采用等效渗透系数法搜索渗流自由面

采用一个具体的实例对比分析了当前最为常用的几种自由面确定方法 ,阐明了各自的优缺点 ;然后在此基础上对单元传导矩阵调整法作了简化和改进 ,提出了等效渗透系数法。应用表明 ,等效渗透系数法不仅具有足够的计算精度 ,而且还具备算法简单、易推广等优点     

三维非稳定渗流自由面边界积分项的精确数值计算

利用固定网格法分析三维非稳定渗流问题时,将要面对两项积分难题:以自由面及单元表面为边界的空间积分及以自由面为边界的曲面积分。针对常用的任意8结点6平面三维普通单元,提出采用坐标变换及等参变换技术求取空间积分项的精确数值解;至于曲面积分项,建议改用单元非饱和区部分表面作为积分边界,经过坐标变换及等参变换处理积分边界后,利用高斯数值积分可求出曲面积分项的精确数值解。通过一个普通单元及一项均质半无限边界堤坝的实例分析,表明此方法的精确性和稳定性良好。     

考虑收缩徐变影响的新旧混凝土叠合梁单元刚度矩阵改进

混凝土自身的收缩徐变会在新旧混凝土叠合梁中使应力重分布.为了计算重分布应力,首先推导以挠度表达的叠合梁非线性微分方程,然后通过求解该微分方程,引入位移形函数、刚度形函数和等效节点载荷形函数,最后得出新混凝土梁、旧混凝土梁和Goodman弹性夹层三合一的叠合梁改进型单元刚度矩阵和等效节点载荷,从而为收缩徐变影响下的混凝土的内力计算提供了一种有效的新方法.文中还进行了实例验证分析,并从中得出了一些有益的结论.     

RCCD温度应力分析的非均匀单元方法

本文根据碾压混凝土坝的施工特点提出的非均匀模型和等效均匀模型能显著提高碾压混凝土坝温度应力分析的计算效率，并有与常规方法相同的计算精度．     

基于正交基无单元Galerkin法和非线性规划的安定分析方法

基于安定分析的下限定理,用正交基无单元Galerkin法建立了交交载荷作用下理想弹塑性结构安定分析的下限计算格式.在给定载荷域的载荷角点所对应的载荷作用下,采用正交基无单元Galerkin法计算相应的虚拟弹性应力场.并且利用结构在正交基无单元Galerkin法弹塑性增量分析中平衡迭代结果计算得到自平衡应力场基矢量,然后由这些基矢量的线性组合模拟自平街应力场.安定分析问题最终被归结为一系列未知变量较少的非线性数学规划子问题,通过复合形法求解.算例表明该方法的计算结果是令人满意的,并且对初始复合形顶点和用于构造自平衡应力场基矢量的载荷增量是非常不敏感的.     

极限下限分析的正交基无单元Galerkin法

基于极限分析的下限定理,建立了用正交基无单元Galerkin法进行理想弹塑性结构极 限分析的整套求解算法．下限分析所需的虚拟弹性应力场可由正交基无单元Galerkin法直接 得到,所需的自平衡应力场由一组带有待定系数的自平衡应力场基矢量的线性组合进行模 拟．这些自平衡应力场基矢量可由弹塑性增量分析中的平衡迭代得到．通过对自平衡应力场 子空间的不断修正,整个问题的求解将化为一系列非线性数学规划子问题,并通过复合形法 进行求解．算例表明该方法有效地克服了维数障碍问题,使计算效率得到了充分的提高,是 切实可行的．     

基于连续-非连续单元法的三维脆性颗粒冲击破碎特性分析

通过在连续-非连续单元法(CDEM)中引入考虑应变率效应的断裂能本构以及能量统计算法,实现了球体冲击破碎过程中损伤破裂程度及能量演化的定量分析。计算结果表明,冲击破碎过程分为接触蓄能阶段、损伤破碎阶段和碎块飞散阶段。首先,颗粒的部分动能转化为单元弹性变形能,随后这部分变形能和动能迅速转化为摩擦消耗、阻尼消耗及弹簧断裂能,破碎基本完全后碎块继续飞散。不同冲击速度下,颗粒分别出现了反弹、开裂、破碎和粉碎的现象。随冲击速度的增加,D50的变化速率逐渐放缓,破碎块度逐渐趋于稳定;破裂度、损伤度以及平均损伤因子的变化速率先增加后放缓,颗粒破坏以拉伸破坏为主。以上结论可为脆性材料冲击破碎工艺的优化设计提供依据。     

Trefftz间接法解自由面渗流问题

渗流问题是岩体水力学研究的重点之一,较常规的有限元法和传统的边界元法而言,Trefftz型边界元法具有程序简单、计算量小及无须奇异积分等特点。本文给出定常和非定常自由面渗流问题的Trefftz解法,计算结果表明,该法收敛性好,结果比较精确。     

无单元法在有自由面渗流计算中的应用

针对有自由面渗流分析中的有限元固定网各法存在的不足，利用无单元法中积分网格和结点相互独立的优点，提出了有自由面渗流的无单元法。计算结果表明，无单元法可以方便地解决迭代计算中的自由面变化问题，实现了真正意义上的网格固定。     

Global composite element iteration for analysis of seepage free surface

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The improved surface gradient method for flows simulation in variable bed topography channel using TVD‐MacCormack scheme

This paper reports four different approaches to discretize the source terms for the simulation of one‐dimensional open‐channel flows with rapidly varied bottom topography using TVD‐MacCormack scheme. Compared with other high‐resolution shock‐capturing schemes, MacCormack‐type predictor–corrector method is easy to implement and does not present any additional difficulty in dealing with the source terms. To avoid the generation of artificial numerical waves, if the bottom topography shows strong variation, special treatment of the source terms is still required to eliminate or reduce the artificial numerical error caused by adding TVD corrections to the method. The computed results demonstrated that the improved surface gradient method is more suitable for simulating open‐channel flow with highly irregular bed topography by using the surface gradient instead of the depth gradient for TVD corrections and considering the balancing of the source terms and the flux gradients. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An efficient quasi-Newton method for two-dimensional steady free surface flow

Steady free surface flows are of interest in the fields of marine and hydraulic engineering. Fitting methods are generally used to represent the free surface position with a deforming grid. Existing fitting methods tend to use time-stepping schemes, which is inefficient for steady flows. There also exists a steady iterative method, but that one needs to be implemented with a dedicated solver. Therefore a new method is proposed to efficiently simulate two-dimensional (2D) steady free surface flows, suitable for use in conjunction with black-box flow solvers. The free surface position is calculated with a quasi-Newton method, where the approximate Jacobian is constructed in a novel way by combining data from past iterations with an analytical model based on a perturbation analysis of a potential flow. The method is tested on two 2D cases: the flow over a bottom topography and the flow over a hydrofoil. For all simulations the new method converges exponentially and in few iterations. Furthermore, convergence is independent of the free surface mesh size for all tests.     

径向积分边界元法确定非均质土石坝渗流自由面

浸润面位置的确定是无压渗流分析中非常重要的问题,本文将径向积分边界单元法应用到渗流问题中,通过直接将区域积分转化为边界积分的技术,克服了传统边界元解决该类问题的缺陷,编写了迭代计算程序,并用二、三维算例证明了算法的有效性。     

An unsteady single‐phase level set method for viscous free surface flows

The single‐phase level set method for unsteady viscous free surface flows is presented. In contrast to the standard level set method for incompressible flows, the single‐phase level set method is concerned with the solution of the flow field in the water (or the denser) phase only. Some of the advantages of such an approach are that the interface remains sharp, the computation is performed within a fluid with uniform properties and that only minor computations are needed in the air. The location of the interface is determined using a signed distance function, and appropriate interpolations at the fluid/fluid interface are used to enforce the jump conditions. A reinitialization procedure has been developed for non‐orthogonal grids with large aspect ratios. A convective extension is used to obtain the velocities at previous time steps for the grid points in air, which allows a good estimation of the total derivatives. The method was applied to three unsteady tests: a plane progressive wave, sloshing in a two‐dimensional tank, and the wave diffraction problem for a surface ship, and the results compared against analytical solutions or experimental data. The method can in principle be applied to any problem in which the standard level set method works, as long as the stress on the second phase can be specified (or neglected) and no bubbles appear in the flow during the computation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

求解带自由面渗流问题移动网格法的改进及其工程应用

采用有限元固定网格和移动网格相结合的方法,求解带自由面的坝体稳定渗流问题。本方法是针对一般坝体的结构,在有限元网格生成之后,又自动生成了网格移动所需的信息,实现了网格在迭代计算中随自由面的变化自动均匀移动;讨论了网格奇异的不同类型,提出了避免单元形状怪异的移动网格方法;在欧拉空间中分区记录坝体不同的渗透性能,在网格移动到新位置后,自动识别网格所在的物性空间,从而确定单元在新位置上的渗流系数。本文将该方法应用到吉林丰满混凝土重力坝防渗加固的实际工程当中,在考虑大坝原有防渗措施的前提下,利用数值分析,研究了防渗芯墙对大坝渗流性能的影响。计算结果表明,加芯墙后坝体自由面位置明显下移,湿水部分大为减少,坝基扬压力没有明显提升,下游出水点位置没有明显下降。计算过程表明,本文方法及措施具有很好的收敛性与稳定性,且收敛性与自由面初始位置的选择无关。     

Unsteady RANS method for surface ship boundary layer and wake and wave field

Results are reported of an unsteady Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) method for simulation of the boundary layer and wake and wave field for a surface ship advancing in regular head waves, but restrained from body motions. Second‐order finite differences are used for both spatial and temporal discretization and a Poisson equation projection method is used for velocity–pressure coupling. The exact kinematic free‐surface boundary condition is solved for the free‐surface elevation using a body‐fitted/free‐surface conforming grid updated in each time step. The simulations are for the model problem of a Wigley hull advancing in calm water and in regular head waves. Verification and validation procedures are followed, which include careful consideration of both simulation and experimental uncertainties. The steady flow results are comparable to other steady RANS methods in predicting resistance, boundary layer and wake, and free‐surface effects. The unsteady flow results cover a wide range of Froude number, wavelength, and amplitude for which first harmonic amplitude and phase force and moment experimental data are available for validation along with frequency domain, linear potential flow results for comparisons. The present results, which include the effects of turbulent flow and non‐linear interactions, are in good agreement with the data and overall show better capability than the potential flow results. The physics of the unsteady boundary layer and wake and wave field response are explained with regard to frequency of encounter and seakeeping theory. The results of the present study suggest applicability for additional complexities such as practical ship geometry, ship motion, and maneuvering in arbitrary ambient waves. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.