水溶液中meso-四(4-磺苯基)卟啉二聚体的形成和伏安行为研究

本文研究了水溶液中meso-四(4-磺苯基)卟啉(TPPS)二聚体(Dimer)的各种影响因素和它的电化学性质。提出了二聚体的模型, 说明了水溶性金属卟啉(Cu^2+,Zn^2+, Mn^2+-TPPS)循环伏安图上的一对小尖峰是二聚体在汞电极上吸附还原和氧化的结果。     

Ion-association aggregation of an anionic porphyrin at the liquid/liquid interface studied by second harmonic generation spectroscopy

Interfacial ion-association adsorption and aggregation of a water-soluble porphyrin, tetrakis(4-sulfonatephenyl)porphyrin (TPPS) diacid, which was promoted by a cationic cetyltrimethylammonium ion (CTA(+)), was studied by second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy. Comparing the interfacial SH spectrum with the transmission absorption spectrum of TPPS in the aqueous solution elucidated the aggregation behavior of TPPS at the heptane/water interface. The time-dependent SHG spectra for TPPS aggregation and the interfacial tension lowering in the presence of CTA(+) were discussed on the basis of an electrostatic adsorption model. Then, it was suggested that TPPS diacid was highly concentrated by the ion-association with CTA(+) at the interface, which was the intermediate state before the final aggregated state.     

Study of internal structure of meso-tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphine J-aggregates in solution by fluorescence microscope imaging in a magnetic field

To determine the internal molecular arrangement of organic dye aggregates, a technique for observing the fluorescence microscope image of a solution consisting of dye aggregates in a magnetic field was developed. Using this technique, the fluorescence image of meso-tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphine (TPPS) J-aggregates in a solution in a magnetic field of 10 T was observed. It was observed that individual rod-shaped TPPS aggregates (4-20 microm in length) were aligned parallel to the applied field. The polarized absorption spectra of the sample solution were also measured in the fields of up to 10 T. The spectra show the magnetic field dependence of the J-band intensity, reflecting the magnetic alignment of the aggregates. On the basis of the magnetic and optical properties obtained by the experiments, it was proposed that TPPS J-aggregates have a tube-like structure and are constructed from one-dimensional molecular arrays that are stacked parallel to the long axis of the tube.     

meso-四(4-磺基苯基)卟啉(TPPS)在水及胶束体系中的二聚行为研究

研究了meso-四（4-磺基苯基）卟啉（TPPS）在胶束（TritonX－100）、KCl水溶液中的电子吸收光谱变化,计算了TPPS的二聚常数KD,用分光光度法研究了TPPS在KCI水溶液中的二聚反应动力学,提出了与实验结果相吻合的二聚机理．根据温度对二聚平衡的影响,计算了二聚平衡的乙和     

J-aggregates of diprotonated tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin induced by ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate

The J-aggregation behavior of diprotonated tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (H2TPPS4(2-)) in aqueous solution in the presence of the hydrophilic ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (bmimBF4) was investigated in detail using UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, resonance light scattering (RLS) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. With the addition of bmimBF4, increasing peaks appeared at a wavelength of 490 nm in the absorption spectra to account for the formation of H 2TPPS4(2-) J-aggregates. In addition, the experimental results also showed decreased fluorescence emission, enhanced RLS signals, intensified Raman scattering peaks, and the disappearance of NMR signals to further indicate that porphyrin J-aggregates exist in the studied system. NMR shifts of bmimBF 4 toward high field occurred corresponding to H2, H4, and H5 in the cationic imidazolium ring (bmim+), suggesting that bmim+ enters the magnetic shielding domain of the anionic phenyl sulfonate ion owing to the association process between the "large" cation and anion. Additionally, the fact that the absorption spectral shifts occurred in the nonprotonated porphyrin TPPS4(4-) further indicates the existence of the ion association effect of bmim+, which functions as an important factor in porphyrin aggregation.     

全内反射荧光光谱法研究水溶性卟啉在正己烷/水界面的吸附行为

在自行组装的全内反射荧光测定装置上实现了液／液界面全内反射荧光光谱的测绘,比较了水溶性的meso-四（对磺酸基苯基）卟啉（TPPS）在正己彬水界面上与在水相中荧光性质的差异,研究了全内反射荧光强度随表面活性剂种类、浓度及溶液pH值的变化情况,探索了TPPS的界面吸附行为,着重考察了阳离子表面活性剂CTMAB对TPPS界面荧光性质的影响。结果表明,在阳离子表面活性剂存在的条件下,未质子化的TPPS能够选择性地吸附在正己烷／水界面上,静电力在TPPS界面吸附过程中应起重要作用。     

Interaction of meso-tetrakis(4-sulphonatophenyl)porphine with chitosan in aqueous solutions

Interaction of meso-tetrakis(4-sulphonatophenyl)porphine (TPPS4) with chitosan (Mr approximately 400 kDa, N-acetyls approximately 20 mol.%) was studied in aqueous solutions. UV-vis absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic titration of 10 micromol l-1 TPPS4 with chitosan demonstrated that an addition of the polysaccharide at appropriate concentrations and pH values induce and support self-aggregation of the macrocycles. The mode of aggregation was strongly dependent on pH: stacking (H-type) aggregates predominated at weak acidic conditions (pH 4.8-6.8) and tilted (J-type) aggregates at pH 2.5. At the intermediate pH value (3.6) both types of TPPS4 aggregates were detected. High amount of chitosan (>0.05 mmol l-1 of GlcN) disrupts H-aggregates forming monomeric porphyrin-chitosan complexes (pH 3.6-6.8), while J-aggregates (pH 2.5) are stable even at very high chitosan concentrations. CD titration experiments confirmed the formation of optically active species of TPPS4 in the presence of chitosan. The complex nature of CD bands assigned to both types of porphyrin aggregates indicated the occurrence of several chiral macrocyclic species dependently on pH value and chitosan concentration.     

PHOTOPHYSICAL STUDIES ON THE BINDING OF TETRASULFONATOPHENYLPORPHYRIN TO LENS PROTEINS

Previous studies have shown that mesotetra(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphine (TPPS) binds to lens proteins. This characteristic should increase the residence time of the sensitizer in the lens and therefore enhance the probability of inducing photooxidative damage to that tissue in vivo. Subsequent in vivo studies have verified that contention. The present studies were performed to determine the effect of such binding on the spectroscopy and photophysics of the porphyrins. It was found that the binding of TPPS (1) quenches the fluorescence of lens proteins, (2) causes a shift in the ground state absorption spectra, fluorescence excitation spectra and the triplet excited state spectrum of TPPS to longer wavelengths and (3) results in an increase in the triplet state lifetime of TPPS. In the presence of the isolated crystallins the average triplet lifetime increases in the following order: gamma less than beta less than alpha.     

Synthesis and spectroscopy of tpps-doped silica gels by the sol-gel process

Tetraphenylporphinetetrasulfonic acid (TPPS), which is well known as a photochemical hole-burning (PHB) dye, was incorporated in silica gels obtained by the sol-gel process from tetramethoxysilane (TMOS). The form of TPPS must be free base (H₂P), which exists in basic condition, to be active in PHB. To obtain transparent and higher density silica gels doped with free-base TPPS, two-step hydrolysis processes using solutions containing NaOH were developed, and the gels having bulk density of about 1.5 g/cm³ were synthesized. The form of TPPS in the gels was investigated by measuring the absorption and luminescence spectra, and it was found that in the silica gels almost all the TPPS retained free-base form at the molar ratio of NaOH/TMOS above 10^–3.     

Design and interfacial assembly of a new series of gemini amphiphiles with hydrophilic poly(ethyleneamine) spacers

A new series of gemini amphiphiles containing two Schiff base moieties linked by the poly(ethyleneamine) with different lengths were designed, and their interfacial assemblies were investigated. Condensed monolayers were obtained on nearly neutral subphase where the hydrophilic spacers were found to immerse into the subphase. On strong alkaline and acidic subphase, the headgroup and the spacer of the gemini amphiphiles underwent dissociation and protonation, respectively, resulting in the enlargement of the molecular areas. Flat and uniform domains were obtained for the monolayers from nearly neutral subphase; flower-like or dendritic domains were observed for the films transferred from strong acidic subphase. On the other hand, when an anionic tetrakis(4-sulfonatonphenyl)porphine (TPPS) was added into an acidic subphase, an in situ complex formation between the gemini amphiphiles and TPPS occurred. The complex monolayers were transferred onto solid substrate and TPPS existed predominantly as J-aggregate in the complex films. Due to the multisited positive charges in the spacer on acidic subphase, the complex films of gemini amphiphiles with TPPS appeared as short fiber or nanorod structures and formed two-dimensional (2D) conglomerate chiral domains.     

Intracellular localization of meso-tetraphenylporphine tetrasulphonate probed by time-resolved and microscopic fluorescence spectroscopy.

The effects of solvent pH on spectral properties and fluorescence decay kinetics were investigated in order to characterize the microenvironment of meso-tetraphenylporphine tetrasulphonate (TPPS4) taken up by cells. Steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectra of TPPS4 in buffer solutions of different pH were used to identify a ring protonated species at pH less than or equal to 4. This dictation could also be distinguished from the unprotonated form by its altered fluorescence decay time (3.5 vs. 11.4 ns). In addition, time-resolved spectroscopy gave some evidence of a monocationic species existing at pH 6-9. This was concluded from the occurrence of another component with a decay time of 5 ns. Measurements of the spectral and kinetic properties of the fluorescence emission of single epithelial cells (RR1022) incubated with TPPS4 indicated that the sensitizer was mainly localized in a microenvironment with a pH of 5, a value which occurs intracellularly only within lysosomes. Cells kept in the dark exhibited the characteristic spectra of both the dication and the neutral form. The fluorescence decay showed two components with decay times of 2.6 ns and 10.6 ns. Irradiation of the cells changed the decay times to 4.6 ns and 13.4 ns and the dication fluorescence emission peak vanished, which is in accordance with the results obtained from buffer solutions at pH greater than or equal to 6. Therefore, we deduce that the photodynamic action leads to a rupture of the lysosomes and that the sensitizer is released into the surrounding cytoplasm.     

Raman and infrared spectral study of meso-sulfonatophenyl substituted porphyrins (TPPSn,n = 1, 2A, 2O, 3, 4)

Raman and IR spectra of the free base p-sulfonatophenyl and phenyl meso-substituted porphyrins [5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS4); 5,10,15-tris(4-sulfonatophenyl)-20-phenyl-porphyrin (TPPS3); 5,10-bis(4-sulfonatophenyl)-15,20-diphenylporphyrin (TPPS2A); 5,15-bis(4-sulfonatophenyl)-10,20-diphenylporphyrin (TPPS2O); and 5-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-10, 15,20-trisphenylporphyrin (TPPS1)] and their N-diprotonated derivatives (porphyrin diacids) were studied. The Raman spectra of the deuterated analogues of these porphyrins, in which the central hydrogen atoms were substituted with deuterium, were also measured. The observed vibrational bands were assigned on the basis of the deuteration shifts and compared with the structural analogues of these compounds. In IR spectra of the free-base porphyrins, the p-sulfonation of phenyl groups results in evident alteration for the phenyl modes and the porphyrin skeleton modes that are strongly coupled with phenyl vibrations. While the p-sulfonation of phenyl groups causes only slight changes for the high-frequency Raman bands (> 850 cm(-1)), dramatic shifts and band splitting were observed in the low-frequency region (< 500 cm(-1)) of Raman spectra. The observed differences of low-frequency Raman spectra were attributed to the alteration of the structure of the porphyrin ring, especially the CalphaCmCalpha bond-angles, by different meso-sulfonatophenyl substitutions. In addition, different packing style of TPPSn molecules in the aggregates is also responsible for the alteration of the vibrational spectra of the aggregated TPPSn.     

Growth and characterization of films containing fullerenes and water soluble porphyrins for solar energy conversion applications

Thin films consisting of two fulleropyrrolidine derivatives 1 or 2 and a water-soluble porphyrin, TPPS4, were prepared by the Langmuir-Sch?fer (LS, horizontal lifting) method. In particular, a solution of the fulleropyrrolidine in chloroform and dimethyl sulfoxide was spread on the water surface, while the porphyrin (bearing peripheral anionic sulfonic groups) was dissolved into the aqueous subphase. To the best of our knowledge, such a versatile method for film fabrication of fullerene/porphyrin mixed composite films has never been used by other researchers. Evidence of the effective interactions between the two components at the air-water interface was obtained from the analysis of the floating layers by means of surface pressure vs area per molecule Langmuir curves, Brewster angle microscopy, and UV-visible reflection spectroscopy. The characterization of the LS films by UV-visible spectroscopy reveals that in each case the two constituents behave as strongly interacting pi systems. The use of polarized light suggests the existence of a preferential direction of the TPPS4 macrocyclic rings with an edge-on arrangement with respect to the substrate surface, regardless which fulleropyrrolidine derivative is in the composite film. Atomic force microscopy investigations give evidence of morphologically flat layers even for LS transfer at low surface pressures. Photoaction spectra were recorded from films deposited by only one horizontal lifting onto indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrodes, and the observed photocurrent increased notably with increasing transfer surface pressure for both 1/TPPS4 and 2/TPPS4 composite films. IPCE values are larger for 2/TPPS4 systems in comparison with 1/TPPS4 composite layers. Finally, a nonconventional approach to photoinduced phenomena is proposed by differential spectroscopy in the FT-IR attenuated total reflectance (ATR) mode.     

Plasma membrane associated location of sulfonated meso-tetraphenylporphyrins of different hydrophilicity probed by total internal reflection fluorescence spectroscopy

Sulfonated meso-tetraphenylporphyrins of different hydrophilicity were microspectrofluorimetrically examined in endothelial cells using total internal reflection (TIR) illumination or epi-illumination. Since the penetration depth of the evanescent field during TIR illumination is limited to a few hundred nanometers, photosensitizers were almost selectively examined in close vicinity to the plasma membrane. Pronounced fluorescence signals during TIR illumination were observed for the hydrophilic compounds meso-tetraphenylporphyrin tetrasulfonate (TPPS4) and meso-tetraphenylporphyrin trisulfonate (TPPS3), whereas the more lipophilic compounds meso-tetraphenylporphyrin disulfonate (TPPS2a) and meso-tetraphenylporphyrin monosulfonate (TPPS1) could only be detected under epi-illumination. Irradiation of TPPS1 and TPPS2a in the Soret band led to an increase in fluorescence intensity and formation of a photoproduct with an emission maximum around 610 nm, which was limited to intracellular compartments. In contrast, fluorescence spectra of TPPS3 and TPPS4 obtained by TIR and epi-illumination remained almost unchanged after irradiation in the Soret band. Extralysosomal location of TPPS3 and TPPS4 in close proximity to the plasma membrane was deduced from experiments with the lysosomal markers acridine orange (AO) or lysotracker yellow (LY), which were not detectable under TIR illumination. In conclusion, these results provide for the first time direct evidence for a plasma membrane-associated fraction of the hydrophilic compounds TPPS3 and TPPS4 in living cells.     

Ionic liquid induced spontaneous symmetry breaking: emergence of predominant handedness during the self-assembly of tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS) with achiral ionic liquid

The self-assembly and supramolecular chirality of a dianionic tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (TPPS) in the presence of ionic liquids, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (alkyl = C(2), C(4) or C(6), abbreviated as C(2)mimBF(4), C(4)mimBF(4) and C(6)mimBF(4), respectively), have been investigated. It has been confirmed that mimBF(4) ionic liquids significantly promoted the J-aggregation of TPPS and the alkyl chain length in the imidazolium cation was closely related to the TPPS aggregation, the inducing ability of which decreased in the order of C(2), C(4) or C(6) in side chain. Interestingly, the formed TPPS assemblies with the ionic liquids showed supramolecular chirality although both TPPS and ionic liquids are achiral. It was found that the supramolecular chirality of the TPPS/IL system always appeared after the formation of the J aggregate. The dynamic process of the emergence of the handedness in the initial achiral system was monitored by the time-dependent CD spectra. A mechanism for the transformation of the conventional J-aggregate to the chiral J-aggregate was proposed. The work will lead to a deeper understanding of the chiral symmetry breaking in the supramolecular system.     

一种具有双重功能的可视化pH荧光探针的合成及光谱研究

以二烯单酮结构为荧光团,酚羟基为脱质子基团,合成了一种具有双重功能的可视化pH荧光分子探针.pH滴定实验表明,探针的紫外吸收和荧光光谱均对溶液的pH值有很强的依赖性,当体系溶液由酸性变为碱性时,探针的紫外吸收光谱发生明显的红移,并伴有溶液颜色的显著变化;荧光光谱强度在酸性条件下随pH值的变化不大,而在碱性条件下随pH值...     

阳离子表面活性剂存在下卟啉聚集的光谱研究

报导在阳离子表面活性剂溴化十六烷基三甲铵（CTMAB）存在下mcso-四（对-磺基苯基）卟啉（TPPS_4）发生聚集的电子吸收光谱、荧光光谱和共振光散射光谱特性．结果表明：CTMAB低于1．0×10~(－5)mol·L~(-1)时TPPS_4发生J-型聚集，形成一种交错卡迭式二聚体。在1．0×10~(－5)～1.0×10~(－4)mol·L~(－1)时，J-型聚集产物仍然存在，但TPPS_4的Soret蜂蓝移．如果CTMAB浓度高于1．0×10~（-4）mol·L~（-1），J-型聚集产物消失，出现游离碱卟啉的D_(2h)。吸收特征．相对于水介质，游离碱卟啉的Soret带在CTMAB胶束中红移．     

Studies on the effects of metal ions and counter anions on the aggregate behaviors of meso-tetrakis(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy

The aggregation behaviors of meso-tetrakis(p-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS) in the function of metal ions and their counter anions (Cl(-), SO(4)(2-), and NO(3)(-)) were investigated by absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy and resonance scattering spectrum. It was shown that the TPPS J-aggregates could be effectively promoted by metal ions under lower ionic strength. Moreover, the prominent effects of counter ions (Cl(-), SO(4)(2-), and NO(3)(-)) on TPPS J- and/or H-aggregate formation at higher ionic strength were observed. These results suggested that the counter anions play a significant role in the formation of TPPS J- and/or H-aggregates and their conversion each other. Very interestingly, the absorption spectrum of metal ions investigated except for Co(2+) leaves a WINDOW from ca. 450 to 550nm centered at 490nm in which the absorption of Cu(2+) or Ni(2+) ions per se was very weak. The spectrum window might be really significant in avoiding possible spectrum interferences when porphyrins are chosen as spectrometric reagents for the determination of metal ions based on J-aggregation.     

On the dynamics of the TPPS4 aggregation in aqueous solutions: successive formation of H and J aggregates

The dynamics of aggregation of meso-tetrakis (p-sulfonatofenyl) porphyrin (TPPS4) in function of its concentration, pH and ionic strength was studied by optical absorption, fluorescence and resonance light scattering (RLS) techniques. In the region of pH, where TPPS4 exists in biprotonated form, the addition of NaCl induces the TPPS4 aggregation due to the formation of the "cloud" of counter ions around the TPPS4 molecule thus reducing electrostatic repulsion between the porphyrin molecules. The formation of this "cloud" shifts the pKa value to acid region (from 5.0 in the absence of salt to 4.5 at [NaCl] = 0.4 M), reduces the TPPS4 absorption in all spectral range and quantum yield and lifetime of fluorescence (from 0.27 to 0.17 and from 4.00+/-0.04 to 3.00+/-0.03 ns in the absence of salt and in the presence of NaCl, respectively). The aggregation process involves two successive stages: initially H aggregates are formed, which in time are transformed in J ones. The existence of these two stages was confirmed by the fluorescence and RLS data. The kinetics of the formation of J aggregates is characterized by the induction time t1 and the average growth time t2, which depend on both TPPS4 and salt concentrations. The induction period t1 appears as a result of initial formation of H aggregates and their successive transformation in J ones. At very high TPPS4 concentrations, the J aggregates are united in more complex structures such as hollow cylinders or helixes.     

Spectral properties of tetraanionic porphyrin in formamide colloids of layered double hydroxides

Formamide colloidal suspensions of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with anionic dye, meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine (TPPS) were prepared. Optical properties of these suspensions were investigated by means of absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies in the visible region. For more detailed characterization, second derivative curves of the spectra were calculated. The adsorption of the dye on LDH nanosheets led to partial molecular aggregation, reflected in significant changes of the dye optical properties. The Soret band in the absorption spectra was split into two peaks and decreased in intensity. Changes were observed also for the Q-bands. The molecular aggregation significantly quenched the emission of the dye. The low intensity emission from dye H-aggregates was identified at slightly longer wavelengths. The molecular aggregation increased with the dye/LDH ratio. At low dye loadings, the optical properties were very similar to the dye solution. The yields of the dye molecular aggregation increased with LDH surface charge.