addition of an
inhibitor from the group that includes glucose oxidase, gluconolactone, and gluconic acid during cellulase hydrolysis of cellulose
increased the amount of cellobiose produced. The optimal conditions for cellobiose production were determined for four factors;
reaction time, cellulase concentration, cellulose concentration, and inhibitor concentration using a Box-Behnken experimental
design. Gluconolactone in the cellulase system resulted in the greatest production of cellobiose (31.2%) from cellulose. The
yield of cellobiose was 23.7% with glucose oxidase, similar to 21.9% with gluconic acid. 相似文献
9.
Yanna Liang Zisong Feng Jemil Yesuf James W. Blackburn 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2010,160(6):1841-1852
A newly isolated Anoxybacillus sp. 527 was found to grow on crystalline cellulose as sole carbon and energy sources. Cellulases secreted by strain 527 were
better induced by cellobiose, followed by glucose, lactose, sucrose, and cellulose. Cellulase secretion was enhanced by an
optimized medium. Cellulase activity was increased by the addition of Ca2+ and NH4+ and achieved maximum as 7.0 FPU ml−1 at 70 °C and pH 6.0. Even at 100 °C, the enzymes were still active, which implies their potential application in large-scale
cellulose conversion process. 相似文献
10.
Daniel J. Schell Mark F. Ruth Melvin P. Tucker 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》1999,77(1-3):67-81
Glucose yield from the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was investigated as a function of cellulase enzyme loading (7–36
filter paper units [FPU]/g cellulose) and solids concentration (7–18% total solids) for up to 72 h on dilute sulfuric-acid
pretreated Douglas Fir. The saccharification was performed on whole hydrolysate with no separation or washing of the solids.
Enzyme loading had a significant effect on glucose yield; solids concentration had a much smaller effect even at higher glucose
concentrations. The data were used to generate an empirical model for glucose yield, and to fit parameters of a cellulose
hydrolysis kinetic model. Both models could be used for economic evaluation of a separate hydrolysis and fermentation process. 相似文献
11.
A cellulase production process was developed by growing the fungi Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus phoenicis on dairy manure. T. reesei produced a high total cellulase titer (1.7 filter paper units [FPU]/mL, filter paper activity) in medium containing 10 g/L
of manure (dry basis [w/w]), 2 g/L KH2PO4, 2 mL/L of Tween-80, and 2mg/L of CoCl2. However, β-glucosidase activity in the T. reesei-enzyme system was very low. T. reesei was then cocultured with A. phoenicis to enhance the β-glucosidase level. The mixed culture resulted in a relatively high level of total cellulase (1.54 FPU/mL)
and β-glucosidase (0.64 IU/mL). The ratio of β-glucosidase activity to filter paper activity was 0.41, suitable for hydrolyzing
manure cellulose. The crude enzyme broth from the mixed culture was used for hydrolyzing the manure cellulose, and the produced
glucose was significantly (p<0.01) higher than levels obtained by using the commercial enzyme or the enzyme broth of the pure culture T. reesei. 相似文献
12.
Ingrid Persson Folke Tjerneld Bärbel Hähn-Hagerdal 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》1991,27(1):9-25
Cellulolytic enzyme production in aqueous two-phase systems withTrichoderma reesei Rutgers C30 has been investigated. The influ ence of different phase systems, as well as addition of media compo nents and substrate on enzyme production have been studied. Extractive enzyme production in fed-batch cultivations was per formed in a phase system composed of PEG 8000 5%-Dextran T500 7% with 1% Solka-Floc BW 200 as substrate. The cellulolytic enzyme system was intermittently withdrawn with the top phase. Addition of media components every 24 h and cellulose every 72 h gave an aver age enzyme activity in the withdrawn top phase of 2.2 FPU/mL dur ing 170 h cultivation. The corresponding productivity was 18 FPU/lh. The productivity was increased to 24 FPU/l.h when media compo nents and cellulose were added every 72 h. The average enzyme con centration was then 1.6 FPU/mL. The results are discussed in relation to methods for cellulolytic enzyme production involving immobiliza tion and cell recycling. 相似文献
13.
Mingjia Zhang Rongxin Su Wei Qi Zhimin He 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2010,160(5):1407-1414
To enhance the conversion of the cellulose and hemicellulose, the corncob pretreated by aqueous ammonia soaking was hydrolyzed
by enzyme complexes. The saturation limit for cellulase (Spezyme CP) was determined as 15 mg protein/g glucan (50 filter paper
unit (FPU)/g glucan). The accessory enzymes (β-glucosidase, xylanase, and pectinase) were supplemented to hydrolyze cellobiose
(cellulase-inhibiting product), hemicellulose, and pectin (the component covering the fiber surfaces), respectively. It was
found that β-glucosidase (Novozyme 188) loading of 1.45 mg protein/g glucan [30 cellobiase units (CBU)/g glucan] was enough
to eliminate the cellobiose inhibitor, and 2.9 mg protein/g glucan (60 CBU/g glucan) was the saturation limit. The supplementation
of xylanase and pectinase can increase the conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose significantly. The yields of glucose
and xylose enhanced with the increasing enzyme loading, but the increasing trend became low at high loading. Compared with
xylanase, pectinase was more effective to promote the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose. The supplementation of pectinase
with 0.12 mg protein/g glucan could increase the yields of glucose and xylose by 7.5% and 29.3%, respectively. 相似文献
14.
β-Glucosidase hydrolyzes cellobiose to glucose and is an important enzyme in the consortium used for hydrolysis of cellulosic and lignocellulosic feedstocks. In the present work, β-glucosidase was covalently immobilized on non-porous magnetic particles to enable re-use of the enzyme. It was found that particles activated with cyanuric chloride and polyglutaraldehyde gave the highest bead-related immobilized enzyme activity when tested with p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (104.7 and 82.2 U/g particles, respectively). Furthermore, the purified β-glucosidase preparation from Megazyme gave higher bead-related enzyme activities compared to Novozym 188 (79.0 and 9.8 U/g particles, respectively). A significant improvement in thermal stability was observed for immobilized enzyme compared to free enzyme; after 5 h (at 65 °C), 36 % of activity remained for the former, while there was no activity in the latter. The performance and recyclability of immobilized β-glucosidase on more complex substrate (pretreated spruce) was also studied. It was shown that adding immobilized β-glucosidase (16 U/g dry matter) to free cellulases (8 FPU/g dry matter) increased the hydrolysis yield of pretreated spruce from ca. 44 % to ca. 65 %. In addition, it was possible to re-use the immobilized β-glucosidase in the spruce and retain activity for at least four cycles. The immobilized enzyme thus shows promise for lignocellulose hydrolysis. 相似文献
15.
Ingrid Persson Henrik Stalbrand Folke Tjerneld Bärbel Hahn-Hägerdal 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》1991,27(1):27-36
Cellulolytic enzyme production was studied in an aqueous twophase system, PEG 8000 5%-Dextran 7%, withTrichoderma reesei Rutgers C30 in a 7L fermentor. In batch cultivations, an average of 2.5 filter paper units (FPU)/mL were obtained in the top phase. In cultiva tions in regular media without polymers, the same enzyme concen tration was obtained. The enzyme yield was 205 FPU/g cellulose in the phase system, and 259 FPU/g cellulose in the regular medium. An extractive fed-batch cultivation was maintained in the aqueous twophase system for 360 h. The enzyme containing top phase was with drawn after phase separation. New cellulose substrate and nutrients were added with the new top phase. The enzyme extraction was started after 120 h of cultivation, and was repeated every 72 h. The total substrate concentration was 40 g/L. A maximum enzyme concentration of 4.8 FPU/mL was obtained in the withdrawn cell-free top phase. The enzyme yield was 148 FPU/g cellulose. 相似文献
16.
The effect of two types of cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose and paper pulp, on enzymatic hydrolysis for cellobiose production
was investigated. The particle size, the relative crystallinity index and the water retention value were determined for both
celluloses. A previously studied multistage hydrolysis process that proved to enhance the cellobiose production was studied
with both types of celluloses. The cellobiose yield exhibited a significant improvement (120% for the microcrystalline cellulose
and 75% for the paper pulp) with the multistage hydrolysis process compared to continuous hydrolysis. The conversion of cellulose
to cellobiose was greater for the microcrystalline cellulose than for the paper pulp. Even with high crystallinity, microcrystalline
cellulose achieved the highest cellobiose yield probably due to its highest specific surface area accessible to enzymes and
quantity of adsorbed protein. 相似文献
17.
Deqiang Chu Hongbo Deng Xiaoxi Zhang Jian Zhang Jie Bao 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2012,167(1):190-196
A simplified filter paper assay (FPA) method of cellulase enzymes was proposed based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurement. The method was according to the sum of glucose and cellobiose concentrations measured by HPLC that was able to be correlated with filter paper units (FPU) of the cellulase enzymes assayed by the traditional FPA method, regardless of the differences in the sources, activities, and components of the cellulases. This simple and quick assay method for the cellulase enzymes provided another parameter of the ratio of glucose to cellobiose (G/C ratio) representing the capacity of cellulase enzymes degrading cellulose into fermentable monomeric sugars. 相似文献
18.
Evaluation and Characterization of Forage Sorghum as Feedstock for Fermentable Sugar Production 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Corredor DY Salazar JM Hohn KL Bean S Bean B Wang D 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2009,158(1):164-179
Sorghum is a tropical grass grown primarily in semiarid and drier parts of the world, especially areas too dry for corn. Sorghum
production also leaves about 58 million tons of by-products composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The low
lignin content of some forage sorghums such as brown midrib makes them more digestible for ethanol production. Successful
use of biomass for biofuel production depends on not only pretreatment methods and efficient processing conditions but also
physical and chemical properties of the biomass. In this study, four varieties of forage sorghum (stems and leaves) were characterized
and evaluated as feedstock for fermentable sugar production. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction
were used to determine changes in structure and chemical composition of forage sorghum before and after pretreatment and the
enzymatic hydrolysis process. Forage sorghums with a low syringyl/guaiacyl ratio in their lignin structure were easy to hydrolyze
after pretreatment despite the initial lignin content. Enzymatic hydrolysis was also more effective for forage sorghums with
a low crystallinity index and easily transformed crystalline cellulose to amorphous cellulose, despite initial cellulose content.
Up to 72% hexose yield and 94% pentose yield were obtained using modified steam explosion with 2% sulfuric acid at 140 °C
for 30 min and enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase (15 filter per unit (FPU)/g cellulose) and β-glucosidase (50 cellobiose
units (CBU)/g cellulose). 相似文献
19.
M. P. Coughlan M. A. Folan A. Mchale P. J. Considine A. P. Moloney 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》1984,9(4):331-332
In typical fermentations at 45‡C on cellulose/corn steep liquor/ammonium and mineral salts medium, growth of the thermophilic
fungusTalaromyces emersonii increases rapidly up to about 50 h and then decreases, presumably because of cell lysis, sporulation, or both. The accumulation
of cellulase activity follows closely on growth and essentially reaches a maximum at about the same time that cell protein
does. By contrast, two peaks of Β-glucosidase activity are observed, one maximal at about 36 h and the second at about 75
h. Fractionation of culture filtrates showed that the cellulase system is comprised of at least four endoglucanases (EC 3.2.1.4),
four or five exoglucanases (cello-biohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.91), and three types of Β-glucosidase (cellobiase; EC 3.2.1.21).
All are glycoproteins. Indeed, variation in carbohydrate content may account for some of the observed multiplicity of enzyme
forms. Although none of the individual components is active against cellulose, reconstitution experiments show that appropriate
mixtures of each type act synergistically to effect hydrolysis of substrate. In addition to the three extracellular Β-glucosidases
I (Mr, 135,000), II (Mr, 100,000), and III (Mr, 45,700), an intracellular form, IV (Mr, 57,600), has been isolated. All exist as single polypeptides. The extracellular forms I and III are most active at 70‡C,
pH 5, and have half-lives under these conditions of 6 and 3 h, respectively. By contrast, the intracellular form (IV) is most
active at 35‡C and is rapidly denatured at higher temperatures. Substrate specificity and other studies provide clues to their
possible roles in vivo. Β-Glucosidase III acts as an exoglucohydrolase by removing glucose residues from cellooligosaccharides
arising from the action of endocellulases. Β-Glucosidase I is the major enzyme involved in cleaving cellobiose and short chain
cellooligosaccharides. In doing so it relieves the inhibition by cellobiose of cellulase action.
The intracellular form, Β-glucosidase IV, may have a dual role. By virtue of its transferase activity it may convert incoming
cellobiose to the active inducer of cellulase synthesis, whereas by cleaving cellobiose to glucose (hydrolase action) it provides
energy for the cell and a repressor of cellulase formation. Four endocellulases have been purified to apparent homogeneity
as judged by electrophoresis. Preliminary results show that they all have Mr values of about 70,000 and pI values less than 4. However, they differ from one another in carbohydrate content, thermal
stability, and affinity for substrate. The complete cellulase system is most active at pH 4.2, 60–65‡C, and retains about
80% of its original activity after 5 d incubation at 60‡C, pH 5.
Avicel and filter paper most effectively induce synthesis of the complete cellulase system, as measured by the ability of
culture filtrate to digest filter paper. Cotton, Solka floc, and α-cellulose are also effective inducers, as are “wastes”
such as newspaper, straw, and beet pulp. Little or no cellulase synthesis is evident when lactose, cellobiose, or glucose
replaces cellulose in growth media. From a practical viewpoint we find that saccharification of beet pulp is most readily
achieved by using enzyme (i.e., culture filtrate) obtained by growing the organism on medium containing beet pulp as the source
of cellulose. Of the various strains ofTalaromyces emersonii investigated for cellulase production, we found CBS 814.70 to be the best, yielding approx. 0.5 IU/mL of culture filtrate.
By medium optimization and genetic manipulation we have isolated a number of mutants of this strain giving 2 IU/mL or more
and enzyme productivities of 20–25 IU/L/h. Xylanase, arabinogalactanase, and pectinase activities have also been detected
in culture filtrates of the organism when grown on beet pulp. Various lignocellulosic materials, including cotton, Solka floc,
Avicel, filter paper, newspaper, and straw, can be degraded by the enzyme system. However, much of our effort has been directed
to investigation of the saccharification of beet pulp since it is available in large quantities at central locations and because
its lignin content is low. About 85% of the dry weight of this material is accounted for by cellulose, hemicellulose, and
pectin in roughly equal proportions. Culture filtrates effect significant saccharification of pulp as measured by the release
of reducing sugars or of glucose. Ball-milling the pulp prior to incubation with enzyme effects considerable improvement in
the extent of digestion. Alkali or peracetic acid pretreatment of the ball-milled substrate facilitates enzymic hydrolysis
even further. Good results are also obtained when unmilled pulp is (a) pretreated with pectinase prior to incubation with
normal culture filtrates or (b) incubated with more concentrated culture filtrates with good pectinase activity. Under suitable
conditions, 80% hydrolysis of beet pulp polysaccharides was achieved in 5 d at 60‡C, pH 5. 相似文献
20.
Wei Liao Zhiyou Wen Sharon Hurley Yan Liu Chuanbin Liu Shulin Chen 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2005,124(1-3):1017-1030
This study focused on the effect of hemicellulose and lignin on enzymatic hydrolysis of dairy manure and hydrolysis process
optimization to improve sugar yield. It was found that hemicellulose and lignin in dairy manure, similar to their role in
other lignocellulosic material, were major resistive factors to enzymatic hydrolysis and that the removal of either of them,
or for best performance, both of them, improved the enzymatic hydrolysis of manure cellulose. This result combined with scanning
electron microscope (SEM) pictures further proved that the accessibility of cellulose to cellulase was the most important
feature to the hydrolysis. Quantitatively, fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis of fiber without lignin and hemicellulose had a
high glucose yield of 52% with respect to the glucose concentration of 17 g/L at a total enzyme loading of 1300 FPU/L and
reaction time of 160 h, which was better than corresponding batch enzymatic hydrolysis. 相似文献