Polyelectrolytes inhibition effect on crystallization of gypsum

The spontaneous precipitation of calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) at 30 °C was investigated in the presence of polyelectrolytes. The degree of inhibition is measured as the reduction in initial crystallization rate, determined by conductivity of the crystallizing solution. The inhibition increases with acid content of the copolymer. Changing the butyl ester to a hydrophilic ethylene oxide resulted in higher inhibition efficiency. The inhibition efficiency is believed to arise from the closer chain packing on the crystal surface. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

原料对DKDP晶体生长习性及光学性能的影响

通过传统降温法,利用不同原料从氘化程度为85;的溶液中生长DKDP晶体并对加工样品进行了相关测试.研究了不同原料对DKDP晶体的生长和光学性能的影响.实验表明:采用高纯原料所得DKDP晶体的光学性能提高,但其晶体生长容易出现外扩现象.     

磺基水杨酸锶分光晶体生长的研究

本文采用液相法合成了高纯度磺基水杨酸锶(简称SSS)多晶粉末原料,并采用热分析、红外光谱和XRD分析对多晶粉末原料进行表征。以水为溶剂分别在不同pH值下(pH=2.50、1.50和0.60)进行了SSS结晶习性实验。结果表明,在水溶液中当pH=0.60时SSS结晶性最好,实验还测定了SSS晶体在不同pH值溶液中的溶解度曲线,并进行了过饱和溶液成核机理的研究。研究结果表明,当生长溶液pH为0.60时,控制单晶生长温度在40～50℃区间,采用水溶液降温法可生长出63 mm×25 mm×3 mm的透明单晶。     

Growth morphology of crystals from kinetic and geometric perspective

The growth morphology of crystals is analysed from macroscopic point of view and the recent developments in this field are surveyed. In particular, it is shown that, for specific geometry characterized by interfacial angles a given face can increase in size for a very wide range of relative growth rates and need not be the slow‐growing face. Even growing faster than the neighbouring faces, such a face can increase in its size. However, there are other faces with other specific geometry, which can decrease the size growing more slowly than one of the neighbouring faces. If the growth time is sufficiently long, such a face may disappear and not be represented in the final crystal morphology. In the present survey the concepts given earlier [5] are extended. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

软X射线分光晶体琥珀酸十八酯的生长研究

本文合成了软X射线分光晶体材料琥珀酸十八酯(OSO),对其样品进行了表征和鉴定.对OSO在多种有机溶剂中的结晶性能进行了研究,结果表明在实验的几种有机溶剂中OSO的成核趋势很强,在甲苯和苯中具有较好的结晶特性.测定了OSO在苯和甲苯中的溶解度曲线,并用溶液降温法进行了晶体生长的实验.     

反式二苯乙烯(TSB)的溶液法晶体生长

本文观测了TSB在苯甲醚等有机溶剂中的结晶习性,测定了相应的溶解度曲线和亚稳区.采用溶液降温法在50~30 ℃的温度范围内进行晶体生长,获得透明度好的厘米级TSB晶体.通过对所得晶体进行X射线粉末衍射、紫外-近红外透过光谱、吸收光谱和紫外荧光光谱等测试,表明:本实验使用的不同生长溶剂对TSB晶体结构不会产生影响,所得晶体在410~1000 nm波长范围内透过率不低于80;,而在200~360 nm范围内有吸收,在波长为272.8 nm的激发光作用下,得到较强的荧光峰,峰位为386 nm.     

Influence of solvent and crystallization method on the crystal habit of metronidazole

In the present study, metronidazole was crystallized in several solvents, according to both the “cooling crystallization” and the “crystallization by non‐solvent addition”. Particle properties, such as crystal habit, elongation ratio, and mean particle size, were determined by SEM analysis. Structural changes and development of polymorphic forms were excluded by both Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X‐Ray Powder Diffractometry (XRPD). Crystal habit (and thus elongation ratio) was typically influenced by both the solvent polarity index and the crystallization method: solvents with higher polarity index tended to promote acicular or stick‐shaped crystals with a high elongation ratio, while isodimensional crystals were promoted by decreasing the polarity index, as was particle aggregation. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

氮化铝晶体的生长惯习面和晶体形态

本文采用氧化铝碳热还原方法制备出了多种形态的氮化铝单晶(晶须).通过透射电子显微镜电子衍射和X射线单晶衍射分析,确定了氮化铝单晶常见的生长惯习面,并分析和讨论了氮化铝晶须形态与氮化铝晶体结构与生长惯习面的关系.具有规则六棱柱锥形的AlN晶须的生长取向为[0001]晶向,而叶片状和四方截面形状的AlN晶须则大多沿〈21-1-3-〉晶向进行生长,细小的薄片状AlN晶须则多以{101-0}面和{101-1}面为生长面.     

氟硼铍酸钾晶体的生长、表面形貌和缺陷

采用自发成核方法,以KF-B2O3为助溶剂,在KBBF∶KF∶B2O3为1.5∶5.0∶0.8的体系中,较为重复地生长了尺寸较大的KBBF晶体,从中可加工出10mm×10mm×1.5mm的样品供测试和非线性谐波输出应用.晶体的理想外形由{0001}、{1010}、和{1011}三组单形构成.其宏观缺陷主要为连生、孪生、包裹体,宏观生长台阶和条纹、开裂等.并观察了晶体的表面形貌.     

Effect of trace metals on reactive crystallization of gypsum

The effect of Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Cr³⁺ ions on crystallization of calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) produced by the reaction between calcium hydroxide suspension and sulphuric acid solution was investigated at 3.5 pH and 65°C in the absence and presence of 2500 ppm citric acid concentration. Crystal size distributions, filtration rates, and morphology of gypsum were determined and discussed as a function of ion concentration. Average particle size of gypsum was not affected significantly by the presence of Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Cr³⁺ ions individually. Variation of gypsum morphology depending on ion concentration affected the filtration characteristics. The presence of Fe³⁺ or Cr³⁺ ions besides 2500 ppm citric acid influenced both average particle size and filtration characteristics. The effect of citric acid on gypsum morphology was suppressed at high Fe³⁺ and Cr³⁺ ion concentrations. The change of morphology is related to the complex formation between Fe³⁺ or Cr³⁺ ions and citric acid at high ion concentrations. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

单掺Rb+和Cs+的KTP晶体生长及其电导率

采用高温溶液降温法在掺质浓度均为5mol;的KTP-K4溶液中分别生长了单掺Rb+和Cs+的KTP晶体,发现掺质改变了晶体生长习性,在相应生长体系中掺质Rb+和Cs+的分配系数分别为O.646和0.08,掺质KTP晶体的晶胞参数a0和b0比纯KTP晶体者略有增长.通过掺Rb+或Cs+,KTP晶体的c向电导率明显降低,但晶体在350～1100nm范围内的光透过性质未受影响.     

Effect of CuCl2 on hydrothermal crystallization of calcium sulfate whiskers prepared from FGD gypsum

Using purified flue‐gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum as raw material, effects of CuCl₂ on crystal morphology, phase structure, aspect ratio and crystallization of hydrothermal products prepared via hydrothermal crystallization in H₂SO₄‐H₂O solutions were investigated. The results show that dosage of CuCl₂ has a significant effect on the morphology, aspect ratio and crystallization of calcium sulfate whiskers (CSWs), but no effect on their phase transformation . At a dosage of 15 g CuCl₂/kg FGD gypsum, the produced calcium sulfate whiskers had diameters ranging from 1 to 3 μm with average aspect ratio greater than 200 . Transmission electron diffraction patterns and highly magnified surface morphology of CSWs were found different from those of self‐assembly crystals. Compared to self‐assembly crystals, the produced CSWs showed a single crystal structure and their surface was very smooth.     

Fe3+对KDP晶体生长影响的研究

金属离子对KDP晶体的影响是多方面的.本文采用不同的过饱和度,在不同的Fe3+掺杂浓度的生长溶液中生长KDP晶体,定量地研究了Fe3+对KDP晶体生长的影响.实验发现,无论是在高过饱和度还是在低过饱和度下生长KDP晶体,在一定的浓度范围内,Fe3+的掺入既可以增加生长溶液的稳定性,又可以有效抑制晶体柱面的扩展,而且晶体基本不楔化,同时,对晶体光学性能的影响也不大.     

Effects of anions on rapid growth and growth habit of KDP crystals

The synthesis of KDP from its raw material has been found exist in the growth solution. In the crystal growth experiment, significant extension of specific faces was observed at low dopant concentration. At high doping concentration, the growth rate of the whole crystal decreased with no significant habit modification. The inhibiting effects of phosphite and other H-bonding anionic ions on the growth of pyramidal faces are discussed. Rapid growth rate experiments have been carried out with purified material and an averaged growth rate of 18.6mm/day was obtained.     

Formation of ordered nanostructures in liquid-crystalline block copolymers with side-chain semiconductor materials

ABSTRACT

We developed a novel block copolymer composed of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and polymethacrylate functionalized with liquid–cryst-alline oligothiophene by using the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), aiming at application to organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. Thermal investigation showed that the resultant polymer exhibits liquid–crystalline phases both on heating and cooling. Morphologies of the thin films of the block copolymer were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Microphase separation with a small size of almost 10 nm (nano-phase-separated structures) was observed upon annealing.     

结晶生长的化学键合理论

针对一般晶体的生长过程,在测定相应溶液(熔体)组成结构的基础上,我们引入了晶体生长过渡相区的概念,并采用键价模型来衡量生长过程中发生变化的化学键的键强度。过饱和溶液(熔体)中的生长单元经过生长过渡相区时,依据彼此之间弱的化学键合作用来微调其内部强的化学键,并以单个生长单元或者生长单元的简单连接体的形式键合进入晶格。在整个结晶生长过程中,生长单元之间弱的键合作用对整个结晶过程(生长速度、晶相的形成)起着决定性作用;同时,中等强度的化学键在生长过渡相区中的变化情况对晶体的最终形貌具有重要影响。     

溶剂对有机非线性光学晶体NPAN生长习性的影响

本文测定了有机晶体N-(4-硝基苯)-N-甲基-2-氨基乙腈(简称NPAN)在某些醇和酮有机溶剂中的溶解度,研究了NPAN在这些有机溶剂中的溶液热力学性质、溶质与溶剂的相互作用以及溶剂对NPAN结晶习性的影响.根据界面熵因子α值,预测了NPAN晶体在不同溶剂中低指数晶面的晶体生长机制.选择丁酮为生长溶剂,进行单晶生长实验.在35～25℃温度区间内,用溶液降温法在较高过饱和度下成功地培养出尺寸为37×7.0×7.0 mm3的棱柱状透明单晶,所得晶体的外形与预测的结果相吻合.     

二苯甲酮晶体的生长习性预测和实验研究

从生长速度恒定的三维晶体几何学模型出发,计算出二苯甲酮晶体理想外形中各个晶面消失所需的最大临界生长速率,由此预测了各个晶面在晶习中消失的先后顺序.利用过冷熔体法在不同的过冷度条件下生长了二苯甲酮单晶,将单晶的实际生长习性进行比较,发现理论预测结果与实际生长习性变化比较吻合.     

大尺寸晶体快速生长理论与技术的研究进展

“如何突破大尺寸晶体材料的制备理论和技术”是中国科协发布的2021年度的十大前沿科学问题之一,揭示晶体生长机制和突破生长关键技术是大尺寸功能晶体发展的两个趋势。在原子分子尺度上,晶体生长可以是有势垒的热激活过程,也可以是无势垒的超快结晶过程,这与具体的体系以及晶面有关。从界面属性角度来看,光滑界面是以台阶拓展的方式生长;粗糙界面没有明显的固-液分层,通过局部原子固化进行生长。本文从晶体生长理论模型、生长技术及其应用实例,以及分子动力学方法在晶体生长中的应用等方面探讨了近些年大尺寸晶体快速生长理论和技术的研究进展。目前有多种方法制备大尺寸晶体,但普遍存在制备的晶体质量差和性能不稳定等问题。需要突破对晶体生长微观机制上的认识,建立机制与温度、流速等外界因素的内在联系。而利用机器学习力场以及分子动力学模拟方法,建立固-液界面,模拟晶体生长,将是探究晶体生长微观机制的一种有效方式。     

溶液中杂质离子对石膏晶须生长的影响

为查明以工业石膏为原料制备石膏晶须时溶解的杂质离子对晶须的影响,在分析典型工业石膏主要杂质离子的基础上,对溶液中含有Na+、Al3+、K+、Sr2+、Mg2+和F-杂质离子时石膏晶须的制备进行了研究.采用XRD、IR 光谱、光学显微镜和ICP-AES对石膏晶须样品进行了表征,讨论了杂质离子对石膏晶须物相、结构、化学组成和形貌的影响.结果表明,碱金属离子Na+、K+及高电荷惰性气体型离子Al3+对石膏晶须的形貌无明显影响;碱土金属离子SF2+、Mg2+能够提高晶须的长度和长径比;阴离子F-不仅会引起晶须呈帚状聚集,而且会导致晶须的纯度降低.杂质离子在石膏晶须生长过程中可不同程度地进入晶格代替Ca2+或SO42-.工业上制备石膏晶须时可采用Sr2和Mg2提高晶须的长度和长径比,应避免高浓度的Na+、K+和Al3+以及F-对晶须造成的不利影响.