纸基摩擦材料绿色制备工艺与摩擦磨损性能研究

以炭纤维作为增强纤维,开发出了一种原材料可回收、无石棉污染和工业垃圾的纸基摩擦材料绿色制备工艺,用所开发的新工艺制备了含50%回收原材料的纸基摩擦材料,用QM1000-Ⅱ型摩擦材料性能试验机考察了其摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:新工艺的原材料利用率为80%～95%;用新工艺制备的含50%回收原材料的纸基摩擦材料的动摩擦系数为0.129,且摩擦系数稳定;静摩擦系数、静/动摩擦系数比和磨损率分别为0.149,1.16和6.47×10-8 cm3/J;其摩擦磨损性能同不含回收原材料的同类纸基摩擦材料相比无显著差异,是一种比较理想的新型纸基摩擦材料.     

速度和载荷对脂润滑2Cr13钢离子渗氮层摩擦学行为的影响

利用销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机对不同速度和载荷条件下 PFPE脂润滑2Cr13钢离子渗氮层进行了系统的真空滑动摩擦磨损试验.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分别对磨损表面的形貌、化学状态及润滑脂的成分进行分析.结果表明:随着载荷和滑动速度的增加,脂润滑渗氮层的磨损机制由轻微磨损向轻微复合磨损机制转变.在真空摩擦磨损过程中2Cr13钢离子渗氮层与PFPE润滑脂发生化学反应,并有FeF3生成,促进PFPE润滑脂发生降解,形成酸性的氟化物.增加载荷和速度会加速渗氮层与润滑脂之间的反应,进一步促进润滑脂的降解.     

Ti/Ni过渡层对WS2薄膜摩擦学性能影响

采用射频溅射法,通过预先制备Ti和Ni 2种过渡层的工艺在3Cr13马氏体不锈钢基片上制备了硫化钨薄膜,通过与无过渡层的射频溅射WS2薄膜对比,研究了2种过渡层对薄膜性能的影响.3种样品的物相分析,表面形貌观察,微区化学成分测定,膜基结合力和薄膜摩擦系数测试等结果表明,Ti过渡层对硫化钨薄膜结构和S/W原子比没有明显的影响,对膜层的摩擦系数影响也不大,但薄膜耐磨性有所提高.而Ni过渡层虽对S/W原子比无明显影响,但却明显地提高薄膜Ⅱ型织构(基面取向)的强度,从而降低了薄膜的摩擦系数,提高了薄膜耐磨性.     

Si过渡层类金刚石薄膜界面优化及其性能研究

本文中利用等离子体化学气相沉积法,制备了具有Si过渡层的DLC薄膜.利用俄歇深度分析的方法,研究了Si过渡层沉积条件如电压、气压和气源对Si过渡层的影响;利用薄膜应力分布测试仪和划痕仪,研究了不同沉积条件下制备的Si过渡层对类金刚石薄膜内应力和附着力特性的影响;利用摩擦磨损仪,分析比较了薄膜的摩擦性能.研究表明:DLC薄膜与基底之间形成(Fe+Si+O混合层)/Si/(Si+C混合层)过渡层.过渡层制备过程中,气压、电压和Ar/Si H4比例升高,会导致过渡层中Si层厚度的减小.这种过渡层在一定范围内提高了DLC薄膜与基体之间的结合力,缓解了因薄膜与基底间不匹配而产生的应力.在大气环境下,优化的DLC薄膜与GCr 15钢对偶的摩擦系数及磨损率可低至0.02和8.2×10-14m3/(N·m).     

A study in transitional flat plate boundary layers: measurement and visualization

 This study is concerned with transition in flat plate boundary layer flow. Sets of results are obtained as follows: (1) Very clear pictures of the formation and the development of the butterfly-like structures rather than ∧-structures in the K-regime of boundary layer transition are obtained. (2) A chain of ring like vortices, which generate the high-frequency spikes on the time traces of velocity and still present periodical behaviour, at the tip of each ∧-vortex, which is the part of the butterfly-like structure, are visualized for the first time. (3) A wave-like structure is observed to occupy the whole boundary layer, extending from the near-wall region to the outer edge of the boundary layer. Received: 24 September 1998/Accepted: 24 April 1999     

Gravitational Stability of a Moving Water-Steam Interface in Hydrothermal Systems

The stability of a hydrothermal system is considered. In this system a water layer overlies a superheated-steam layer in a reservoir with relatively low permeability located between two parallel high-permeability strata. The solution of the steady-state bounded problem with a phase transition interface separating the water and steam zones is obtained on the assumption that the convective energy transfer is small as compared with the conductive transfer. An investigation of the normal stability of the phase transition interface shows that stable configurations almost always exist in the geothermal system considered on the permeability range bounded from above by the value k 10^-15 m². Thus, the criterion of predominance of conductive transfer, which is simultaneously the criterion of existence of the fundamental solution, turns out to be the criterion of stability of the phase interface in the geothermal system considered. The fairly high value of the permeability satisfying this criterion makes it possible to explain the existence of stable natural geothermal reservoirs in which a water layer overlies a steam layer.     

Co-current stratified gas–liquid downflow—Influence of the liquid flow field on interfacial structure

The transition from smooth to wavy stratified flow is studied for various pipe inclination angles with the aim to contribute to the realistic modeling and simulation of long distance two-phase pipe flow. The influence of the liquid flow field on interfacial structure is studied through local axial velocity measurements in the liquid phase in conjunction with other liquid layer characterization experiments. Observations based on fast-video recordings, are used to identify the main patterns of wave evolution. Liquid layer thickness time records are acquired using a parallel wire conductance technique from which mean layer thickness, RMS and power spectra of the fluctuations, as well as wave celerities are calculated. Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) is employed to investigate the flow structure in the thin liquid layer both with and without interfacial shear induced by a co-current gas flow. The results reveal the influence of the liquid flow field development on the interfacial structure. In particular, the new data of axial velocity profiles and liquid layer characteristics suggest that the onset of the interfacial waves is strongly affected by the liquid flow structure, possibly by the laminar to turbulent transition within the layer.     

铜表面激光熔覆NiCrWB合金的组织结构与耐磨性能研究

采用高能量密度激光重熔NiCrWB喷涂涂层的方式制备熔覆层,用XRD分析熔覆层和喷涂层的物相组成,用扫描电镜和金相显微镜分析涂层和熔覆层组织形貌以及磨损表面形貌.研究了涂层组织形貌、物相组成对涂层耐磨性能的影响,分析了喷涂层和熔覆层的磨损机理.结果表明:对于NiCrWB材料来说,组织结构对耐磨性能的影响要大于硬度对耐磨性能的影响.显微硬度较低的熔覆层由于组织致密均匀,其耐磨性能明显优于组织缺陷较多的喷涂层.通过扫描电镜观察发现,喷涂层的磨损表面出现较多的疲劳裂纹、凹坑、磨粒和较深的磨痕,推断喷涂层颗粒脱落是由于在周期载荷作用下,裂纹在表层和亚表层扩展后连接,使得裂纹包围区域颗粒脱落.而熔覆层中的裂纹是由于磨损表面发生塑性变形而形成的.     

Experimental investigation of turbulence in a supersonic flow

The structure of disturbances carried by the flow into the working section of a supersonic wind tunnel has been investigated by means of a constant-current hot-wire anemometer. In order to generate the disturbances grids consisting of round rods were introduced upstream from the nozzle throat. It was found that in the working section the disturbances consist of non-correlating vortex, entropy and acoustic modes. The latter is generated by the boundary layer on the nozzle walls and the first two by the grids. The spectral compositions of the various modes are compared. Because of the presence of grid turbulence the point of laminar-turbulent transition in the boundary layer on a flat plate varied widely.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 119–124, May–June, 1990.     

Effect of surface steps on boundary layer transition

An experimental study has been carried out to examine the effect of a sharp-edged step on boundary layer transition. The transition position and disturbance spectra in the boundary layer for different step heights and free-stream velocities were measured by hot-wire anemometry. A correlation between the transition Reynolds number and the relative step height has been established for both backward-facing and forward-facing steps. The transition position is associated with the “N-factor” that defines the integrated growth of instability waves at transition. The boundary layer over a step has an earlier transition position than that on a smooth plate, since the instability waves amplify more rapidly than those on a smooth surface. The transition N-factor for the flow containing a step, calculated using the amplification rates on a smooth plate, will, therefore, be smaller than that on surfaces without a step. The observed reduction of the N-factor occurring with a step has been shown to correlate with the height of the step, thus, providing an empirical tool that can be used to estimate the transition position when steps occur. An appropriate value of N can be determined from knowledge of the step height.     

Effects of sub-millimeter-bubble injection on transition to turbulence in natural convection boundary layer along a vertical plate in water

Temperature and velocity measurements are performed to clarify the effects of sub-millimeter-bubble injection on the transition to turbulence in the natural convection boundary layer along a vertical plate in water. In particular, we focus on the relationship between the bubble injection position L and the transition to turbulence in the natural convection boundary layer. The bubble injection positions used in our experiments are L = 1.6 and 3.6 mm. Bubble injection at L = 1.6 mm delays the transition to turbulence in the natural convection boundary layer, while that at L = 3.6 mm accelerates the transition to turbulence in the boundary layer. In the case of L = 1.6 mm, the appearance region of the liquid velocity fluctuation in the bubble-induced upward flow in the upstream unheated section is restricted to near the wall, although the peak of the liquid velocity fluctuation is high. In contrast, in the case of L = 3.6 mm, the relatively large liquid velocity fluctuation is distributed widely over the laminar boundary layer width. These results suggest that the effect of the liquid velocity fluctuation on the laminar boundary layer is quite different between L = 1.6 and 3.6 mm. It is therefore expected that the transition to turbulence in the natural convection boundary layer for the case with bubble injection is dependent on the magnitude and appearance region of the liquid velocity fluctuation in the bubble-induced upward flow in the upstream unheated section.     

The Phase Transition between Chiral Nematic and Smectic A* Liquid Crystals

 In this paper we study the Landau-de Gennes free energy used to describe the transition between chiral nematic and smectic A liquid crystal phases. We consider the phenomenology of the transition and discuss the behavior of the material constants. Within the present mathematical framework, the physically observed growth behavior of the twist and bend Frank constants, K ² and K ³ respectively, plays a major role in determining the transition regime. We show existence of minimizers in a large class of admissible fields. Then, under the hypothesis that K ² and K ³ are large, we establish estimates for the transition regime separating the two phases. The work emphasizes the interplay between two competing effects: the layer formation of the smectic A phase and the twist tendency of the chiral nematic phase. Our discussion also illustrates the analogies as well as the discrepancies in modeling and behavior between smectic A^* liquid crystals and superconducting materials described by the Ginzburg-Landau theory. (Accepted May 7, 2002) Published online November 5, 2002     

Global Equivalence for Deformable Theormoeleastic Bodies

We consider equilibria arising in a model for phase transitions which correspond to stable critical points of the constrained variational problem Here W is a double‐well potential and is a strictly convex domain. For ε small, this is closely related to the problem of partitioning Ω into two subdomains of fixed volume, where the subdomain boundaries correspond to the transitional boundary between phases. Motivated by this geometry problem, we show that in a strictly convex domain, stable critical points of the original variational problem have a connected, thin transition layer separating the two phases. This relates to work in [GM] where special geometries such as cylindrical domains were treated, and is analogous to the results in [CHo] which show that in a convex domain, stable critical points of the corresponding unconstrained problem are constant. The proof of connectivity employs tools from geometric measure theory including the co‐area formula and the isoperimetric inequality on manifolds. The thinness of the transition layer follows from a separate calculation establishing spatial decay of solutions to the pure phases. (Accepted July 15, 1996)     

高速钢离子渗硫层的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用低温离子渗硫工艺在 W6 Mo5 Cr4 V2高速钢表面制备了硫化物固体润滑层 ,在 MM- 2 0 0型摩擦磨损试验机上对渗硫层的摩擦学性能进行了干摩擦试验研究 ,用原子力显微镜及扫描电子显微镜和 X射线光电子能谱分析渗层表面、截面、磨面的形貌及成分 ,用 X射线衍射仪分析了渗硫层相结构 .结果表明 ,高速钢表面渗硫层由 Fe S、WS2 和Mo S2 等具有固体润滑特性的硫化物共同组成 .微观分析发现 ,渗硫层由直径 30～ 80 nm的硫化物球状颗粒随机叠嵌而成 .纳米结构有利于磨损过程中氧化物的产生 ,对提高摩擦磨损性能有利 .干摩擦条件下 ,渗硫层具有明显的减摩与耐磨效果     

Numerical Simulation of Riblet Controlled Spatial Transition in a Zero-Pressure-Gradient Boundary Layer

To analyze the fundamental physical mechanism which determines the damping effect of a riblet surface on three-dimensional transition several numerical simulations of spatial transition in a flat plate zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer above a riblet wall are performed in this study. Two types of forced transition scenarios are investigated. The first type of transition is defined by K-type transition induced by a dominant two-dimensional Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) wave and a weak spanwise disturbance. The second type of transition is purely excited by two oblique waves. By a qualitative analysis of the occurring maximum wall-normal and spanwise velocity components and the Fourier modes of the disturbances the two-dimensional TS waves are found to be amplified by riblets, whereas three-dimensional structures, i.e., Λ-, hairpin, and streamwisely aligned vortices, are damped. At oblique transition the breakdown to turbulence is delayed by the riblets compared to transition on a clean surface. The investigation of the near wall flow structure reveals secondary flows induced by the riblets and reduced wall normal ejections as well as a reduced downwash.     

Non-oscillating/Oscillating Shear Layer over a Large Deep Cavity at Low-Subsonic Speeds

The flow over a deep cavity at low subsonic velocity is considered in the present paper. The cavity length-to-depth aspect ratio is L/H = 0.2. Single hot-wire measurements characterized the incident turbulent boundary layer and show the influence of the cavity on the streamwise statistic components just downstream from the cavity. The streamwise mean and fluctuating velocity profiles are affected by the cavity. PIV measurements reveal the presence for ejection-like events responsible of local perturbations of the skewness and the flatness coefficients. Time-resolved PIV technic is also used to characterize phase properties of shear layer oscillating cycle. It is shown that for deep cavity with first Rossiter mode, only one vortical structure is formed at the cavity leading edge. Then, it grows while convecting downstream along the shear layer. A well-defined ejection process begins after the vortex impact near the cavity downstream corner. A cylinder device placed spanwisely near the cavity leading edge eliminates the resonance and highly modifies the behavior of the shear layer flow. In fact, the shear layer could be divided into upper and lower parts with different structure aspects.     

Formation, structure, and evolution of boiling nucleus and interfacial tension between bulk liquid phase and nucleus

In this paper, the concept of the molecular free path is introduced to derive a criterion distinguishing active molecules from inactive molecules in liquid phase. A concept of the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of active molecules is proposed to describe the physical configuration before the formation of a nucleus during vapor–liquid phase transition. All active molecules exist as monomers when the concentration of active molecules is lower than CAC, while the active molecules will generate aggregation once the concentration of the active molecules reaches CAC. However, these aggregates with aggregation number, N, smaller than five can steadily exist in bulk phase. The other excess active molecules can only produce infinite aggregation and form a critical nucleus of vapor–liquid phase transition. Without any outer perturbation the state point of CAC corresponds to the critical superheated or supercooled state. Meanwhile, a model of two-region structure of a nucleus is proposed to describe nucleus evolution. The interfacial tension between bulk liquid phase and nucleus is dependent of the density gradient in the transition region and varies with the structure change of the transition region. With the interfacial tension calculated using this model, the predicted nucleation rate is very close to the experimental measurement. Furthermore, this model and associated analysis provides solid theoretical evidences to clarify the definition of nucleation rate and understand nucleation phenomenon with the insight into the physical nature.     

On the structure of the Hugoniot relation for a shock-induced martensitic phase transition

The Hugoniot curve relates the pressure and volume behind a shock wave, with the temperature having been eliminated. This paper studies the Hugoniot curve behind a propagating sharp interface between two material phases for a solid in which an impact-induced phase transition has taken place. For a solid capable of existing in only one phase, compressive impact produces a shock wave moving into material, say, at rest in an unstressed state at the ambient temperature. If the specimen can exist in either of two material phases, sufficiently severe impact may produce a disturbance with a two-wave structure: a shock wave in the low-pressure phase of the material, followed by a phase boundary separating the low- and high-pressure phases. We use a theory of phase transitions in thermoelastic materials to construct the Hugoniot curve behind the phase boundary in this two-wave circumstance. The kinetic relation controlling the evolution of the phase transition is an essential ingredient in this process.      

Field-induced gelation, yield stress, and fragility of an electro-rheological suspension

 Electro-rheological suspensions (ERS) are known to undergo liquid-to-solid transition under the application of an electric field. Long-range interaction between neighboring particles results in sample-spanning particulate structures which behave as soft solids. Here, we studied the rheological expression of this field-induced transition which has many similarities with chemical gelation. This similarity shows in mechanical spectroscopy on a suspension of monodisperse silica in PDMS as model ERS. Upon application of the electric field, dynamic moduli G′, G′′ grow by orders of magnitude and evolve in a pattern which is otherwise typical for gelation of network polymers (random chemical or physical gelation). At the gel point, the slow dynamics is governed by power-law relaxation behavior (frequency-independent tan δ). A low field strength is sufficient to reach the gel point and, correspondingly, the percolating particle structure at the gel point is still very fragile. It can be broken by the imposition of low stress. For inducing a finite yield stress, the field strength needs to be increased further until the long-range electrostatic interaction generates string-like particle alignments which become clearly visible under the optical microscope. The onset of fragile connectivity was defined experimentally by the tan δ method. The ERS was probed dynamically at low frequencies where the transition is most pronounced, and also in steady shear where the rate of structure formation equals the rate of internal breaking. Received: 1 May 2001 Accepted: 11 August 2001     

Mechanisms of elastic energy dissipation in the transition layer between a coating and a substrate under contact interaction

A theoretical and experimental analysis of the influence of the dispersed transition layer between a coating and a substrate on the development of deformation structures near the interface has been performed as part of an interdisciplinary study of the deformation and fracture of coating-substrate compositions under contact interaction. Elastic energy transfer from an indenter was simulated using excitable cellular automata taking into account the self-organization of translations and rotations of the structure near the interface. The effect of the transition layer between the coating and the substrate on the development of deformation structures during contact interaction with the indenter in three-point bending was studied experimentally using a TOMSC television-optical measuring complex.