准东煤中碱金属的赋存形式及其在燃烧过程中的迁移规律实验研究

对新疆煤采用三步化学提取实验(蒸馏水洗、醋酸铵洗、稀盐酸洗)以分析其碱金属赋存特性,对水溶的阴离子进行了离子色谱分析。分别检测了在不同温度、不同停留时间下准东煤灰的碱金属量,并用Factsage软件模拟该煤灰中碱金属的析出形式。结果表明,煤中的钠主要是水溶钠,钾主要以不可溶钾存在,水溶碱金属主要以水合离子形式的氯化物存在。准东煤中碱金属在400~600℃析出最快,主要是水溶态碱金属的释放,碱金属的释放主要发生在燃烧后期。灰中碱金属在高温下会与烟气中的成分发生反应,主要产物是氯化物以及氢氧化物。在700℃钠对准东煤中低温共融物的形成有很大贡献。     

高碱煤钠赋存形态及其燃烧过程中迁移转化的研究进展

随着新疆超大煤田的相继发现,新疆煤凭借储量大、碱金属含量高、在热利用过程中易造成锅炉沾污、结垢等问题而得到普遍关注。对高碱煤在燃烧过程中钠挥发特性及其影响因素进行更全面的探究,可为高碱煤的高效清洁利用提供重要参考。本文统计、分析了已发表论文中高碱煤燃烧钠挥发特性的相关数据,研究得到,绝大多数高碱煤中的钠以水溶性钠为主,部分煤（神华宽沟煤和后峡煤）则以不溶性钠为主;不溶性钠含量较高的煤,盐酸可溶性钠和醋酸可溶性钠含量也较高。本文对比研究了四个主要影响钠迁移转化的因素（钠形态和含量、Cl的含量、灰组分和燃烧温度）得出,温度对钠挥发量的影响最大,温度的升高可显著增加钠挥发量,900℃后又可加快挥发速率;当钠含量分布在2000-4000 μg/g时,挥发量与总量之间具有良好的正相关,与可溶性钠含量无关;当燃料中Na和Cl物质的量比低于3.5时,Cl对钠的挥发有明显的促进作用,大于10以后,钠的挥发量较低;钠挥发量与Na和[（Si+Al）-（Ca+Mg）]物质的量比有明显的负相关。本文根据现有的研究成果,考虑钠的赋存形态及影响挥发的因素后,将钠在燃煤过程中的迁移转化行为归纳为三个阶段（内部转化、外部挥发和转化、凝结）和四条路径。     

基于碱金属和过渡金属修饰铁矿石载氧体的煤催化燃烧

煤气化反应是煤化学链燃烧过程的控制步骤,其反应速率慢。采用碱金属Na和过渡金属Ni对铁矿石载氧体进行修饰,在流化床反应器上研究了Na、Ni负载量和反应温度对煤化学链催化燃烧的影响。结果表明,在920℃时,Na-铁矿石的催化活性高于Ni-铁矿石,随着Na、Ni负载量的增加,煤化学链燃烧的反应速率加快,气体反应产物浓度达到峰值的时间缩短,反应后期气体产物的衰减速率变大,整个反应期间CO体积浓度明显减少,而CO₂、H₂体积浓度增大。当Na、Ni负载量均为6%时,两者进行比较分析,Ni在960℃时对煤化学链的催化燃烧效果最为显著,碳转化率高达92.7%,高于纯铁矿石约15.5%,而在800~920℃下,催化效果不明显;Na在800~960℃对煤气化反应的催化效果均较显著。SEM-EDX分析显示,反应结束后,Na-铁矿石载氧体表面Na盐流失严重,而Ni-铁矿石表面Ni盐负载较好。     

Effect of pyrolysis characteristics on ignition mechanism and NO emission of pulverized coal during oxy-fuel combustion

The effect of pyrolysis behavior on the ignition mechanism was investigated by thermogravimetric technique. The pyrolysis tests show that Datong bituminous coal (DT) pyrolyzes earlier and releases volatiles faster than does Guohua bituminous coal (GH). During oxy-fuel combustion, more volatiles accumulated around DT particles can be ignited easily with increasing oxygen concentration which results in the heterogeneous ignition transforming to homogeneous ignition, while for GH, less volatile is released during devolatilization and the coal particles are more likely ignited heterogeneously. After the transformation of ignition mechanism, the ignition temperature of DT decreases significantly, but the combustibility index S is not appreciably affected. The effect of pyrolysis characteristics on NO emissions was studied by a fixed-bed reactor. It is found that compared to GH, DT released NO more quickly and intensively which leads to more fuel-N converting to NO. With the rise in oxygen concentration, the NO yields of both coals reach the peak values at 40 % oxygen concentration and then decline mainly due to the enhanced homogeneous NO reductions at higher oxygen concentration. With the rise in furnace temperature, the NO yields of coal samples increase first and then decrease with a maximum at 900 °C which is possibly a result of the competing reactions of volatile-N oxidation and reduction in the process of NO formation.     

The competitive behavior for O2 and CO2 reaction during char oxy-fuel combustion: effects of temperature and inherent minerals

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Coal O2/CO2 combustion is a promising carbon capture and storage technology for coal-fired power plant. Char consumption rate prediction is essential...     

丙炔醇聚合股对铁在酸性溶液中的缓蚀作用

应用电化学交流阻抗谱技术研究了Ｆｅ／Ｈ_２ＳＯ_４与Ｆｅ／Ｈ_２ＳＯ_４＋Ｈ_２Ｓ体系中丙炔醇（ＰＡ）聚合膜的形成及其缓蚀作用,同时利用ＳＥＭ、ＡＦＭ及ＥＤＸ对ＰＡ聚合不同时期铁表面腐蚀形貌进行观测与成分分析．结果表明,Ｆｅ／Ｈ_２ＳＯ_４与 Ｆｅ／Ｈ_２ＳＯ_４＋ Ｈ_２Ｓ体系中 ＰＡ可逐渐聚合成膜,从而有效抑制基体的腐蚀,使电极表面较为平整,微米尺度下呈现规则的块状结构;但Ｆｅ／Ｈ_２ＳＯ_４体系中宏观上ＰＡ并未形成连续的保护膜,导致电极表面局部发生腐蚀;而Ｆｅ／Ｈ_２ＳＯ_４＋Ｈ_２Ｓ体系中,Ｈ_２Ｓ、ＨＳ－在电极表面的吸附减缓了ＰＡ聚合成膜,但长时间腐蚀后,由于硫化物的生成覆盖在ＰＡ聚合膜上,使其具有长期缓蚀效能．     

Determination of semimicro amounts of calcium in the presence of other alkaline-earth metals

Cyclam tetraacetic acid (CTA) is used to determine semimicro quantities of calcium in the presence of other alkaline-earth metals in natural and synthetic water samples. End-point detection is achieved amperometrically with Zn(en)(2+)(3) as the indicator. Magnesium and barium do not interfere. In the presence of strontium, two distinct end-points are obtained when its concentration is comparable with that of the calcium. If the concentrations are substantially different, calcium and strontium appear to be titrated together.     

Use of polysulfides of alkali and alkaline-earth metals to obtain highly dispersed sulfur

Possibilities of obtaining polysulfides of alkali and alkaline-earth metals in aqueous solutions were considered. The composition of the polysulfides and their concentration in solutions were found. The efficiencies of application of highly dispersed sulfur, produced from calcium polysulfide, and colloid sulfur as a fungicide were compared.     

大同烟煤增压富氧燃烧过程中硫、氯和氟的析出特性

利用高压热重结合傅里叶红外研究了大同烟煤在增压富氧燃烧过程中硫、氯和氟的释放行为,主要考察压力对其析出特性的影响。实验结果表明,压力的改变对煤中硫、氯和氟的迁移转化均有显著影响。随着压力的升高,黄铁矿硫向COS等中间产物的转化率逐渐增加,导致SO2的收率逐步上升,但在3 MPa时,燃煤SO2收率却有所降低。此外,压力升高后反应气氛中CO分压的增加促进了COS的生成,导致其收率逐渐上升。因为煤中有机氯析出和转化与挥发分的释放密切相关,所以高压下挥发分释放量的增加使得煤中有更多的有机氯析出并转化为HCl,而且压力升高后,挥发分燃烧速率和温度的升高促进了无机氟化物分解,HF生成量相应增加。此外,高压下水解反应的强化也提高了HF的收率。     

燃烧过程中碱/碱土金属对重金属迁移转化影响的研究进展

碱/碱土金属广泛存在于各种固体燃料中，在燃烧过程中碱/碱土金属与燃料中重金属及其他矿物发生复杂的物理化学反应，从而影响重金属的迁移和转化。本研究主要介绍了碱/碱土金属对As、Se、Pb和Cr四种重金属迁移转化的影响规律，包括碱金属和碱土金属对重金属迁移转化的影响，颗粒物团聚与黏结对重金属排放的影响三个方面。碱/碱土金属能够抑制重金属的挥发：碱金属与Cl元素的结合，降低了PbCl₂的生成；碱金属的存在有利于提升高岭土对Pb的吸附效率；碱/碱土金属可以与As和Se形成稳定的化合物。但同时需要注意碱/碱土金属与Cr的部分结合产物中，Cr以六价态存在，具有较高的毒性。碱/碱土金属对于团聚现象发生，分别起到了促进和抑制作用，适当含量的碱金属有利于减少重金属的释放。通过总结碱/碱土金属对重金属迁移转化的影响规律，以期为降低重金属的危害提供思路。     

Molecular design of macrocyclic extractants for extraction and separation of alkali and alkaline-earth metals

The distribution coefficients of the alkaline and alkali-earth metal nitrates are determined for the processes of extraction from nitric acid solutions with crown ethers, which differ in sizes of their cycles (from 18 to 22 atoms) and in side phenyl and cyclohexyl substituents, but have unchanged number of the O atoms in a cycle. The phenyl and cyclohexyl derivatives of 18-crown-6 are found to be more efficient extractants of alkali metals as compared with unsubstituted crown ethers. However, the selectivity of separation of a pair Cs-Na remains low. The 18-crown-6 derivatives with one and two cyclohexyl fragments selectively extract Sr, which can be used to separate it from the remaining alkali and alkaline-earth metals. An increase in the size of a macrocycle from 18 to 20 and 22 atoms leads to a reduction in the extraction efficiency for all alkali and alkaline-earth metals, insignificantly improves separation of a pair Cs-Na, but noticeably deteriorates Sr-Na separation.     

准东煤燃烧碱金属析出气、固相分布特性

采用萃取法测量了准东煤中不同赋存形式碱金属(Na、K)的含量,Na以水溶性为主,占59%,K主要以不可溶的硅铝酸盐存在,占总量的53%。进行准东煤燃烧实验,燃烧温度为400-950℃,研究了高碱准东煤燃烧过程中碱金属在气、固两相中的分布。结果表明,随温度升高,煤粉成灰率降低,Na从煤中不断析出进入气相;而K在400℃时,气相中的含量低于固相,温度高于500℃,气相中的含量超过固相并基本保持不变;碱金属在固相中出现富集现象,灰中碱金属的质量分数随温度升高;气相中的Na主要来源于水溶性,析出的K除了可溶性外,还有部分来自不可溶的硅铝酸盐;根据国标灰的XRD分析,煤中碱金属在燃烧过程中会与SiO_2和Al_2O_3反应生成钠长石和霞石等低熔点化合物。     

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [Cu(phen)_2(SO_4)(H_2O)]·0.5C_4H_4O_4·7H_2O

1INTRODUCTION The construction of metal-organic coordination polymers based on covalent interactions[1]or supra-molecular contacts such as hydrogen-bonding and/orπ-πinteractions)[2]is now of great interest not only due to the enormous variety of intriguing structural topologies themselves,but also to their unexpected physical and chemical properties for potential prac-tical applications as functional materials.Many N-containing ligands,such as4,4?-bipyridine,2,2?-bi-pyridine and1,10-phen…     

Sulfur evolution from coal combustion in O2/CO2 mixture

O₂/CO₂ coal combustion technology is considered as one of the most promising technologies for CO₂ sequestration due to its economical advantages and technical feasibility. It is significant to study the sulfur transfer behavior of coal in O₂/CO₂ atmosphere for organizing combustion properly and controlling SO₂ emission effectively. To clarify the effect of atmosphere on the sulfur transfer behavior, thermogravimetry coupled with Fourier Transform Infrared (TG-FTIR) system was employed to study the formation behavior of sulfur-containing gas species from Xuzhou bituminous coal pyrolysis in CO₂ atmosphere compared with that in N₂ atmosphere. Also the SO₂ formation behaviors during Xuzhou bituminous coal combustion in O₂/N₂ and O₂/CO₂ atmospheres were investigated. Results show that COS is preferentially formed during the coal pyrolysis process in CO₂ atmosphere rather than in N₂ atmosphere. When temperature is above 1000 K, sulfate in the CO₂ atmosphere begins to decompose due to the reduction effect of CO, which comes from the CO₂ gasification. During coal combustion process, replacing N₂ with CO₂ enhances the SO₂ releasing rate. SO₂ emission increases first and then decreases as O₂ fraction increases in the O₂/CO₂ mixture. XPS result of the ash after combustion indicates that higher O₂ concentration elevates the sulfur retention ability of the mineral matter in the coal.     

循环流化床燃煤过程NO、N2O和SO2的排放行为研究

在30kW循环流化床装置上进行了中国西部三种煤的燃烧实验,考查了燃烧温度、空气分级、空气过剩系数、固体颗粒循环料率和煤种等因素对NO、N2O、SO2污染物排放的影响。结果表明,强化空气分级可显著降低高挥发分煤种NO的生成量,但对N2O影响不大;增加空气过剩系数同时增加了NO与N2O的排放;增加固体循环料率显著降低NO生成量,但N2O排放略有增加;高阶煤燃烧生成较多N2O,低阶煤生成较多NO。燃烧温度1120K、过剩空气系数1.25下约85%燃料中N转化为N。实验范围内改变操作参数不影响SO2与CO排放量。