Design parameters of an aqua-ammonia vapour absorption refrigeration system

In order to avoid the tedious work of referring to the tables, charts or equations of pressure-temperature-concentration-enthalpy, etc., for determining the coefficient of performance of aqua-ammonia vapour absorption systems (VAR), the coefficient of performance and mass flow rates have been plotted as a function of operating parameters, i.e. absorber, evaporator and generator temperatures. These charts can be used by marketing engineers for predicting the performance characteristics of aqua-ammonia VAR systems.     

Cut-off temperatures of aqua-ammonia absorption refrigeration system

The cut-off temperature, i.e. the minimum temperature at which the binary solutions just starts boiling, is dependent on the evaporator pressure, absorber temperature and generator pressure. Thus, the heat source temperature should be more than the cut-off temperature for the operation of vapour absorption refrigeration systems.Two methods have been developed to determine this temperature; one using a pressure-temperature-concentration chart and the other an emperical equation for aqua-ammonia binary mixtures.These methods will be very useful for assessing the potential use of waste heat as heat input to aqua-ammonia vapour absorption systems.     

吸收式制冷循环系统的热力学分析

从热力学观点讨论了工作温度对于制冷循环系统性能的影响。分析了与循环时间有关的温度效率和熵产数。对于一个相对较短的循环时间,吸收/解吸收热量转换器的温度效率在200秒后可以达到92%。熵产数Ns由在一个循环系统内生成的不可逆性参数和热量转换器流体有效性参数之间的比率决定。结果显示,在使用一个30℃冷源的情况下高级吸收式循环系统的熵产数Ns在热水温度是45℃至55℃之间时是相对较小的,而对于传统循环,在使用相同冷源温度的情况下,热水温度在65℃到75℃之间时,Ns是相对较小的。     

The far infrared continuum absorption of water vapour

The far infrared transmittance of H₂O has been measured in the laboratory. A gas correlation radiometric technique was adopted for comparison with atmospheric H₂O measurements made by the Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder on Nimbus 7. Atmospheric paths were simulated in a multipass cell containing pure H₂O and H₂O + N₂ mixtures at various pressures and temperatures. A spectral transmittance model was developed using the simple Lorentz line shape and the HITRAN molecular line database and was compared with the transmittance measurements. The self-broadened continuum absorption, spectrally averaged over a passband centred at 7.85 THz (262 cm^-1), was determined and confirmed the continuum model of Clough et al. The foreign-broadened continuum was smaller by a factor of at least 19.     

The near ultra-violet absorption spectrum of tropolone vapour

A vibrational analysis of the 370 nm system of tropolone (-OH) and (-OD) has shown that pairs of bands, resembling the O₀ ⁰ and H₁ ¹ bands (where v _H is the internal hydrogen-bonding vibration), dominate the spectrum. Pairs built on O₀ ⁰ and H₁ ¹ and due to the excitation of totally symmetric vibrations in the ground or excited electronic state are well-behaved in the sense that their separations and rotational contours are very similar to those of O₀ ⁰ and H₁ ¹. About seven sequence intervals, in vibrations other than v _H, have also been identified and it is observed that rotational contours of Z₁ ¹H₁ ¹ bands in five sequence-forming vibrations Z are quite strongly perturbed (four of them in a very similar way) while the corresponding Z₁ ¹ bands are unperturbed.

It is concluded that the unusual nature of v _H is in some way responsible for the rotational perturbations and also for the very unusual behaviour of some quite intense vibronic bands in the region 290–540 cm^-1 to high wavenumber of the O₀ ⁰ band: however, the evidence is only circumstantial.     

复合吸收式制冷循环研究进展

先进吸收式制冷循环本质上是各种吸收式制冷循环的复合循环,吸收式制冷循环也可与其它循环进行耦合,从而得到更高效的复合吸收式制冷循环。针对吸收压缩复合及吸收喷射复合循环的性能特点进行分析与总结。子循环采用不同制冷剂的新型吸收-压缩复合制冷循环具有较高的COP,且为低温太阳能热高效利用提供有利条件。吸收喷射复合制冷循环不仅可用来提高循环效率,还可用来制取更低温度下的冷量。另外,高低压发生器可通过喷射器进行耦合来降低低压发生压力,利用低温太阳能热。     

Study of the lithium thiocyanate quadrupole by ultra-violet absorption spectroscopy

A spectroscopic method for studying quadrupole formation is described, and experimental results are presented for lithium thiocyanate in a tetrahydrofuran/hexane solvent system. From molar absorptivity equations and an equation by Fuoss and Kraus, a direct relationship is derived between the quadrupole formation constant, K_Q, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Experimental results are consistent with the equation and allow an estimate of the distance between lithium and thiocyanate in the ion pair.     

Water vapour continuum absorption at 8–13 μ

A water vapour continuum absorption in the 8–13 μ region has been investigated in the laboratory and under field conditions.     

Atomic absorption spectra induced by NaRb in sodium-rubidium vapour

Six atomic spectral lines induced by NaRb molecules in the absorption spectrum of sodium-rubidium vapour have been observed in the wavelength range 611–641 nm. For sodium-rubidium vapour, the laser induced fluorescence spectra at laser wavelengths 616.04 and 615.81 nm and the excitation spectra at sodiumD-lines with the laser scanning in the range 613.9–616.9 nm have also been measured. The possible mechanisms for the appearance of these absorption lines are discussed.     

小型风冷吸收式制冷研究进展

现有风冷吸收分别对传热与传质加以强化,绝热吸收有助于实现吸收器小型化,但存在溶液再循环量过大和再循环泵能耗大的问题。该文结合喷射器与超声波二者优势,以实现太阳能吸收式制冷机小型风冷化、高效化为目标,提出一种基于喷射器-超声波的绝热吸收制冷循环,以期利用喷射器回收溶液节流损失并提高吸收器压力,减少再循环倍率,利用超声波在绝热吸收器内的真空雾化增大吸收传质过程空间和时间,增强吸收效果。     

Cooling capacity optimization of a waste heat absorption refrigeration cycle

A finite-time endoreversible heat-driven absorption refrigerator is modeled thermodynamically in this paper. The refrigerator uses low-temperature waste heat directly to provide a cooling effect. The maximum cooling capacity delivered by the absorption system is analyzed.     

太阳能溴化锂吸收制冷系统的优化模拟分析

基于溴化锂吸收制冷循环的效率受太阳能热源温度较低的影响,文中对太阳能溴化锂吸收制冷系统的循环进行了改进,提出了改进型太阳能溴化锂增压抽气吸收制冷循环,以充分利用太阳能低温热源。新循环不仅克服了传统循环的缺点,降低了驱动热源温度,而且制冷循环相对稳定即使热源温度有波动时,新循环与传统循环的制冷系数也基本相当。     

无泵吸收制冷系统气泡泵的性能分析

根据两相流流型转换理论,推导出了气泡泵从弹状流向泡状流转变和从弹状流向块状流转变时液体流量、气体流量与管径的关系式;根据空气提升理论、能量平衡、质量平衡推导出了气泡泵的性能关系式。根据上述关系式,具体分析了爱因斯坦制冷循环工况下气泡泵的性能,分析结果表明,在弹状流下限、大的沉浸比时液体循环量较大。     

吸收式制冷用氨-硝酸锂工质对及循环系统的研究

氨-硝酸锂作为新型吸收式制冷工质对有很多突出优点,但有关其热物理性质及循环系统的研究资料比较少。文中详细介绍了氨-硝酸锂吸收式制冷工质对的特点、热力学性质以及目前国内外对此工质对的研究进展,并提出利用此工质对的一种吸收压缩混合循环系统。利用此系统,可将总效率提高10%,具有较好的经济性。     

Tunable diode laser measurements of water vapour absorption line parameters

Tunable diode laser measurements of water vapour lines in the 5 μm region have been extended to include oxygen as well as nitrogen broadening. Positive pressure shifts of line positions have been observed for the first time in the v ₂ band. Absolute calibration of a line position using the CO laser as a reference has also been carried out.     

Experiments on an absorption refrigeration system powered by a solar pond

A heat source at temperatures not higher than 80°C was used to simulate the heat input to an absorption refrigerator from a solar pond. A laboratory model of an absorption refrigerator, using an ammonia-water solution at 52% concentration by weight, was operated intermittently using this heat source. Generation temperatures as high as 73°C and evaporation temperatures as low as −2°C were obtained. Tap water was used to remove the heat generated from the condensation of the ammonia vapour and the absorption of the refrigerant in the water. The temperature of the tap water was near the ambient laboratory temperature of 28°C. The COP for this unit working under such conditions was in the range 0.24–0.28.     

一种二氧化碳-离子液体吸收式制冷系统性能的分析研究

吸收式制冷利用低品位热源为驱动,具有结构简单、运转安静、节能环保等特点,有很大的发展空间。适当的离子液体和CO2可以构成吸收式制冷的工质对,这类吸收制冷工质对可以工作在较高压力,有利于吸收制冷系统的小型化,具有潜在的应用前景。以1-丁基-3-甲基咪挫六氟硼酸盐[bmim][PF6]为例,计算分析了一种离子液体-CO2跨临界吸收式制冷循环的性能,发现该循环的热力性能还并不理想,然后从工质对溶解度和反应热方面分析了原因,给出了进一步研究的方向。     

对使用双提升管结构的扩散吸收式制冷系统的性能实验

设计了一台使用双提升管结构且精馏器上多处设置阻流坑的扩散吸收制冷装置,实验研究了氨水充注浓度(24%~36%)、充氢压力(1.5MPa~1.6MPa)、热源加热功率(120W~300W)对制冷系统的影响。结果表明:采用双提升管后,液体循环量增大,循环周期缩短,制冷量增加;适当提高溶液浓度不但可以降低系统发生温度,同时也可以获得较大的冷量,一般为28%~32%为宜;适当降低充氢压力可降低系统发生温度。     

氨水吸收式制冷系统及关键设备的研究综述

氨水吸收式制冷是一种绿色环保、节能减排的制冷技术。文中研究了国内外在系统整机方面的最新研发成果,分析这些设备的运行情况。分别从制冷系统优化设计、吸收器内气液传热传质的强化方法和途径、气液界面Marangoni效应和流体形态对传质影响这四个角度,详细论述了国内外高校与科研单位近年来的研究成果。