非均相催化一步合成碳酸二苯酯的研究 Ⅳ.活性组分及其负载方法对催化剂性能的影响

 采用浸渍法、沉淀法、混烧法和溶胶－凝胶法制备了非均相催化一步合成碳酸二苯酯（DPC）所需的催化剂，对活性组分不同负载方法所得催化剂的比表面积和形貌进行了观测，并通过DPC合成实验评价了催化剂的催化性能．结果表明，沉淀法所得催化剂的形貌及催化性能都比较好．为了进一步寻找制备催化剂的适宜条件，就沉淀法所用的沉淀剂、活性物质及助剂对催化剂性能的影响进行了探讨．结果表明，以NaOH为沉淀剂，以Na2PdCl4为活性物质，以Sn为助活性组分，其效果较好，DPC的选择性和收率分别可达93％和7．2％．此外，还对反应后催化剂活性组分的流失及催化剂的活性进行了初步探讨．     

Oxidative carbonylation of phenol to diphenyl carbonate catalyzed by palladium complexes bridged with N,N‐ligands over functionalized silica

Heterogeneous palladium catalysts anchored on functionalized silica were prepared by sol–gel methods and their catalytic properties for the oxidative carbonylation of phenol to diphenyl carbonate (DPC) were investigated. The catalysts were characterized by means of IR, XPS, EA and BET. The Pd loading in the heterogeneous catalysts and leaching in solution were detected by atomic absorption. The effects of different reaction parameters such as temperature, solvent and inorganic cocatalyst on the yield of DPC and Pd leaching were also studied. It was found that Cu₂O and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were the best partners with these heterogeneous catalysts. In the presence of 3 Å molecular sieves as dehydrating agent, the heterogeneous palladium catalyst prepared from 2‐acylpyridine revealed excellent catalytic performance and stability at 110 °C for 5 h, giving 13.7% yield of DPC based on phenol and 4.0% Pd loss in solution. The heterogeneous catalyst was more active and stable compared with traditional supported Pd? C catalyst under the same reaction conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Novel Non-Phosgene Process for Polycarbonate Production from CO2: Green and Sustainable Chemistry in Practice

This paper focuses on the world’s first non-phosgene process using CO₂ as starting material succeeded in development and industrialization by Asahi Kasei Corp. The Asahi Kasei Process enables high-yield production of high-quality PC having excellent properties and high-purity monoethylene glycol (MEG), starting from ethylene oxide (EO), by-produced CO₂ and bisphenol-A without waste and waste water. The innovative reactive distillation technologies in the monomer production and the innovative gravity-utilized, non-agitation polymerization reactor in the melt polymerization, led the new process to success. The monomer process consists of 3 production steps, ethylene carbonate (EC) from CO₂ and EO, dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and MEG from EC and MeOH, and diphenyl carbonate (DPC) and MeOH from DMC and PhOH. All intermediates are recycled. The new type polymerization reactor perfectly overcomes the difficulty based on the extremely high viscosity in the melt polymerization of DPC with Bis-A. The by-produced PhOH is recycled to the monomer process. The reduction of CO₂ emissions (0.173t/PC 1t) is also achieved, because CO₂ used as raw material is utilized as the main chain components of the products. Four commercial plants (Taiwan: 150,000 t/y, Korea: 2 plants of 65,000 t/y, Russia: 65,000 t/y) using the Asahi Kasei Process are now successfully operating, and the plant of 260,000 t/y in Saudi Arabia will start in 2010.     

苯酚氧化羰化合成碳酸二苯酯的新型PdCl2-Co(Pyca)2催化体系

研究了新型的Ｐｄ－Ｃｏ催化体系催化氧化碳化苯酚合成碳酸二苯酯。当ｎ（ＰｄＣｌ２）：ｎ「Ｃｏ（Ⅱ）」：ｎ（四丁基化铵）：ｎ（苯醌）＝１：１：１０：２５,Ｔ＝１２０,Ｐ＝２．５ＭＰａ（Ｐｃｏ／Ｐｏ２＝４：１）,反应时间８ｈ,ＰｄＣｌ２－Ｃｏ（Ｐｙｃａ）２比ＰｄＣｌ２－Ｃｏ（ＯＡｃ）２的催化活性高。当使用ＰｄＣｌ２－Ｃｏ（Ｐｙｃａ）２催化剂时,ＤＰＣ的产率为６．０３％。最佳的反应温度是１２０℃,ＤＰＣ的产率随着体系的总压增加而增大,当压力升到３．５ＭＰａ时,ＤＰＣ产率为８．５３％。     

Kinetic model of transesterification of diphenyl carbonate and 1, 4-butyldiol

The transesterification of diphenyl carbonate(DPC)with 1,4-butyldiol(BD)was kinetically investigated in the presence of lithium acetate catalyst at 465K.The reaction was followed by the measurement of the quantity of phenol which was distilled from the reactor.The experiments supported the assumption that the phenyl ester groups in DPC and phenyl hdroxybutyl carbonate(PHBH)had the same reactivity,and the transesterification obeyed first-order kinetics with respect to DPC and BD,and a rate equation was derived.The reaction rate was found to be first order with respect to the catalyst concentration as well.When those data were incorporated in the rate equation,excellent agreement between calculated values and the observed ones was recognized over a wide range.     

Kinetic model of transesterification of diphenyl carbonate and 1,4-butyldiol

The transesterification of diphenyl carbonate (DPC) with 1,4-butyldiol (BD) was kinetically investigated in the presence of lithium acetate catalyst at 465 K.The reaction was followed by the measurement of the quantity of phenol which was distilled from the reactor.The experiments supported the assumption that the phenyl ester groups in DPC and phenyl hdroxybutyl carbonate (PHBH) had the same reactivity,and the transesterification obeyed first-order kinetics with respect to DPC and BD,and a rate equation was derived.The reaction rate was found to be first order with respect to the catalyst concentration as well.When those data were incorporated in the rate equation,excellent agreement between calculated values and the observed ones was recognized over a wide range.     

Synthesis of polycarbonate diol catalyzed by metal-organic framework Zn_4O[CO_2-C_6H_4-CO_2]_3

The metal-organic framework Zn4O[1,4-benzenedicarboxylate]3(Zn4O[CO2-C6H4-CO2]3,commonly known as MOF-5,was prepared by the ultrasonic irradiation method.The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy.It was then used as the catalyst for the preparation of polycarbonate diol(PCDL) via the transesterification between diphenyl carbonate(DPC) and 1,6-hexandiol(1,6-HD).Its catalytic activity in the transesterification process is evaluated by the yield ...     

NaOH与TEAH催化熔融酯交换合成聚碳酸酯及其重排产物研究

分别以NaOH和氢氧化四乙基铵(TEAH)为催化剂,碳酸二苯酯(DPC)和双酚A(BPA)为原料,采用熔融酯交换法合成聚碳酸酯.当DPC与BPA的摩尔比为1.05∶1,催化剂与BPA的摩尔比为5×10-4∶1时,在所采用的工艺条件下,可分别得到Mn、Mw/Mn为1.69×104、1.97(NaOH催化),1.23 × ...     

MoO3催化碳酸二甲酯与乙酸苯酯合成碳酸二苯酯

采用焙烧法制备了MoO3催化剂并将其用于碳酸二甲酯(DMC)与乙酸苯酯(PA)合成碳酸二苯酯(DPC)反应,考察了焙烧温度对催化荆性能的影响,并用X射线衍射(XRD)对催化剂结构进行了表征.结果发现,在400或500℃焙烧的催化剂具有良好的催化性能,DMC转化率为73.9%,DPC和甲基苯基碳酸酯的选择性分别为39.5%和56.5%.XRD结果表明,该催化剂物相组成为正交晶系MoO3,且(021)或/和(110)晶面有利于酯交换反应.催化剂使用5次后DMC转化率从73.9%降至10.2%,多次重复使用后的催化剂在窄气气氛中于400或500℃焙烧即可再生,再生后催化剂的性能几乎和新鲜催化剂相当.     

Synthesis of copolyesters via interchange reactions with polypivalolactone

The synthesis of copolyesters via interchange reactions of polypivalolactone (PPVL) with bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) was studied. Random copolyesters with high thermal stability were obtained by heating PPVL with PC and DMT in the melt at 280 °C in the presence of tetrabutylorthotitanate (TnBT) as a catalyst. Results from SEC measurements showed that the values for M_n of these copolyesters ranged from 7,000 to 16,000. The process for preparing these copolyesters was studied in detail and based on the results of these studies, the reactions occurring during copolyester synthesis were discussed. It was found that in the early stages of the process mainly interchange reactions occurred between PPVL and PC chains, whereas the amount of terephthalate units increased only after longer reaction times.     

一种新型化合物的合成及对PC12高分化细胞的神经保护作用

研究了一种新合成化合物(3h8b)的神经保护作用及初步分子机制. 该化合物具有缓解神经毒素6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)和L-谷氨酸(L-Glu)诱导高分化PC12细胞损伤的作用. 可有效改善神经毒素对高分化PC12细胞的损伤, 明显增强细胞活力, 降低细胞核凋亡比率, 抑制细胞内钙离子过载. 经3h8b处理之后, 神经毒素引起的细胞内线粒体膜电位异常显著恢复. 进一步的实验表明, 3h8b可以逆转神经毒素造成的Bcl-2和Bcl-xL抑制性表达. 实验证实3h8b通过线粒体相关途经对高分化PC12细胞起保护作用, 为通过化学合成法获得具有治疗神经退行性病变作用的新型化合物提供了理论依据.     

Fe(III)EDTA作为氧化羰化苯酚合成碳酸二苯酯一种有效的氧化还原催化助剂

研究了氧化羰化苯酚合成碳酸二苯酯反应。发现了Fe(III)EDTA 在PdCl2/Fe(III)EDTA/1,4 苯醌/ 四丁基溴化铵催化体系中具有很好的助催化效果。讨论了上述催化体系中的每一组分的作用，并提出了一个催化反应机理。氧化羰化苯酚合成碳酸二苯酯反应的最佳温度为100℃～120℃。当反应在100℃、PCO=2.0MPa、PO2=0.5MPa、苯酚 0.5mol、 PdCl2 0.28mmol、n(PdCl2)∶n(Fe(III)EDTA)∶n(苯醌)∶n(四丁基溴化铵)=1∶1∶10∶40、 4A 分子筛 5.0g、 4h进行时，碳酸二苯酯的产率和选择性分别为8.35%和97.5%。压力越高对生成碳酸二苯酯越有利。     

ZnO催化尿素和丙二醇合成碳酸丙烯酯的反应研究

尿素和丙二醇合成碳酸丙烯酯(PC)在热力学上是可进行的。根据ZnO对尿素和丙二醇的催化反应性能,讨论了合成PC的反应历程。结果表明,该反应是分步进行的,首先尿素分解生成氨气和异氰酸,异氰酸与ZnO作用形成异氰酸物种,在丙二醇的作用下生成中间产物羟丙基氨基甲酸酯(HPC),然后由HPC脱氨气生成PC。 ZnO在尿素分解和HPC脱氨气转化为PC的反应过程中起催化作用。     

钯/掺杂锰氧八面体分子筛催化一步合成碳酸二苯酯

采用浸渍法制备出Ce3＋, Cu2＋, Pb2＋, Ag＋, Fe3＋掺杂锰氧八面体分子筛, 负载钯后用于一步氧化羰基化合成碳酸
二苯酯(DPC)反应. Pd/Cu-OMS-2 催化活性最高, DPC 收率为12.1%. 通过X 射线衍射(XRD), 扫描电镜(SEM), 氮气吸
附(BET)和X 射线光电子能谱(XPS)对催化剂样品进行了表征. 表征结果表明, 不同金属离子掺杂后, 催化剂的晶型仍
保持隐钾锰矿结构. 从电位滴定测试数据来看, 杂质离子引入后, 锰的平均氧化态增加. 在催化反应过程中, Mn4＋/
Mn2＋和Pd2＋/Pd0 构成了氧化还原循环链, Mn3＋的存在可以补充反应过程中消耗掉的Mn4＋. XPS 分析了晶体中氧物种的
存在形式, 化学吸附氧/(晶格氧＋化学吸附氧)的比值越高, 催化活性越好.     

PCILO and CNDO calculations on the specific interaction in two model analogs of BPA-polycarbonate and a linear aliphatic polyster

Previous investigations have given evidence of the existence of specific chemical interactions between poly(bisphenol-A carbonate) (PC) and a number of linear aliphatic polyesters, with the consequent formation of compatible polymer alloys. Here we address the particular kind of specific interaction that takes place in these systems by performing a quantum-mechanical study of the apparently most reasonable types of molecular interactions occurring in model compounds of the above polymers. Complete neglect of diffential overlap, (CNDO), in its CNDMEX version, and perturbative configuration using localized orbitals (PCILO) were the calculation schemes used on diphenyl carbonate (DPC) and dimethyl succinate (DMS), selected as models. It was found that, on a one-to-one basis, the DPC-DMS system is energetically more stable than the individual separate molecules; on examination of the possible interaction sites for the two chemical species, the interaction between the ester group oxygen in one DMS molecule with one of the phenyl rings in DPC appears to be the most favorable type of molecular interrelation, even though hydrogen bond formation is also possible between the oxygen atoms in DPC and the methylene hydrogens in DMS. (The former interaction decreases the total energy of the system by 0.12 kcal/mol, more than the latter.)     

Ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of sulfanilic acid by diperiodatocuprate(III) in aqueous alkaline medium. A kinetic and mechanistic approach

The kinetics of ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of sulfanilic acid by diperiodatocuprate(III) (DPC) in alkaline medium at a constant ionic strength of (0.50 mol dm⁻³) has been studied spectrophoto-metrically. The reaction between sulfanilic acid and DPC in alkaline medium exhibits 1: 4 stoichiometry (sulfanilic acid: DPC). The reaction is first order with respect to [DPC] and [Ru^III] and has less than unit order both in [sulfanilic acid] and [alkali]. The active species of catalyst and oxidant have been identified. Intervention of free radicals was observed in the reaction. The main products were identified by spot test and IR. Probable mechanism is proposed and discussed. The reaction constants involved in the different steps of the mechanism are calculated. The activation parameters with respect to the slow step of the mechanism are computed and discussed. Thermodynamic quantities are also determined.     

KNO3/MCM-48催化酯交换法合成碳酸二丙酯

 对KNO3/MCM-48用于丙醇和碳酸二甲酯进行酯交换合成碳酸二丙酯的催化性能进行了考察. 用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(IR)和X射线荧光法研究了催化剂的结构特征和表面性质. XRD结果表明,随着K负载量的增加,载体特征峰强度逐渐减弱,但仍保留MCM-48的晶体结构. 随着焙烧温度的升高, KNO3逐渐分解成K2O. 分别考察了活性组分负载量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间和催化剂的用量以及反应时间对反应的影响. 结果表明, KNO3/MCM-48催化剂对碳酸二丙酯的合成具有很高的催化活性. 在反应温度363 K, 反应时间6 h, 催化剂用量5%, 丙醇与碳酸二甲酯摩尔比为4的条件下,碳酸二甲酯的转化率可达99.9%, 产物碳酸二丙酯选择性93.4%, 产率93.3%.     

Magnesium Acetate Used as an Effective Catalyst for Synthesizing Aliphatic Polycarbonates via Melt Transesterification Process

High-molecular-weight aliphatic polycarbonates(APCs) were synthesized through a two-step transesterification process under solvent-free conditions. Oligomers with equal numbers of hydroxyl and phenyl carbonate terminal groups could be easily controlled by using equimolar amounts of diphenyl carbonate(DPC) and aliphatic diols as feedstocks in the first step. In the second step, the high-molecular-weight APCs can be obtained by connecting -OH with -OC(O)OC₆H₅ end-group upon removing the generated phenol at reduced pressure. Mg(OAc)₂ was found to be the best catalyst for this process among the screened catalysts, which gave the poly(1,4-butylene carbonate)(PBC) a weight-average molecular weight(M_w) of 148600 and a yield of 84.8% under its suitable reaction conditions. In addition, based on the results of X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), a possible reaction mechanism over Mg(OAc)₂ was proposed for APCs synthesis.     

碳酸乙烯酯合成碳酸二苯酯的GC-MS分析

以钛酸四丁酯催化碳酸乙烯酯与乙酸苯酯酯交换合成碳酸二苯酯(DPC)。GC-MS定性分析表明,反应液中含主产物DPC,中间体2-乙酰氧乙基苯基碳酸酯(1),副产物乙二醇二乙酸酯、乙二醇苯醚乙酸酯和苯酚。1的结构经1H NMR,13C NMR,FT-IR和EI-MS确证。     

Molybdosphoric Acid Mixed with Titania Used as a Catalyst to Synthesize Diphenyl Carbonate via Transesterification of Dimethyl Carbonate and Phenol

The 12-molybdosphoric acid mixed with titania (MPA-TiO2) was found to be a novel and efficient catalyst for the synthesis of diphenyl carbonate (DPC) via transesterification of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and phenol. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (IR) techniques were employed to characterize the prepared catalysts. The effect of the weight ratio of the 12-molybdosphoric acid to titania on the transesterification was investigated. A 13.1% yield of DPC and an 11.6% yield of methyl phenyl carbonate (MPC) were obtained over MPA-TiO2 with the weight ratio of MPA to TiO2 as 5:1.