Activation analysis of rare earths : Separation of rare earths from accompanying elements

A scheme for the separation of rare-earth elements from gadolinite and tantalocolumbite minerals is discussed. The possibility of interference from traces of nonseparated elements in the subsequent separation of rare-earth elements from each other by cation exchange with α-hydroxyisobutyrate as the eluting agent is investigated.     

Potentiometric determination of rare earths with sodium ortho-vanadate

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Solvent extraction-spectrophotometric determination of rare earths with chlorophosphonazo-III

The rare-earth chlorophosphonazo III chelates are easily extracted from an aqueous solution (pH 1.1-1.5) into n-butanol. The absorbance at the absorption maximum (at 668 nm) is about 3 times that in aqueous solution. The spectrophotometric determination of rare earths has been investigated.     

Double sulfates of some rare earths with tetramethylammonium

Double sulfates of rare earths and tetramethylammonium with empirical formula (CH₃)₄NLn(SO₄)₂ · 3H₂O (Ln=Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb and Dy) were synthesized and studied by the methods of TG, DTG and DTA in the temperature range from 20 to 500°C, and by X-ray powder diffraction and chemical analysis. Two isostructural groups were obtained: one from Ce to Eu and another from Gd to Dy. It was found that rare earth sulfates are obtained as final products at 500°C. For comparison, TG, DTG and DTA curves of the thermal decomposition of tetramethylammonium sulfate are given.

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Zusammenfassung Doppelsulfate von Seltenerden und Tetramethylammonium der empirischen Formel (CH₃)₄NLn(SO₄)₂ · 3H₂O mit Ln=Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb und Dy wurden synthetisiert und im Temperaturbereich 20–500°C mittels TG, DTG und DTA, weiterhin mittels Röntgenpulverdiffraktion und chemischer Analyse untersucht. Es wurden zwei isostrukturelle Gruppen erhalten, die eine von Ce bis Eu, die andere von Gd bis Dy. Man fand, daß man bei 500°C als Endprodukt die Seltenerdensulfate erhält. Zum Vergleich wurden die TG-, DTG- und DTA-Kurven der thermischen Zersetzung von Tetramethylammoniumsulfat gegeben.

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Financial support by the Research Council of Slovenia is gratefully acknowledged.     

Potentiometric determination of rare earths with sodium tungstate

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Electrodeposition studies of rare earths

The combination of neutron activation analysis (NAA) and electrochemistry has been used to study the deposition behavior of rare earth elements, as it is reported that excepting La, no other rare earths are electrodeposited. The radiotracers of rare earth elements were electrolyzed in an aqueous medium on a graphite electrode by varying the voltage and time of electrodeposition, thereby optimizing the final experimental conditions for quantitative deposition of rare earth elements. The observations are reported in this work.     

Raman scattering in rare earths tetraborides

The Raman spectra of single crystalline RE (rare earth) tetraborides REB₄ (RE = Y, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu) are measured and analysed with respect to the dependence of the phonon frequencies on the rare earth metal. Phonons representing octahedral B₆ units are identified by comparison to the according phonon modes of hexaborides. Their relative force parameters are estimated.     

Separation and gravimetric determination of rare earths with N-m-Tolyl-m-nitrobenzohydroxamic acid

N-m-Tolyl-m-nitrobenzohydroxamic acid is used as a reagent for separation and gravimetric determination of Ce(3+), La(3+), Pr(3+), Nd(3+), Sm(3+) and Gd(3+). By proper control of pH and use of masking agents these metal ions can be separated from several others and determined gravimetrically. The complexes can be weighed as (C(14)H(11)N(2)O(4))(3)M after drying.     

Activation analysis of rare earths : The determination of rare earths in minerals by the single comparator technique

The determination of rare earths in minerals by activation analysis is described. The rare earths are separated as a group from the bulk of the material before irradiation. After irradiation the rare earths are separated from each other by gradient elution with ammonium α-hydroxyisobutyrate on a cation-exchange column. The elements are determined by the single comparator technique. This method permits a practical application of activation analysis to the routine determination of rare earths in complex matrices,     

Simultaneous spectrofluorimetric determination of the rare earths with calcein

The reactivity of the fluorescent reagent calcein with the trivalent cations of the rare earths has been spectrofluorimetrically studied in aqueous solution. Optimum excitation and emission wavelengths were 492-497 and 519-522 nm, respectively. Optimum pH was in the range 6.0-9.2. The stoichiometry of the complexes was 1:1. A direct, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of rare earth mixtures has been proposed with a detection limit of 4.49x10(-8) M and a coefficient of variation of 0.82%.     

Separation of thorium from rare earths

Summary A method for separation of thorium from rare earths in monazite based on the difference of stability of EDTA complexes towards oxine is described.     

瑞香素稀土配合物的合成和性质

自六十年代以来陆续发现稀土化合物具有一系列特殊的药效作用 ,使稀土元素在药物上的应用展现出广阔前景。目前 ,已有不少稀土化合物应用于临床 ,如抗凝血药物 3 磺酸异烟酸钕、左旋糖酸镨、钕混合物 ;消炎药水杨酸钐等。合成具有生物活性配体的稀土配合物是寻找有效稀土药物的一条途径。瑞香素是一具有抗菌、抗炎、抗凝血等生物活性的香豆素类化合物 ,其分子结构为 :稀土与香豆素类的配合物的合成与性质研究己有不少报道[1,2 ] 。为了进一步研究这类配合物的性质和生物活性 ,我们合成了六种瑞香素稀土配合物。1　实验部分1 .1　仪器及试剂…     

Successive determination of thorium and the rare earths with triethylenetetraminehexaacetic acid

Triethylenetetraminehexaacetic acid (TTHA) is proposed for the successive determination of thorium and rare earths in mixtures by titrating first for thorium at pH 2, then adding an excess of TTHA to complex the rare earth ions completely, and titrating the excess of TTHA with standard zinc solution. Xylenol Orange and 3',3'-bis {[N,N-bis (carboxymethy 1)amino]methyl} thymolsulphonephthalein (TMS) have been tested as indicators for the titration.     

掺稀土铝酸锶基质的制备及XRD表征

铝酸锶—铕体系材料是目前研制出最成功的光致材料,在国内外对于该类发光材料的研究也比较多,但是,这方面的研究多偏重于余辉长短和发光机理方面［1～7］,至于反应温度及掺入少量稀土对铝酸锶基质的形成有何影响却鲜有报道,一般认为SrA1204基质对该类材料的发光有重大影响［2］.     

Clustering of rare earths in GeAs sulfide glass

Clustering of rare-earth dopants in GeAs sulfide glasses was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy of Pr-doped glasses and by EPR measurements of Gd-doped samples. The linewidth of the g  2 resonance of Gd³⁺, as well as the relative intensity of emission from the ¹D₂ level of Pr³⁺, was used as a relative measure of rare-earth clustering. Rare earths were found to have low solubility in uncodoped GeAs sulfide glasses, which also displayed poor fluorescence efficiency due to severe clustering. Codoping such glasses with Ga greatly enhanced rare-earth solubility and dispersal, particularly for Ga:rare earth ratios ≥ 10:1, as evidenced by the narrower EPR resonances and more intense luminescence of Gd- and Pr-doped glasses, respectively. In, P and Sn were also observed to ‘decluster’ rare earths, although less efficiently than Ga, whereas codoping with I was found to have no effect on clustering. These phenomena are explained by a structural model in which (1) rare-earth dopants and codopants are spatially associated and (2) rare-earth dispersal is accomplished by a statistical distribution of codopants in tetrahedral network sites.