Heat of formation for the CH3CH=NH2+ cation by photoionization mass spectrometry

The m/z 44 appearance energies for five primary amines have been measured by threshold photoionization mass spectrometry. Following an analysis of the thermochemistry associated with these unimolecular fragmentations, a value of 665.1 +/- 1.4 kJ mol(-1) is obtained for the 298 K heat of formation for the ethylidenimmonium cation (CH(3)CH=NH(2)(+)). When combined with high-level ab initio calculations, this results in absolute proton affinities of 906.4 +/- 2.7 and 909.2 +/- 2.8 kJ mol(-1) for the ethylidenimines E-CH(3)CH=NH and Z-CH(3)CH=NH, respectively.     

A vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometric study of acetone

The photoionization and dissociative photoionization of acetone have been studied at the photon energy range of 8-20 eV. Photoionization efficiency spectra for ions CH3COCH3+, CH3+, C2H3+, C3H3+, C3H5+, CH(2-)CO+, CH3CO+, C3H4O+, and CH3COCH2+ have been measured. In addition, the energetics of the dissociative photoionization has been examined by ab initio Gaussian-3 (G3) calculations. The computational results are useful in establishing the dissociation channels near the ionization thresholds. With the help of G3 results, the dissociation channels for the formation of the fragment ions CH3CO+, CH2CO+, CH3+, C3H3+, and CH3COCH2+ have been established. The G3 results are in fair to excellent agreement with the experimental data.     

Vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometric study of ethylenediamine

The photoionization and dissociative photoionizations of ethylenediamine have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. In experiments, photoionization efficiency spectra for ions NH(2)CHCH(3)(+), NH(2)CH=CH(2)(+), CH(2)NH(2)(+), NH(3)(+), NH(2)CH(2)CHNH(2)(+) and NH(2)CH(2)CH(2)NH(2)(+) have been obtained. In addition, the energetics of the dissociative photoionization is investigated with ab initio Gaussian-3 (G3) calculations. The computational results are useful in analyzing the dissociation channels near the ionization thresholds. With the help of the G3 results, the dissociation channels for the formation of the aforementioned fragment ions have been established.     

Vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometric study of cyclohexene

In this work, photoionization and dissociation of cyclohexene have been studied by means of coupling a reflectron time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer with the tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) synchrotron radiation. The adiabatic ionization energy of cyclohexene as well as the appearance energies of its fragment ions C₆H₉⁺, C₆H₇⁺, C₅H₇⁺, C₅H₅⁺, C₄H₆⁺, C₄H₅⁺, C₃H₅⁺ and C₃H₃⁺ were derived from the onset of the photoionization efficiency (PIE) curves. The optimized structures for the transition states and intermediates on the ground state potential energy surfaces related to photodissociation of cyclohexene were characterized at the ωB97X‐D/6‐31+g(d,p) level. The coupled cluster method, CCSD(T)/cc‐pVTZ, was employed to calculate the corresponding energies with the zero‐point energy corrections by the ωB97X‐D/6‐31+g(d,p) approach. Combining experimental and theoretical results, possible formation pathways of the fragment ions were proposed and discussed in detail. The retro‐Cope rearrangement was found to play a crucial role in the formation of C₄H₆⁺, C₄H₅⁺ and C₃H₅⁺. Intramolecular hydrogen migrations were observed as dominant processes in most of the fragmentation pathways of cyclohexene. The present research provides a clear picture of the photoionization and dissociation processes of cyclohexene in the 8‐ to 15.5‐eV photon energy region. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Absolute rate constants for F + CH3CHO and CH3CO + O2, relative rate study of CH3CO + NO,and the product distribution of the F + CH3CHO reaction

Using a pulse-radiolysis transient UV–VIS absorption system, rate constants for the reactions of F atoms with CH₃CHO (1) and CH₃CO radicals with O₂ (2) and NO (3) at 295 K and 1000 mbar total pressure of SF₆ was determined to be k₁=(1.4±0.2)×10⁻¹⁰, k₂=(4.4±0.7)×10⁻¹², and k₃=(2.4±0.7)×10⁻¹¹ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹. By monitoring the formation of CH₃C(O)O₂ radicals (λ>250nm) and NO₂ (λ=400.5nm) following radiolysis of SF₆/CH₃CHO/O₂ and SF₆/CH₃CHO/O₂/NO mixtures, respectively, it was deduced that reaction of F atoms with CH₃CHO gives (65±9)% CH₃CO and (35±9)% HC(O)CH₂ radicals. Finally, the data obtained here suggest that decomposition of HC(O)CH₂O radicals via C C bond scission occurs at a rate of <4.7×10⁵ s⁻¹. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 30: 913–921, 1998     

The ionized methylene transfer from the distonic radical cation +CH2-O-CH2 to heterocyclic compounds. A pentaquadrupole mass spectrometric study

Ion-molecule reactions of the mass-selected distonic radical cation ⁺CH₂-O-CH ₂ ^· (1) with several heterocyclic compounds have been investigated by multiple stage mass spectro- metric experiments performed in a pentaquadrupole mass spectrometer. Reactions with pyridine, 2-, 3-, and 4-ethyl, 2-methoxy, and 2-n-propyl pyridine occur mainly by transfer of CH ₂ ^+· to the nitrogen, which yields distonic N-methylene-pyridinium radical cations. The MS³ spectra of these products display very characteristic collision-induced dissociation chemistry, which is greatly affected by the position of the substituent in the pyridine ring. Ortho isomers undergo a δ-cleavage cyclization process induced by the free-radical character of the N-methylene group that yields bicyclic pyridinium cations. On the other hand, extensive CH ₂ ^+· transfer followed by rapid hydrogen atom loss, that is, a net CH⁺ transfer, occurs not to the heteroatoms, but to the aromatic ring of furan, thiophene, pyrrole, and N-methyl pyrrole. The reaction proceeds through five- to six-membered ring expansion, which yields the pyrilium, thiapyrilium, N-protonated, and N-methylated pyridine cations, respectively, as indicated by MS³ scans. Ion 1 fails to transfer CH ₂ ^+· to tetrahydrofuran, whereas a new α-distonic sulfur ion is formed in reactions with tetrahydrothiophene. Unstable N-methylene distonic ions, likely formed by transfer of CH ₂ ^+· to the nitrogen of piperidine and pyrrolidine, undergo rapid fragmentation by loss of the α-NH hydrogen to yield closed-shell immonium cations. The most thermodynamically favorable products are formed in these reactions, as estimated by ab initio calculations at the MP2/6-31G(d,p)//6-31G(d,p) + ZPE level of theory.     

Secondary kinetics of methanol decomposition: theoretical rate coefficients for 3CH2 + OH, 3CH2 + 3CH2, and 3CH2 + CH3

Direct variable reaction coordinate transition state theory (VRC-TST) rate coefficients are reported for the (3)CH(2) + OH, (3)CH(2) + (3)CH(2), and (3)CH(2) + CH(3) barrierless association reactions. The predicted rate coefficient for the (3)CH(2) + OH reaction (approximately 1.2 x 10(-10) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) for 300-2500 K) is 4-5 times larger than previous estimates, indicating that this reaction may be an important sink for OH in many combustion systems. The predicted rate coefficients for the (3)CH(2) + CH(3) and (3)CH(2) + (3)CH(2) reactions are found to be in good agreement with the range of available experimental measurements. Product branching in the self-reaction of methylene is discussed, and the C(2)H(2) + 2H and C(2)H(2) + H2 products are predicted in a ratio of 4:1. The effect of the present set of rate coefficients on modeling the secondary kinetics of methanol decomposition is briefly considered. Finally, the present set of rate coefficients, along with previous VRC-TST determinations of the rate coefficients for the self-reactions of CH(3) and OH and for the CH(3) + OH reaction, are used to test the geometric mean rule for the CH(3), (3)CH(2), and OH fragments. The geometric mean rule is found to predict the cross-combination rate coefficients for the (3)CH(2) + OH and (3)CH(2) + CH(3) reactions to better than 20%, with a larger (up to 50%) error for the CH(3) + OH reaction.     

A combined ab initio and photoionization mass spectrometric study of polyynes in fuel-rich flames

Polyynic structures in fuel-rich low-pressure flames are observed using VUV photoionization molecular-beam mass spectrometry. High-level ab initio calculations of ionization energies for C2nH2 (n=1-5) and partially hydrogenated CnH4 (n=7-8) polyynes are compared with photoionization efficiency measurements in flames fuelled by allene, propyne, and cyclopentene. C2nH2 (n=1-5) intermediates are unambiguously identified, while HC[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-CH=C=CH2, HC[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-CH=CH2 (vinyltriacetylene) and HC[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CH-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CH are likely to contribute to the C7H4 and C8H4 signals. Mole fraction profiles as a function of distance from the burner are presented. C7H4 and C8H4 isomers are likely to be formed by reactions of C2H and C4H radicals but other plausible formation pathways are also discussed. Heats of formation and ionization energies of several combustion intermediates have been determined for the first time.     

Computational study on the reaction CH2CH2 + F --> CH2CHF + H

Previous ab initio studies on reactions involving radical addition to alkenes showed that such reactions are very sensitive to theoretical levels, and thus are difficult to deal with. This motivates us to theoretically reexamine the title reaction thoroughly, which has been studied only at several low levels of theory. In the present work, the geometry optimizations and energy calculations for all species involved in the title reaction were performed at several high levels of theory. The reaction mechanism of the title reaction is discussed at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVDZ//CCSD/6-31G(d,p) theoretical level. According to our study, the fluorine addition to ethylene occurs via the formation of a prereaction complex with C2v symmetry, which is pointed out for the first time. The prereaction complex evolves into a fluoroethyl radical almost without a barrier, with an exothermicity of 41.49 kcal/mol. The fluoroethyl radical can further decompose into a hydrogen atom and fluoroethylene, with an energy release of 10.33 kcal/mol. Besides the direct departure of the hydrogen atom from the fluoroethyl radical, an indirect decomposition pathway may also be open, which has not been reported before. In addition, the formation of a fluoroethyl radical from a separate fluorine atom and ethylene is described pictorially via the molecular intrinsic characteristic contour (MICC) and the electron density mapped on it. Thereby, strong interpolarization and evident electron transfer between the fluorine atom and ethylene are observed as they approach each other. The transition structure for the fluorine addition to ethylene is clearly shown to be reactant-like. This provides new and intuitional insight into the title reaction.     

The formation of the stable radicals .CH2CN, CH3.CHCN and .CH2CH2CN from the anions -CH2CN, CH3-CHCN and -CH2CH2CN in the gas phase. A joint experimental and theoretical study

Franck-Condon one-electron oxidation of the stable anions -CH2CN, CH3-CHCN and -CH2CH2CN (in the collision cell of a reverse-sector mass spectrometer) produce the radicals .CH2CN, CH3.CHCN and .CH2CH2CN, which neither rearrange nor decompose during the microsecond duration of the neutralisation-reionisation experiment. Acetonitrile (CH3CN) and propionitrile (CH3CH2CN) are known interstellar molecules and radical abstraction of these could produce energised .CH2CN and CH3.CHCN, which might react with NH2. (a known interstellar radical) on interstellar dust or ice surfaces to form NH2CH2CN and NH2CH(CH3)CN, precursors of the amino acids glycine and alanine.     

The distonic ion ˙CH2CH2CO+ and its formation from ionized cyclopentanone

Collisional activation decomposition (CAD) spectra are interpreted as indicating that formation of ˙CH₂CH₂CO⁺ (1) from ionized cyclopentanone, succinic anhydride arid butyrolactone is important at 70 eV electron energy. However, photoionization appearance energy measurements and CAD spectra demonstrate that CH₃CH?C?O^+· (3) is formed from ionized cyclopentanone near threshold. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations place ΔH _f (1) about 36 kJ mol^?1 above ΔH _f (3).     

Ab initio study of the F + CH3NHNH2 reaction mechanism

The F + CH(3)NHNH(2) reaction mechanism is studied based on ab initio quantum chemistry methods as follows: the minimum energy paths (MEPs) are computed at the UMP2/6-311++G(d,p) level; the geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and energies of all stationary points are predicted at the same level of theory; further, the energies of stationary points and the points along the MEPs are refined by UCCSD(T)/6-311++g(3df,2p). The ab initio study shows that, when the F atom approaches CH(3)NHNH(2), the heavy atoms, namely N and C atoms, are the favorable combining points. For the two N atoms, two prereaction complexes with C(s) symmetry are generated and there exists seven possible subsequent reaction routes, of which routes 1, 2, 5, and 7 are the main channels. Routes 1, 2, and 5 are associated with HF elimination, with H from the amino group or imido group, and route 7 involves the N-N bond break. Routes 3 and 6 with relation to HF elimination with H from methyl, and route 4 involved the C-N bond break, are all energetically disfavored. For the C atom, the attack of F results in the break of the C-N bond and the products are CH(3)F + NHNH(2). This route is very competitive.     

Competing dissociation of and bond formation between CH3CHOH+ and .CH2CH3 formed by bimolecular processes

The C₄H₁₀O^.+ potential energy surface was accessed at several energies through different ion/molecule reactions. Reaction of CH₃CH^.+₃ with CH₃CHO and CH₃CHO^.+ with CH₃CH₃ gave predominantly CH₃CHOH⁺ +^. CH₂CH₃ and small amounts of CH₃CH₂CHOH⁺ +^. CH₃. CH₃CH^.+₃ also produced a small amount of CH₃CHO⁺CH₃ +^. CH₃ upon reaction with CH₃CHO. CH₂ = CHOH^. + did not react with CH₃CH₃. CH₃CH₂OH^. + reacted CH₂ = CH₂ and CH₂ = CH^.+₂ with CH₃CH₂OH to produce CH₃CH₂OH⁺₂ and CH₃CHOH⁺, but only the second pair of reactants produced detectable C₃H₇O⁺ ions. CH₃CH₂CHO.+⁺CH₄ produced only CH₃CH₂CHOH⁺. In all of the reactions examined, initial proton or H-transfer was much more often followed by simple dissociation than by CC bond formation or multiple H-transfers. This contrasts with the metastable decompositions of ionized 2-butanol, in which elimination of ethane and methane through the complexes [CH₃CHOH^+.CH₂CH₃] and [CH₃CH₂CHOH^+.CH₃] are important processes. This contrast is attributed to the ion/molecule reactions taking place in a higher energy regime than the metastable decompositions.     

The visible chemiluminescence of the reaction F + CH3F

By using molecular beam apparatus the visible (450–900 nm) chemiluminescence of the reaction F + CH₃F was investigated. Seven vibronic bands of HCF (Ã₁A-XA') and four vibrational bands of HF ground state overtone transitions were obtained. The relative vibrational state distributions of HF (V'=4,5,6) states and the rotational temperature of HF (V'=3) state were obtained. The analyses show that the two kinds of spectra were caused by the secondary reaction F+CH₃F. The results may be helpful to explain the contradictory results of the experiments in F+CH₃F system.     

A tandem mass spectrometric study of C2H5I+CH3 ions: A search for the non-classical ethyl cation stabilized by methyl iodide

The results of this study have shown that the C₂H₅I⁺CH₃ ion containing classical and non-classical forms of the ethyl group can be generated by gas-phase ion—molecule reactions. The classical ions fragment by CH₄ and CH₃? losses, the latter without loss of positional identity of H atoms in the ethyl group. Hydrogen scrambling, however, precedes ethene loss, taking place in an ion of non-classical form. The latter is produced directly from ion—molecule reactions and from energy-rich classical ions. The relative energies of the classical and non-classical ions could not be determined, although the former was proposed to be the global minimum. Finally, the classical ion serves as a source for the ylid ion CH₃ICH₂^+., which previously had eluded preparation.     

A kinetic study of the reaction of fluorine atoms with CH3F,CH3Cl,CH3Br,CF2H2, CO,CF3H,CF3CHCl2, CF3CH2F,CHF2CHF2, CF2ClCH3, CHF2CH3, and CF3CF2H at 295 ± 2 K

A variety of relative and absolute techniques have been used to measure the reactivity of fluorine atoms with a series of halogenated organic compounds and CO. The following rate constants were derived, in units of cm³ molecule^?1 s^?1: CH₃F, (3.7 ± 0.8) × 10^?11, CH₃Cl, (3.3 ± 0.7) × 10^?11; CH₃Br, (3.0 ± 0.7) × 10^?11; CF₂H₂, (4.3 ± 0.9) × 10^?12; CO, (5.5 ± 1.0) × 10^?13 (in 700 torr total pressure of N₂ diluent); CF₃H, (1.4 ± 0.4) × 10^?13; CF₃CCl₂H (HCFC-123), (1.2 ± 0.4) × 10^?12; CF₃CFH₂ (HFC-134a), (1.3 ± 0.3) × 10^?12, CHF₂CHF₂ (HFC-134), (1.0 ± 0.3) × 10^?12; CF₂ClCH₃ (HCFC-42b), (3.9 ± 0.9) × 10^?12, CF₂HCH₃ (HFC-152a), (1.7 ± 0.4) × 10^?11; and CF₃CF₂H (HFC-125), (3.5 ± 0.8) × 10^?13. Quoted errors are statistical uncertainties (2σ). For rate constants derived using relative rate techniques, an additional uncertainty has been added to account for potential systematic errors in the reference rate constants used. Experiments were performed at 295 ± 2 K. Results are discussed with respect to the previous literature data and to the interpretation of laboratory studies of the atmospheric chemistry of HCFCs and HFCs. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Quadrupole mass spectrometric study of positive ions from RF plasmas of pure CH4, CH4/H2, and CH4/Ar systems

Quadrupole mass spectrometry has been employed to characterize the ionic species in the discharges of pure CH₄, CH₄/H₂, and CH₄/Ar systems. For pure methane, the major positive ions in the discharge at low pressure (e.g., 0.15 torr) are CH ₃ ⁺ , C₂H ₃ ⁺ , CH ₂ ⁺ , C₂H ₂ ⁺ , CH ₄ ⁺ , C₂H ₄ ⁺ , and C₂H ₅ ⁺ at high pressure (e.g., 0.5 torr) the major ions are CH ₃ ⁺ , C₂H ₃ ⁺ , C₂H ₅ ⁺ , C₃H ₃ ⁺ , C H₃H ₇ ⁺ , C₄H ₇ ⁺ , C₅H ₇ ⁺ , C₆H ₅ ⁺ , and C₇H ₇ ⁺ . The relative abundances of C₁ ions decrease with increasing pressure, whereas those of higher-order ions increase with pressure. For 5% CH₄ + 95% H₂ mixture, in addition to those sampling from the pure methane plasma at the lower pressure, H _n ⁺ ions have also been detected. For 5% CH₄ +95% Ar mixture, the principal ions are CH ₃ ⁺ , CH ₂ ⁺ , CH⁺, CH ₅ ⁺ , Ar⁺, and ArH⁺; the ions containing more than two carbon atoms are negligible. In these discharges, the CH ₃ ⁺ and C₂H ₃ ⁺ are the most important positive ions in C₁ and C₂ ions, respectively. The ions detected are believed to come from the sheath between the electrode and the luminous plasma, and have high kinetic energy. An ion-molecule reaction mechanism is proposed which can well explain the observed main features of ionic products.Died June 1, 1991.     

Ab initio and direct quasiclassical-trajectory study of the F+CH4-->HF+CH3 reaction

We present an electronic structure and dynamics study of the F+CH4-->HF+CH3 reaction. CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVDZ geometry optimizations, harmonic-frequency, and energy calculations indicate that the potential-energy surface is remarkably isotropic near the transition state. In addition, while the saddle-point F-H-C angle is 180 degrees using MP2 methods, CCSD(T) geometry optimizations predict a bent transition state, with a 153 degrees F-H-C angle. We use these high-quality ab initio data to reparametrize the parameter-model 3 (PM3) semiempirical Hamiltonian so that calculations with the improved Hamiltonian and employing restricted open-shell wave functions agree with the higher accuracy data. Using this specific-reaction-parameter PM3 semiempirical Hamiltonian (SRP-PM3), we investigate the reaction dynamics by propagating quasiclassical trajectories. The results of our calculations using the SRP-PM3 Hamiltonian are compared with experiments and with the estimates of two recently reported potential-energy surfaces. The trajectory calculations using the SRP-PM3 Hamiltonian reproduce quantitatively the measured HF vibrational distributions. The calculations also agree with the experimental HF rotational distributions and capture the essential features of the excitation function. The results of the SRP semiempirical Hamiltonian developed here clearly improve over those using the two prior potential-energy surfaces and suggest that reparametrization of semiempirical Hamiltonians is a promising strategy to develop accurate potential-energy surfaces for reaction dynamics studies of polyatomic systems.     

Kinetics of the CH2Cl + CH3 and CHCl2 + CH3 radical-radical reactions

The CH2Cl + CH3 (1) and CHCl2 + CH3 (2) cross-radical reactions were studied by laser photolysis/photoionization mass spectroscopy. Overall rate constants were obtained in direct real-time experiments in the temperature region 301-800 K and bath gas (helium) density (6-12) x 10(16) atom cm(-3). The observed rate constant of reaction 1 can be represented by an Arrhenius expression k1 = 3.93 x 10(-11) exp(91 K/T) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) (+/-25%) or as an average temperature-independent value of k1= (4.8 +/- 0.7) x 10(-11) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1). The rate constant of reaction 2 can be expressed as k2= 1.66 x 10(-11) exp(359 K/T) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1) (+/-25%). C2H4 and C2H3Cl were detected as the primary products of reactions 1 and 2, respectively. The experimental values of the rate constant are in reasonable agreement with the prediction based on the "geometric mean rule." A separate experimental attempt to determine the rate constants of the high-temperature CH2Cl + O2 (10) and CHCl2 + O2 (11) reaction resulted in an upper limit of 1.2 x 10(-16) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) for k10 and k11 at 800 K.     

CH3NO2和CH3自由基吸氢反应途径和变分速率常数计算

采用MP2(full)/6-311G(d,p)从头算方法,优化了硝基甲烷和甲基自由基吸氢反应的过渡态结构,经QCISD(T)方法进行能量校正,得出该反应的正逆向反应的活化位垒分别是58.21kJ@mol-1和67.17kJ@mol-1.沿IRC分析指出该反应是氢转移协同反应,而且在反应途径上存在一个引导反应进行的振动模式,这一反应模式引导反应进行的区间在反应坐标S的-0.9～1.0(amu)1/2bohr之间;在温度为800～2600K范围内,运用改进的变分过渡态理论(ICVT),计算了该反应的速率常数,并与实验类比所得的速率常数随温度的变化趋势进行了比较.