Spectrophotometric studies on ion-pair extraction equilibria of the iron(ii) and iron(III) complexes with 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol

The ion-pair extraction equilibria of the iron(II) and iron(III) chelates of 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR, H(2)L) are described. The anionic chelates were extracted into chloroform with benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride (QC1) as counter-ion. The extraction constants were estimated to be K(ex1)(Fe(II)) = [Q{Fe(II)(HL)L}](0)/[Q(+)][{Fe(II)(HL)L}(-)] = 10(8.59 +/- 0.11), K(ex2)(Fe(II)) = [Q(2){Fe(II)L(2)}](o)/ [Q(+)](2)[{Fe(II)L(2)}(2-)] = 10(12.17 +/- 0.10) and K(ex1)(Fe(III)) = [Q{Fe((III))L(2)}](o)/(Q(+)][{Fe(III)L(2)}(-)] = 10(6.78 +/- 0.15) at I = 0.10 and 20 degrees , where [ ](o) is concentration in the chloroform phase. Aggregation of Q{Fe(III)L(2)} in chloroform was observed and the dimerization constant (K(d) = [Q(2){Fe(III)L(2)}(2)](o)/[Q{Fe(III)L(2)}](o)(2)) was evaluated as log K(d) = 4.3 +/- 0.3 at 20 degrees . The neutral chelates of {Fe(II)(HL)(2)} and {Fe(III)(HL)L}, and the ion-pair of the cationic chelate, {Fe(III)(HL)(2)}ClO(4), were also extracted into chloroform or nitrobenzene. The relationship between the forms and extraction properties of the iron(II) and iron(III) PAR chelates are discussed in connection with those of the nickel(II) and cobalt(III) complexes. Correlation between the extraction equilibrium data and the elution behaviour of some PAR chelates in ion-pair reversed-phase partition chromatography is also discussed.     

Solvent extraction of cerium/III/ with 1-/2-pyridylazo/-2-naphthol from perchloric acid media

A study on solvent extraction of cerium/III/ ion with 1-/2-pyridylazo/-2-naphthol /PAN or HL/ in chloroform from perchloric acid solution is described. The effect of equilibrium time, the pH of the aqueous phase and the concentration centration of extractant in organic phase on the extraction efficiency of cerium/III/ has been studied. The results show that the mechanism of extraction reaction is 3Ce _/aq/ ³⁺ + 3HL_/o/ CeL_3/o/ + 3H ₊ ^/aq/     

Solvent extraction kinetics of rare earth elements

The kinetics of solid-liquid extraction of rare earth elements (RE) (La, Ce, Sm, Dy and Yb) were studied with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) at 60 degrees C using paraffin wax as a diluent. The rate of extraction is first order with respect to metal ion and hydrogen ion in the aqueous phase and second order with respect to the extractant in the organic phase. The rate-determining step is the formation of an [RE(PAN)(2)](+) complex between RE(3+) and PAN in the aqueous phase. The rate constant for the extraction was found to be about 10(11) 1 mol(-1) s(-1). The temperature dependence of extraction rate was determined and the activation parameters were calculated.     

Reactions of 2-(arylazo) aniline with RhCl3: synthesis and structure of new cyclometalated complexes of Rh(III) and recognition of RhCl3 assisted azo (-N=N-) cleavage

The reactions of 2-(arylazo) anilines, HL (1) [where HL is 2-(ArN=N)C6H4NH2; Ar is C6H5 (for HL1, 1a) and p-MeC6H4 (for HL2, 1b); H of HL represents the proton of Ar which gets dissociated upon orthometalation] with RhCl3 in methanol afforded new orthometalated complexes of composition (L)(HL)Rh(III)Cl2 (2) and (L)(ArNH2)Rh(III)Cl2 (3). The anionic L- binds the metal in tridentate (C, N, N) manner in both the complexes, while HL and ArNH2 bind the metal of 2 and 3 in monodentate fashion through the amino nitrogen. The ArNH2 of 3 was formed in situ due to cleavage of azo (-N=N-) function of monodentate HL of 2. The scission of N=N has been authenticated.     

Selective extraction of iron(III) from aqueous nitrate solution in the presence of cobalt(II), copper(II) and nickel(II) ions using bis(delta2-2-imidazolinyl)-5,5'-dioxime.

The feasibility of using bis(delta2-2-imidazolinyl)-5,5'-dioxime (H2L) for the selective extraction of iron(III) from aqueous solutions was investigated by employing an solvent-extraction technique. The extraction of iron(III) from an aqueous nitrate solution in the presence of metal ions, such as cobalt(II), copper(II) and nickel(II), was carried out using H2L in binary and multicomponent mixtures. Iron(III) extraction has been studied as a function of the pH, equilibrium time and extractant concentration. From the extracted complex species in the organic phase, iron(III) was stripped with 2 M HNO3, and later determined using atomic-absorption spectrometry. The extraction was found to significantly depend on the aqueous solution pH. The extraction of iron(III) with H2L increases with the pH value, reaching a maximum in the zone of pH 2.0, remaining constant between 2 and 3.5 and subsequently decreasing. The quantitative extraction of iron(III) with 5 x 10(-30 M H2L in toluene is observed at pH 2.0. H2L was found to react with iron(III) to form ligand complex having a composition of 1:2 (Fe:H2L).     

Solvent extraction of copper(II) from sulfate medium with N -(2-hydroxybenzylidene)aniline

Solvent extraction of copper(II) from sulfate medium with N-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)aniline is studied with the following parameters: pH, concentration of the extractant, nature of diluent, and temperature. The extraction of copper(II) proceeds by a cation exchange mechanism and the extracted species are CuL₂ in cyclohexane and toluene and CuL₂ with some CuL₂HL in chloroform. The equilibrium constants have been calculated as well as thermodynamic parameters ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG°. The temperature effect on the solvent extraction of copper(II) with N-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)aniline in cyclohexane is discussed.     

Solvent extraction of Fe(III) by di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid from phosphoric acid solutions

The extraction of iron(III) from aqueous phosphoric acid was studied using di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid and trioctylphosphine oxide in nonaromatic hydrocarbon diluent. Distribution ratios have been investigated as a function of concentration of iron(III), phosphoric acid concentration, extractant concentration and extraction temperature. The apparent enthalpy change for the extraction reaction has been calculated from the temperature dependence data. It was found that the extractant dependency for iron(III) is first power indicating hydrolysis of iron(III) in the aqueous phase.     

Isolation and characterization of iridium(III) and iridium(V) complexes of 2-(arylazo)pyridine and studies of amine fusion reactions at the coordinated diazo-ligand

The reaction of IrCl3.3H2O with 2-(arylazo)pyridine (HL1) in boiling methanol has afforded [Ir(III)Cl2(L1)(HL1)](1) and [Ir(V)Cl4(HL1)]Cl (2). In complex , one of the two ligands [L1]- is orthometallated via coordination of an ortho-carbon of the aryl ring of [L1]- and one of the two azo nitrogens to form a five-membered chelate. X-Ray crystal structures of the two representative complexes, viz. 1a and 2a, have been solved. Notably, the Ir-N length (2.140(3) A)trans to the Ir-C bond in 1a is appreciably longer than the other three Ir-N lengths present in the same molecule. The N-N lengths in these two compounds lie close to that observed in the uncoordinated ligand. Thorough NMR studies were made to authenticate the carbon-bonded structure of compound 1a. In its 13C NMR spectrum, the resonance near delta 148 is assigned to the carbon bonded to the iridium metal center. UV-visible spectra along with the redox properties of these complexes are reported. The iridium(V) complex, 2 showed a reversible response near 1.40 V, presumably due to the iridium(V)-iridium(VI) couple. Several reductive responses at cathodic potentials, due to ligand reductions, were also observed. Metal promoted aromatic ring amination reactions at the coordinated HL1 ligand in complexes 1 and 2 were investigated. The products were characterized using X-ray diffraction.     

The synthesis of (N2O2S2)-Schiff base ligands and investigation of their ion extraction capability from aqueous media

Two new Schiff bases (I) and (II) containing nitrogen-sulfur-oxygen donor atoms were designed and synthesized in a multi-step reaction sequence. The Schiff base (I) was used in solvent extraction of metal chlorides such as Cu2+ and Cr3+ as well as metal picrates such as Hg2+ and UO2(2+) from aqueous phase to the organic phase. The influences of the parameter functions, such as pH, solvent, ionic strength of aqueous phase, aqueous to organic phase and concentration of the extractant were investigated to shed light on their chemical extracting properties upon the extractability of metal ions. The effect of chloroform, dichloromethane and nitrobenzene as organic solvents over the metal chlorides extraction was investigated at 25±0.1 °C by using flame atomic absorption and the result is that the ability of extraction in solvents as follows: C6H5NO2>CHCl3>CH2Cl2 and the compositions of the extracted species have been determined. The metal picrate extraction was investigated at 25±0.1 °C by using UV-visible spectrometry. As well that the extraction of picrates metal such as UO2(2+) and Hg2+ with Schiff base(I) in absence and presence of 2-(2-aminoethyl) pyridine was investigated in chloroform. The extraction results revealed the presence of neutral donors 2-(2-aminoethyl) pyridine shifts the extraction percentage curves towards higher pH region, indicating a synergistic effect of this donors on extraction of UO2(2+) and Hg2+ by the studied Schiff base (I).     

Solvent extraction of certain rare earth metal ions with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN)

The solvent extraction of Yb(III) by 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN or HL) in carbon tetrachloride from aqueous—ethanol phase has been investigated as a function of thepH ^X of the polar phase and the concentrations ofPAN or ethanol (EtOH) in the organic phase. It was confirmed that the addition of ethanol to the aqueous phase causes an increase of the Yb(III) distribution coefficient. The equation for the extraction reaction has been suggested as: $$Yb(H_2 O)_{m(^p )}^{3 + } + 3H L_{(o)} + t Et OH_{(o)} \rightleftharpoons Yb L_3 \left( {EtOH} \right)_{t(o)} + 3H_{(^p )}^ + + mH_2 O$$ wheret changes from 0 to 3. The extraction equilibrium constant (K _ex ) and two-phase stability constants (β ₃ ^× ) for the YbL ₃ (EtOH)₃ complex have been evaluated. The formation of solvates YbL ₃ (EtOH) _t is probably the main reason of the synergistic effect which was observed.     

1-苯基-3-甲基-4-苯甲酰吡唑啉酮-5萃取镓的研究

首次报道了1-苯基-3-甲基-4-苯甲酰吡唑啉酮-5(HPMBP)萃取镓的热力学和动力学, 指出在体系中形成Ga(PMBP)3(H2O)2萃合物, 配体PMBP既有一次溶剂化作用, 又有二次溶剂化作用, 并得到红外光谱和核磁共振谱的证实。镓的萃取过程为水相化学反应控制, 决速步骤为一次溶剂化过程: Ga^3^++HPMBP→Ga(PMBP)^2^++H^+。添加剂三辛基氧化膦(TOPO)不影响HPMBP萃取镓的分配比, 但降低了HPMBP萃取镓的正向速率, 表明动力学抑萃作用与热力学抑萃作用无对应关系。     

Solvent extraction of rare earth metal ions with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN)

The solvent extraction of Yb(III) and Ho(III) by 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN or HL) in carbon tetrachloride from aqueous-methanol phase has been studied as a function ofpH ^× and the concentration ofPAN or methanol (MeOH) in the organic phase. When the aqueous phase contains above ～25%v/v of methanol the synergistic effect was increased. The equation for the extraction reaction has been suggested as: $$\begin{gathered} Ln(H_2 0)_{m(p)}^{3 + } + 3 HL_{(o)} + t MeOH_{(o)} \mathop \rightleftharpoons \limits^{K_{ex} } \hfill \\ LnL_3 (MeOH)_{t(o)} + 3 H_{(p)}^ + + m H_2 0 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ where:Ln ³⁺=Yb, Ho; $$\begin{gathered} t = 3 for C_{MeOH in.} \varepsilon \left( { \sim 25 - 50} \right)\% {\upsilon \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\upsilon \upsilon }} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \upsilon }; \hfill \\ t = 0 for C_{MeOH in.} \varepsilon \left( { \sim 5 - 25} \right)\% {\upsilon \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {\upsilon \upsilon }} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \upsilon } \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ . The extraction equilibrium constants (K _ex ) and the two-phase stability constants (β ₃ ^× ) for theLnL ₃(MeOH)₃ complexes have been evaluated.     

Solvent extraction studies of plutonium(IV) and americium(III) in room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) by di-2-ethyl hexyl phosphoric acid (HDEHP) as extractant

Solvent extraction of Pu(IV) and Am(III) from aqueous nitric acid into room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) by an acidic extractant HDEHP (di-2-ethyl hexyl phosphoric acid) was carried out. The D values indicated substantial extraction for Pu(IV) and poor extraction for Am(III) at 1M aqueous nitric acid concentration. However at lower aqueous nitric acid concentrations (pH 3), the Am(III) extraction was found to be quantitative. The least squares analysis of the extraction data for both the actinides ascertained the stoichiometry of the extracted species in the RTIL phase for Pu(IV) and Am(III) as [PuH(DEHP)₂]³⁺, AmH(DEHP)²⁺. From the D values at two temperatures, the thermodynamic parameters of the extraction reaction for Pu(IV) was calculated.     

Extraction of some transition metals with N,N-dibutyl-N'-benzoylthiourea into molten paraffin at 65 degrees C

The solid-liquid extraction behaviour of some transition metals (Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II)) by the use of N,N-dibutyl-N'-benzoylthiourea as an extractant in paraffin (58-60 degrees C) has been investigated at 65.0+/-0.5 degrees C. The effect of equilibration time, pH of the aqueous phase, concentration of extractant and solid solvent used on the extraction efficiency of these metals have been discussed. The interferences of various ions are examined. The method has been applied to the determination of these metals in synthetic samples, mushrooms and sediment.     

Extraction of bismuth(III) with 2-bromoalkanoic acid in nondonating solvent from highly acidic aqueous solution.

The extraction behaviors of bismuth(III) with carboxylic acid (HL), which have not yet been clearly elucidated, because of the precipitation of hydroxide, were studied using the 2-bromoalkanoic acid in benzene and in hexane systems under aqueous conditions of high acidity at I = 1.0 M ((H,Li)NO3). The extraction equilibria were analyzed based on the-initial concentration of nitric acid and the concentration of bismuth(III) extracted in the organic phase. The extracted species and the logarithmic values of the extraction constant (log Kex) were found to be a single species of BiL3(HL)3 for the systems of 2-bromooctanoic acid/benzene (log Kex = -1.66) and 2-bromohexadecanoic acid/benzene (-1.58), and to be two species of BiL3(HL)4 (-1.01) and Bi3L9HL (-1.62) for the system of 2-bromooctanoic acid/hexane, where the monomer was dominant at a higher reagent concentration.     

Structural, spectroscopic and thermal characterization of 2-tert-butylaminomethylpyridine-6-carboxylic acid methylester and its Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and UO(2)(II) complexes

Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and UO(2)(II) complexes with the ligand 2-tert-butylaminomethylpyridine-6-carboxylic acid methylester (HL(2)) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductance, magnetic moment, thermal analysis and spectral data. 1:1 M:HL(2) complexes, with the general formula [M(HL(2))X(2)].nH(2)O (where M = Co(II) (X = Cl, n = 0), Ni(II) (X = Cl, n = 3), Cu(II) (grey colour, X = AcO, n = 1), Cu(II) (yellow colour, X = Cl, n = 0) and Zn(II) (X = Br, n = 0). In addition, the Fe(III) and UO(2)(II) complexes of the type 1:2 M:HL(2) and with the formulae [Fe(L(2))(2)]Cl and [UO(2)(HL(2))(2)](NO(3))(2) are prepared. From the IR data, it is seen that HL(2) ligand behaves as a terdentate ligand coordinated to the metal ions via the pyridyl N, carboxylate O and protonated NH group; except the Fe(III) complex, it coordinates via the deprotonated NH group. This is supported by the molar conductance data, which show that all the complexes are non-electrolytes, while the Fe(III) and UO(2)(II) complexes are 1:1 electrolytes. IR and H1-NMR spectral studies suggest a similar behaviour of the Zn(II) complex in solid and solution states. From the solid reflectance spectral data and magnetic moment measurements, the complexes have a trigonal bipyramidal (Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes) and octahedral (Fe(III), UO(2)(II) complexes) geometrical structures. The thermal behaviour of the complexes is studied and the different dynamic parameters are calculated applying Coats-Redfern equation.     

The effect of diluents on extraction of copper(II) with di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid

The liquid–liquid extraction of copper(II) from sulfate medium with di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA, HL) at 25°C is studied with the following parameters: pH, concentration of the extractant, and the nature of diluent. The effect of the diluent using polar and nonpolar solvents in the extraction of copper(II) is discussed. The extracted copper(II) species were CuL₂ in 1-octanol and methyl isobutyl ketone and CuL₂ · 2HL in toluene, carbon tetrachloride, and cyclohexane. The extraction constants are evaluated for different diluents.     

Extraction separation of thallium (III) from thallium (I) with n-octylaniline

A novel method is developed for the extraction separation of thallium(III) from salicylate medium with n-octylaniline dissolved in toluene as an extractant. The optimum conditions have been determined by making a critical study of weak acid concentration, extractant concentration, period of equilibration and effect of solvent on the equilibria. The thallium (III) from the pregnant organic phase is stripped with acetate buffer solution (pH 4.7) and determined complexometrically with EDTA. The method affords the sequential separation of thallium(III) from thallium(I) and also commonly associated metal ions such as Al(III), Ga(III), In(III), Fe(III), Bi(III), Sb(III) and Pb(II). It is used for analysis of synthetic mixtures of associated metal ions and alloys. The method is highly selective, simple and reproducible. The reaction takes place at room temperature and requires 15-20 min for extraction and determination of thallium(III).     

Separation of scandium(III) and yttrium(III) by tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (TEHP)

Tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate is proposed as an extractant for scandium(III) and yttrium(III) from salicylate media. The optimum extraction conditions are evaluated and described. The method permits mutual separation of scandium(III) and yttrium(III) and can be used for the separation and determination of scandium(III) and yttrium(III) from binary and multicomponent mixtures.     

Spectrophotometric study of the complex formation of 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-mercaptopropenoic acid with Ni(II) and Zn(II)

The dissociation and complex formation equilibria between Ni(II) and Zn(II) with 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-mercaptopropenoic acid, at 25 degrees in aqueous 0.1 and 1.0M sodium perchlorate solutions, containing about 1% ethanol, have been studied spectrophotometrically. The data were connected directly from the spectrophotometer to an IBM-PC via a serial interface, using the DUMOD program (written in BASIC), described in the paper. The obtained spectra were treated by the factor analysis program NIPALS in order to determine the number of absorbing species and the experimental error. Dissociation constants of ligand (H(3)L), and formation constants for the complexes Ni(HL), Ni(HL)(2), Zn(HL) and Zn(HL)(2) at 0.1 and 1.0M ionic strengths, refined by the SQUAD program, are reported.