Kinetics of the oxidation of oxalic acid by cerium(IV) sulfate in dilute sulfuric acid

The kinetics of the oxidation of oxalic acid by cerium(IV) in sulfuric acid medium has been studied voltammetrically. The specific reaction rate is 132±4.0 M^–1s^–1 at 25.0 °C. The energy of activation is 62.6±3.0 kJ mol^–1. The entropy of activation is –2.7 J mol^–1K^–1. The specific reaction rate is influenced by complexation and also by ionic strength (). The most likely mechanism has been suggested.

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(IV) . 132±4,0 M^–1c^–1 25,0 °C. 62,6±3,0 ·M^–1. –2,7 ·K^–1M^–1. , (). .

     

Ammoxidation of halogen-substituted toluenes on V-P-oxide catalysts

The ammoxidation of various halogen-substituted toluenes on crystalline vanadium phosphate catalysts was investigated. The monophosphates and the NH₄VOP₂O₇ are transformed into new NH₄-containing V-P-oxides. The (VO)₂P₂O₇ used is stable in time on stream. These structures are very active and selective ammoxidation catalysts.

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. NH₄VOP₂O₇ V-P , NH₄. (VO)₂P₂O₇ . .

     

Mechanism of hydrogenation of nitric oxide on platinum catalysts in acidic solution

To explain the mechanism of hydrogenation of NO in 2 M H₂SO₄, the kinetics of the hydrogenation of hydroxylamine to ammonia were studied. The rate constant of this reaction was compared with the ratio of rates at which NH₃OH⁺ and NH ₄ ⁺ were generated by the hydrogenation of NO. Both of these products are formed from NO via parallel reactions of a common intermediate. A mechanism for the hydrogenation of NO and the shift of the catalyst of the potential is proposed.

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NO 2M H₂SO₄ . NH₃OH⁺ NH₄ ⁺ NO. NO . . ., NO .

     

ESR study of carbon monoxide adsorption on rhodium exchanged Y zeolites

() () [M–Br]⁺ . .

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Ionisation potentials (IP) of alkyl substituted brombenzenes and appearance potentials (AP) for [M–Br]⁺ ions were determined. IP are in a good accordance with inductive effects, whereas AP are discussed within field effect framework.

     

The role of binary phase diagrams in separation of stereoisomeric mixtures

Crystallization from the melt was applied to separate components of stereoisomeric mixtures. Binary phase diagrams were determined by DSC and used in the design of the crystallization process. The method is illustrated by the separation of diastereoisomeric (cis-trans) permethrinic acid and by that of the enantiomeric excess and racemic fraction of the Corey-lacton.

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Zusammenfassung Zur Abtrennung von Komponenten aus stereoisomeren Mischungen wurde die Kristallisation aus der Schmelze verwendet. Die binären Schmelzdiagramme wurden mittels DSC untersucht und zur Festlegund der Parameter des Kristallisations-prozesses genutzt. Die Methode wird-erläutert an den Beispielen (1) Trennung der Diastereomeren (cis/trans) Permethrinsäuren, (2) Abtrennung des Enantiomeren-überschusses von racemischem Corey-Lacton.

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. , . (-) .

     

Gas phase conversion of chlorobenzene over supported rhodium catalysts

The catalytic conversion of chlorobenzene has been investigated over Rh/Al₂O₃ and Rh/SiO₂ with metal dispersities varying from 7 to 80%. The rates of hydrogenation to chlorocyclohexane and hydrodechlorination to benzene decrease when the dispersity increases, therefore, both reactions appear as structure sensitive. This behavior is interpreted by a weak interaction between the aromatic ring and the metal surface. At similar particle sizes the activity is the same on Rh/Al₂O₃ and Rh/SiO₂, however, the selectivity for dechlorination exhibits a support effect.

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Rh/Al₂O₃ Rh/SiO₂ 7 80%. . , . . Rh/Al₂O₃ Rh/SiO₂ , .

     

V2O5/TiO2 oxidation catalysts, IV. Adsorption of acrolein on sodium-containing systems

Adsorption of acrolein on vanadia/titania catalysts fits a polymerization kinetics if Na–V compounds are not present or the vanadium content is lower than that corresponding to formation of a monolayer of vanadia on the titania support.

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, Na–V .

     

Studies of molybdenum in Mo?Ti oxide catalysts

ESR studies indicate that in Mo–Ti oxide catalysts prepared via the addition of ammonium paramolybdate to pasted titanium hydroxide, Mo⁵⁺ ions are observed in three states: in heteropoly blue, disperse MoO₃ and a solid substitutional solution in TiO₂.

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, , - , - Mo⁵⁺— , MoO₃ TiO₂.

     

Modes of decomposition of silver,lead and mercuric toluenedithiolates. A synthetic and analytical study

The silver, lead and mercuric toluenedithiolates were synthesised and analysed by both conventional chemical methods and thermoanalytical methods. The thermal decomposition was studied by thermogravimetric analysis in air, nitrogen and vacuum. The formulae of the decomposition products were derived using the mole weights and i.r. absorption spectra. The activation energies for the first stage of decomposition were calculated. The volatile products contain mostly carbon and hydrogen while the residues contain the corresponding metals either free or combined with sulfur.

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Zusammenfassung Die Silber-, Blei- und Quecksilber-Toluoldithionate wurden synthetisiert und sowohl mit konventionellen chemischen Methoden als auch thermoanalytisch analysiert. Die thermische Zersetzung wurde durch thermogravimetrische Analyse in Luft, Stickstoff und Vakuum untersucht. Die Formeln der Zersetzungsprodukte wurden aus den Molekulargewichten und den Infrarot-Absorptionsspektren abgeleitet. Die Aktivierungsenergien für den ersten Zersetzungsschritt wurden berechnet. Die flüchtigen Produkte enthalten hauptsächlich Kohlenstoff und Wasserstoff, während die Rückstände die entsprechenden Metalle in freier Form oder in Form von Schwefelverbindungen enthalten.

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, . . , . . , .

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Abstracted in part from a thesis submitted by T. Ktenas to the Graduate School of Howard University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.     

A method to study reaction kinetics over finely-dispersed catalysts in stationary and non-stationary conditions

The application of a small-volume gradientless flow reactor with a vibrofluidized catalyst bed, mass-spectrometric analysis of the reaction products and a membrane turbulizer for alternate purging of the reactor filters by the reaction mixture permits to study the kinetics of complex catalytic reactions over catalysts with 50–100m grains in both stationary and nonstationary conditions.

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, - 50–100 .

     

Thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of polystyrene in the presence of bromine-containing flame retardants

The kinetic of thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of polystyrene in the presence of bromine-containing flame retardants was investigated. It was shown that the kinetics is limited by diffusion in air and by the processes occurring at the interface in helium.The flame retardants affect the degradation of polystyrene both chemically and physically, and change the mechanism of the limiting stage to some extent.

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Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik des thermischen und thermo-oxidativen Abbaus von Polystyren in Gegenwart bromhaltiger Flammschutzmittel wurde untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Reaktion durch die Diffusion in Luft bzw. durch die Grenzflächenvorgänge in Helium begrenzt wird.Die Flammschutzmittel beeinflussen den Abbau von Polystyren sowohl chemisch als auch physikalisch und verändern im gewissen Masse auch den Mechanismus des geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritts.

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. , , — . .

     

Kinetics of addition and allyl-hydrogen abstraction in the reaction between methyl radicals and 1-heptene

The rates for reactions between methyl radicals and 1-heptene have been studied and the kinetic parameters log (k₁/dm³ mol^–1s^–1)=8.4±0.1–(33.3±1.0) kJ/RT In 10 and log (k₃/dm³ mol^–1s^–1)=7.5±0.2)–29.7±1.5) kJ/RT In 10 have been determined for addition and allyl-hydrogen abstraction, respectively.

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1- log (k₁/^{3 –1 –1})=(8,4±0,1)-(33,3±1,0) kJ/RT In 10 log (k₃/^{3 –1 –1})=(7,5±0,2)–(29,7±15) kJ/RT In 10 .

     

Determination of heats of decomposition of some 1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane and 1,3,5-triazacyclohexane derivatives using differential scanning calorimetry

Differential scanning calorimetry was used to determine the heats of decomposition of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane(HMX), 1,5-diacetyl-3,7-dinitro-1,3, 5,7-tetraazacyclooctane(DADN), 1,5-endomethylene-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane(DPT), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane(RDX), 1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (R-salt), and 1,5-endomethylene-3,7-dinitroso-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane(DNPT). The value of the decomposition heat of unit mass of sample was found to increase inHMX, DADN andRDX with decreasing degree of filling of the reaction volume. In the R-salt and inDNPT, however, the trend of this dependence was found to be the reverse and more pronounced. No analogous dependence was found to exist forDPT under the given experimental conditions.

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Zusammenfassung Die Bestimmung der Zersetzungswärmen von 1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooktan(HMX), 1,5-Diacetyl-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooktan(DADN), 1,5-Endomethylen-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooktan (DPT), 1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan(RDX), 1,3,5-Trinitroso-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan (R-salz) und 1,5-Endomethylen-3,7-dinitroso-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooktan(DNPT) wurde mittels Differential-Abtastkalorimetrie durchgeführt. Es wurde festgestellt, daß der Wert der Zersetzungswärme der Masseneinheit der Probe beiHMX, DADN undRDX mit abnehmendem Füllungsgrad des Reaktionsvolumens zunimmt. Bei R-salz undDNPT war hingegen die Richtung der Abhängigkeit umgekehrt und stärker. Keine analoge Abhängigkeit wurde fürDPT unter den Bedingungen des obigen Versuchs gefunden.

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Résumé On a déterminé par analyse calorimétrique différentielle les chaleurs de décomposition des composés suivants: 1,3,5,7-tétranitro-1,3,5,7-tétraazacyclooctane (HMX), 1,5-diacé tyle-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tétraazacyclooctane(DADN), 1,5-endométhylène-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tétraazacyclooctane(DPT), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane(RDX), 1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (selR) et 1,5-endométhylène-3,7-dinitroso-1,3,5,7-tétraazacyclooctane(DNPT). La valeur de la chaleur de décomposition par masse unité d'échantillon augmente dans le cas deHMX, DADN etRDX, quand le degré de remplissement du volume réactionnel diminue. On a trouvé, cependant, avec le selR et leDNPT, une dépendance inverse et plus prononcée. Aucune dépendance similaire n'a été trouvée, dans les conditions expérimentales appliquées dans le cas duDPT.

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-5- . . , , .

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The authors express their gratitude to Mr. Milan Andoga for his precise DSC measurements.     

Role of acid centers of Sn/Mo oxide catalyst in propylene conversion to acetone

Infrared spectroscopic studies of the nature of catalyst centers indicate the presence of Brönsted and Lewis acid centers on the surface. Propylene conversion to acetone proceeds via proton transfer from the surface to propylene with the formation of a (CH₃)₂–C(H)–O–Me type compound, and its subsequent dehydration.

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- , . (CH₃)₂–C(H)–OMe .

     

Kinetics of the acid-catalyzed equilibration of methylenecyclohexane and 1-methylcyclohexene

The rates of isomerization of methylenecyclohexane and 1-methylcyclohexene have been measured in acetic acid, usingp-toluenesulfonic acid as a catalyst, at temperatures of 20.30, 24.07, 30.00, 32.30, 39.85 and 40.21 °C. The overall forward and reverse rate constants can be expressed as k ₁ ⁰ =4.41×10⁸ exp (–17.6×10³/RT) s^–1 and k ₂ ⁰ =0.64×10⁸ exp ((–19.5×10³/RT) s^–1. From the difference in the activation energies the heat of isomerization is estimated as 7.9 kJ mol^–1.

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1- , - 20,30, 24,07, 30,00, 32,30, 39,85 40,21 °C. k ₁ ⁰ =4.41×10⁸ exp (–17.6×10³/RT) ^–1 k ₂ ⁰ =0.64×10⁸ exp (–19.5×10³/RT) ^–1. 7,9 /.

     

Application des methodes thermoanalytiques a l'etude des solides divises

Résumé L'application des méthodes thermoanalytiques à l'étude des solides finement divisés s'avère dans certains cas plus efficace que celle de la diffraction des rayons X. A propos d'oxydes constitués de cristallites de quelques dizaines d'angströms, nous montrons comment la TG et l'ATD ont permis une caractérisation de phases. Celles-ci, qualifiées généralement et hâtivement «d'amorphes» n'avaient pu, pour la plupart, être mises en évidence jusque là.

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The application of thermoanalytical methods to study finely-divided solids is found more efficient in some cases than X-ray diffraction. For oxides whose crystallite size is in the range of a few ten angströms, it is shown how TG and DTA have allowed phase identifications. The majority of these phases, called generally and prematurely amorphous had not previously been yet reported.

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Zusammenfassung Der Einsatz thermoanalytischer Methoden zur Untersuchung fein verteilter Feststoffe erweist sich in gewissen Fällen als wirksamer als die Anwendung der Röntgendiffraktion. An Hand von Oxiden, welche aus Kristalliten der Grössenordnung einiger zehn Angström bestehen, wird gezeigt, in welcher Weise die Thermogravimetrie und die Differentialthermoanalyse eine Charakterisierung der Phasen gestatten. Die im allgemeinen voreilig als amorph bezeichneten Phasen konnten größtenteils bis jetzt nicht nachgewiesen werden.

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, - , , , . , ** , , . , , .

     

Palladium adsorption on MgO surface a theoretical model

The bonding energy of Pd atom with the MgO crystal surface has been calculated using semiempirical atomic potentials. The greatest energy for a perfect surface was found for the Pd atom placed over the Mg²⁺ ion (0.35 eV). The bonding energies for surfaces with Mg²⁺ or O^2- vacancies are 2.7 eV and 4.6 eV, respectively.

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Pd MgO. , Pd Mg⁺² (0,35 ). Pd O^–2 Mg⁺² , , 4,6, 2,7 .

     

Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of carbon monoxide from cobalt surfaces

Three different binding states of CO on cobalt surfaces have been identified by TPD studies. The energetics of these adsorption states and their relevance in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis are considered.

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CO - . -.

     

Methanol conversion to hydrocarbons and dimethyl ether on decationized zeolite T

Methanol transformations over the hydrogen forms of zeolite T (32%–76% decationization and 13%–32% dealumination) during contact with methanol vapor was studied at 200°–400°C. The catalysts used show a high activity in methanol conversion into light hydrocarbons and dimethyl ether but over a short period.

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T (32–16% 13–32% ) 200–400°C. , .

     

IR spectra of oxygen adsorbed on SnO2

IR spectra of oxygen adsorbed on SnO₂ with and without lattice defects have been studied. At low temperatures oxygen is adsorbed on defect SnO₂ in two forms of O ₂ ^– . This supports the earlier results obtained by ESR. The low-temperature forms of adsorbed oxygen (unrevealed in ESR spectra) were detected on defectless SnO₂. High-temperature forms of adsorbed oxygen appear in the IR-spectra as bands due to vibrations of the cation-oxygen bond.

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- SnO₂. , O ₂ ^– , . SnO₂ .