Determination of crystallographic orientation of large grain metals with surface acoustic waves

A previously described laser ultrasonic technique known as spatially resolved acoustic spectroscopy (SRAS) can be used to image surface microstructure, using the local surface acoustic wave (SAW) velocity as a contrast mechanism. It is shown here that measuring the SAW velocity in multiple directions can be used to determine the crystallographic orientation of grains. The orientations are determined by fitting experimentally measured velocities to theoretical velocities. Using this technique the orientations of 12 nickel and 3 aluminum single crystal samples have been measured, and these are compared with x-ray Laue backreflection (LBR) measurements with good agreement. The root mean square difference between SRAS and LBR measurements in terms of an R-value is less than 4.1°. The influence of systematic errors in the SAW velocity determination due to instrument miscalibration, which affects the accurate determination of the planes, is discussed. SRAS has great potential for complementary measurements or even for replacing established orientation determination and imaging techniques.     

由于表面粗糙引起的激光声表面波色散的实验和理论研究

表面粗糙是材料制造过程中必有的副产物, 粗糙表面会引起其中传播的声表面波的速度发生变化. 在利用激光声表面波对材料性质进行评估时, 常用宽带的激光声表面波速度频散特性对材料性质进行反演. 为了研究表面粗糙度是否能作为反演的特征参数之一, 本文建立了激光在表面粗糙样品中激发声表面波、聚偏氟乙烯换能器宽带接收声表面波的实验装置来研究不同粗糙度表面对声表面波速度的影响; 理论上建立了激光在粗糙表面中激发声表面波的计算模型, 利用有限元法得到声表面波的时域特征, 并进一步得到声表面波的速度色散曲线, 理论结果和实验结果能很好地拟合. 这为利用激光声表面波对表面粗糙的评估提供理论和实验依据. 关键词： 表面粗糙 激光声表面波 速度色散 聚偏氟乙烯传感器 有限元法     

Photoacoustic diagnosis of human teeth using interferometric detection scheme

We have investigated the mechanical and acoustic properties of human teeth using the laser generation of surface acoustic wave (SAW) technique. The materials investigated included normal and decayed teeth, which have similar grain sizes and different thicknesses. The tissue responds to the laser-induced stress by thermoelastic expansion. The informative features of this method allow one to determine sample thermal, optical, and acoustical properties that depend on the peculiarities of the sample compositional structure. An interferometric detection experimental scheme is applied for detection generated SAW pulses. The surface displacement curves shape of normal and decayed human teeth are shown. The dispersion curves for SAW pulses were determined by Fourier analysis. The result is an almost linear dependence of SAW velocity on frequency for a normal tooth, the magnitude of the thermoelastic expansion of the normal tooth reaches its peak at 0.344 μs, a SAW phase velocity of 2500 ms^?1 between 0.0008 and 5 MHz was determined. For abnormal teeth, the magnitude of thermoelastic expansion of the normal tooth reaches its peak at 1.3 μs, the measured velocity was 3225 ms^?1. Due to the inhomogeneity of abnormal teeth perpendicular to the propagation direction, strong differences in their dispersion curves were obtained. The detection of acoustic waves is the basis of photoacoustic methods, which can be used for diagnostic purposes.     

Determination of elastic properties of Si/Ge superlattices and Si1-xGex films from surface acoustic modes by Brillouin scattering

Surface acoustic waves (SAW) have been measured by means of Brillouin scattering (BS) both as a function of k×h and the direction of k in the sample plane (k is the wavevector of the surface acoustic mode and h the thickness of the film). The velocity of the Rayleigh wave on sufficiently thick films (h > 4000 Å) has been experimentally found to ve uneffected by the elastic properties of the substrate material. Thus the directional dependence of the hypersonic surface wave is completely determined by the elastic properties of the layer material alone and reflects its crystallographic symmetry. The SL's can be treated as media with effective elastic constants because the wavelength of the thermally excited Rayleigh wave is much longer than the SL period. Furthermore, the angular dispersion of the SAW can be used to calculate the elastic constants of each film separately.     

MOCVD法生长SAWF用ZnO/Diamond/Si多层结构

使用等离子体辅助MOCVD系统在金刚石,硅衬底上成功地制备了氧化锌多层薄膜材料,通过两步生长法对薄膜质量进行了优化。XRD测试显示优化后的样品具有c轴的择优取向生长,PL谱测试表明样品经优化后不仅深能级发射峰消失,同时紫外发射峰增强。对优化后的样品的表面测试显示出较低的表面粗糙度。比较氧化锌多层薄膜结构的声表面波频散曲线,ZnO薄膜声表面滤波器受膜厚和衬底材料的影响较大。当ZnO薄膜较薄时,在它上面的传播速度将与衬底上的传播速度接近,与其他衬底上生长的薄膜相比,以金刚石这种快声速材料为衬底的ZnO多层薄膜结构,声表面波滤波器的中心频率将提高1倍左右。     

Rapid concentration of particle and bioparticle suspension based on surface acoustic wave

A method of rapid particle concentration in a droplet has been developed using surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology. A droplet was partially placed on a surface acoustic wave propagation path, and particles were concentrated at the center of the droplet due to the asymmetry. The device consists of two IDTs and two reflectors. The one IDT is used for generating SAW and the opposite IDT is used for detecting output voltage signal amplitude, and then for calculating acoustic power density of a droplet. To investigate concentration effect of the device, starch suspension and rabbit blood cells were used in this paper. Different acoustic power density was applied ranging from 6.13 mw mm⁻² to 210.9 mw mm⁻². The concentration process occurs within 15 s under appropriate acoustic power density put on the droplet, which is much faster than currently available particle concentration mechanisms, and the method is also efficient, which concentrating the particles into an aggregate about one-fifth the size of the original droplet. Additional, the concentration process is no damage to bioparticles. This concentration method can improve greatly SAW biosensor system sensitivity.     

Quantitative elastography provided by surface acoustic waves measured by phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography

We report on a quantitative elastography technique achieved by combining phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PhS-OCT) with the surface acoustic wave (SAW) method. Different from traditional optical coherence elastography, the elastography is achieved by impulse-stimulated SAW, rather than by shear waves. PhS-OCT serves not only as a detector to measure SAW signals but also as a means to provide a cross-sectional image of the sample. The experimental results indicate that the combination of PhS-OCT with SAW is feasible to provide quantitative elastography of heterogeneous tissue samples.     

液体表面波振幅与激发深度的关系

研究了液体表面波振幅随激发深度的变化特性.采用探针式激发器激发,观察到液体表面波的衍射图样|改变激发深度,得到不同激发深度处的衍射图样|根据衍射图样分布与表面波振幅之间的关系并进行计算机编程,获得表面波振幅与激发深度之间的关系.用最小二乘法拟合,发现|液体表面波振幅随激发深度的增加而减小,并呈指数规律.     

Scanning Michelson interferometer for imaging surface acoustic wave fields

A scanning homodyne Michelson interferometer is constructed for two-dimensional imaging of high-frequency surface acoustic wave (SAW) fields in SAW devices. The interferometer possesses a sensitivity of ~10(-5)nm/ radicalHz , and it is capable of directly measuring SAW's with frequencies ranging from 0.5 MHz up to 1 GHz. The fast scheme used for locating the optimum operation point of the interferometer facilitates high measuring speeds, up to 50,000 points/h. The measured field image has a lateral resolution of better than 1 mu;m . The fully optical noninvasive scanning system can be applied to SAW device development and research, providing information on acoustic wave distribution that cannot be obtained by merely electrical measurements.     

Optical method for measuring the amplitude response of surface acoustic wave devices

The amplitude response of acoustic surface wave (SAW) devices up to the highest frequencies can be determined in an optical way without electric shielding. This makes it possible to use the method for fast nondestructive testing and control in SAW-device production as well.     

低频声表面波对细激光束的衍射效应

对于频率为几十赫兹的液体表面声波,实验上观察到反射光所形成的稳定、清晰的激光干涉图样.改变表面声波振幅,进一步发现了干涉图样的调制效应.调制效应明显地表现为干涉条纹的缺级,并且随表面声波振幅变化.依据波动光学原理,分析了调制作用下光束干涉所产生的光强解析分布及条纹特征,得到了干涉条纹角宽度与表面声波之间的解析关系,并据此对表面声波的特性参量波长和振幅及各级条纹相对光强分布规律进行了测定.     

Love wave propagation in functionally graded piezoelectric material layer

An exact approach is used to investigate Love waves in functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) layer bonded to a semi-infinite homogeneous solid. The piezoelectric material is polarized in z-axis direction and the material properties change gradually with the thickness of the layer. We here assume that all material properties of the piezoelectric layer have the same exponential function distribution along the x-axis direction. The analytical solutions of dispersion relations are obtained for electrically open or short circuit conditions. The effects of the gradient variation of material constants on the phase velocity, the group velocity, and the coupled electromechanical factor are discussed in detail. The displacement, electric potential, and stress distributions along thickness of the graded layer are calculated and plotted. Numerical examples indicate that appropriate gradient distributing of the material properties make Love waves to propagate along the surface of the piezoelectric layer, or a bigger electromechanical coupling factor can be obtained, which is in favor of acquiring a better performance in surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices.     

环形定子的激光致表面波机理及可视化探测研究

开展了用于新型激光驱动马达的环形定子的激光致表面波机理及实验研究. 提出一种带有凹槽阵列结构的环形定子新设计, 建立了激光在环形定子表面激发表面波的物理模型, 揭示了影响表面波幅值的关键因素; 采用一种新颖的激光致表面波可视化探测方法, 在波长1053 nm, 脉宽30 ns, 单脉冲能量1 mJ的激光激发下, 对表面波在铜质环形定子表面的传播特性进行了可视化探测实验. 理论与实验研究表明: 当激发光斑的位置紧邻凹槽阵列时, 沿着圆环向凹槽方向传播的表面波会被齿状凹槽阵列迅速衰减和吸收, 而沿着圆环向远离凹槽方向传播的表面波能够持续传递, 从而首次实现了激光致表面波在环形定子上的单向传播; 而对没有凹槽阵列结构的圆环进行的对比实验表明, 激光致表面波在圆环表面双向传播, 最终因相互混叠和串扰等而处于混乱状态. 由激光在该种环形定子表面激发出的单向表面波, 可望在光致表面波马达及驱动机构中获得应用. 关键词： 激光致表面波 环形定子 表面波可视化 激光驱动     

Measuring scanning acoustic microscope with a harmonic sounding signal

A concept of a scanning acoustic microscope with a harmonic sounding signal for measuring the parameters of local homogeneous regions of flat samples is proposed. The distinctive feature of the device is the utilization of the Doppler effect that occurs in the sounding wave reflected from the sample surface when the sample is uniformly moved relative to the focusing ultrasonic transducer of the microscope. It is theoretically demonstrated that the spectrum of the received signal is determined by the product of the reflection coefficient and the transfer function of the transducer. The errors of the measurement technique are considered, and the sources of signal distortions are analyzed. High sensitivity of the measurement results to the errors of the scanning system is demonstrated. The developed measuring microscope is described, in which an acoustic interferometer is used to provide the necessary precision of the scanning coordinate measurement. The microscope transfer function is measured for the frequency of the sounding signal 65 MHz, and the values of density and bulk wave velocities are determined for a homogeneous sample by the measured phase of the reflection coefficient using the technique of nonlinear estimation of parameters. With fused quartz used as an example, it is shown that the measurement error is 7.2% for density and 2.3 and 0.7% for the velocities of longitudinal and transverse waves, respectively. In addition, the velocity of a leaky surface wave (SAW) is determined by two methods. One method is based on measuring the position of the inflexion point for the experimental phase of the reflection coefficient, and the other is based on calculating the SAW velocity corresponding to the measured values of density and bulk wave velocities. The errors of these methods are found to be equal to 0.42 and 0.17%, respectively.     

Characterization of lead zirconate titanate ceramics using surface acoustic wave

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is widely used as a piezoelectric transducer material for bulk and surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices. In this Paper a novel laser-ultrasound technique for measuring the SAW properties of PZT for quality control purposes is presented.     

Analysis of spurious bulk waves in ball surface wave device

We analyzed the acoustic waves propagating in a sphere to establish a useful guideline for the design of NDE apparatus and ball surface acoustic wave (SAW) device exploiting the diffraction-free propagation of SAW on a sphere. First, we calculated the laser-generated acoustic displacements both under ablation condition and under thermoelastic condition and verified experimentally the validity of the calculation. Next, the acoustic waves excited by out-of-plane stress and those excited by in-plane stress were compared. The results showed that when the out-of-plane stress was applied, the relative amplitudes of the bulk waves to that of the SAW were larger and the number of bulk waves was larger than that when the in-plane stress was applied, while the SAW had similar waveforms in each case. The ratio of the relative amplitude of the bulk waves for the out-of-plane stress and the in-plane stress was 3.1:1 at phi(1)=90 degrees and 1.67:1 at phi(1)=0 degrees. The large amplitude for the out-of-plane stress can be explained by wide directivities of bulk waves. Consequently, we found that it is necessary for ball SAW device to select a piezoelectric material and form of interdigital transducer so that the in-plane stress becomes dominant.     

Measurement of elastic nonlinearity using remote laser ultrasonics and CHeap Optical Transducers and dual frequency surface acoustic waves

A nonlinear ultrasonic technique for evaluating material elastic nonlinearity has been developed. It measures the phase modulation of a high frequency (82MHz) surface acoustic wave interacting with a low frequency (1MHz) high amplitude stress inducing surface acoustic wave. A new breed of optical transducers has been developed and used for the generation and detection of the high frequency wave. The CHeap Optical Transducer (CHOT) is an ultrasonic transducer system, optically activated and read by a laser. We show that CHOTs offer advantages over alternative transducers. CHOTs and nonlinear ultrasonics have great potential for aerospace applications. Results measuring changes in ultrasonic velocity corresponding to different stress states of the sample are presented on fused silica and aluminium.     

Modulation of the electronic properties of GaAs quantum wells induced by surface acoustic waves

We investigated the modulation of the optical properties of GaAs-based structures by a surface acoustic wave (SAW) by microscopic measurements of reflectance and photoluminescence. We demonstrate that for photon energies away from electronic resonances, the modulation of the optical properties is associated with the strain field of the SAW (elastooptical mechanism). Close to the E₀ resonance, the electrooptical modulation due to the SAW piezoelectric fields becomes important and leads to a spatial modulation of the photoluminescence intensity.     

Measurement of material nonlinearity using surface acoustic wave parametric interaction and laser ultrasonics

A dual frequency mixing technique has been developed for measuring velocity changes caused by material nonlinearity. The technique is based on the parametric interaction between two surface acoustic waves (SAWs): The low frequency pump SAW generated by a transducer and the high frequency probe SAW generated and detected using laser ultrasonics. The pump SAW stresses the material under the probe SAW. The stress (typically <5 MPa) is controlled by varying the timing between the pump and probe waves. The nonlinear interaction is measured as a phase modulation of the probe SAW and equated to a velocity change. The velocity-stress relationship is used as a measure of material nonlinearity. Experiments were conducted to observe the pump-probe interaction by changing the pump frequency and compare the nonlinear response of aluminum and fused silica. Experiments showed these two materials had opposite nonlinear responses, consistent with previously published data. The technique could be applied to life-time predictions of engineered components by measuring changes in nonlinear response caused by fatigue.     

Temperature and strain sensitivities of surface and hybrid acoustic wave Brillouin scattering in optical microfibers

Temperature and strain sensitivities of surface acoustic wave (SAW) and hybrid acoustic wave (HAW) Brillouin scattering (BS) in 1 μm-1.3 μm diameter optical microfibers are simulated. In contrast to stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) from bulk acoustic wave in standard optical fiber, SAW and HAW BS, due to SAWs and HAWs induced by the coupling of longitudinal and shear waves and propagating along the surface and core of microfiber respectively, facilitate innovative detection in optical microfibers sensing. The highest temperature and strain sensitivities of the hybrid acoustic modes (HAMs) are 1.082 MHz/℃ and 0.0289 MHz/με, respectively, which is suitable for microfiber sensing application of high temperature and strain resolutions. Meanwhile, the temperature and strain sensitivities of the SAMs are less affected by fiber diameter changes, ranging from 0.05 MHz/℃/μ to 0.25 MHz/℃/μ and 1×10^-4 MHz/με/μ to 5×10^-4 MHz/με/μ, respectively. It can be found that that SAW BS for temperature and strain sensing would put less stress on manufacturing constraints for optical microfibers. Besides, the simultaneous sensing of temperature and strain can be realized by SAW and HAW BS, with temperature and strain errors as low as 0.30 ℃-0.34 ℃ and 14.47 με-16.25 με.